Reactive infectious mucocutaneous eruption: Mycoplasma pneumoniae-induced rash and mucositis and other parainfectious eruptions.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae-induced rash and mucositis is the most accurate diagnosis for patients with blistering mucocutaneous disease provoked by an infection. Recent literature suggests expansion of the name is required, as other infections have caused a clinically similar presentation. This review provides a concise update on current understanding of M. pneumoniae-induced rash and mucositis and other reactive infectious mucocutaneous eruptions.

Comparison of multilocus sequence types found among North American isolates of Mycoplasma bovis from cattle, bison, and deer, 2007-2017.

A prior multilocus sequence typing (MLST) study reported that Mycoplasma bovis isolates from North American bison possess sequence types (STs) different from those found among cattle. The 42 bison isolates evaluated were obtained in 2007 or later, whereas only 19 of 94 (~20%) of the available cattle isolates, with only 1 from North America, were from that same time. We compared STs of additional, contemporary, North American cattle isolates with those from bison, as well as isolates from 2 North American deer, all originating during the same timeframe, to more definitively assess potential strain-related host specificity and expand our understanding of the genetic diversity of M. bovis. From 307 isolates obtained between 2007 and 2017 (209 from cattle, 96 from bison, 2 from deer), we identified 49 STs, with 39 found exclusively in cattle and 5 exclusively in bison. Four STs were shared between bison and cattle isolates; one ST was found in cattle and in a deer. There was no clear association between ST and the health status of the animal of origin. An MLST-based phylogeny including 41 novel STs identified in our study reveals that STs found in bison fall within several divergent lineages that include STs found exclusively in cattle.

Development of a multiplex real-time PCR assay using two thermocycling platforms for detection of major bacterial pathogens associated with bovine respiratory disease complex from clinical samples.

Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) is one of the most significant diseases of cattle. Bacterial pathogens involved in BRDC include Mannheimia haemolytica, Mycoplasma bovis, Histophilus somni, and Pasteurella multocida. We developed and evaluated a multiplexed real-time hydrolysis probe (rtPCR) assay using block-based Peltier and rotary-based thermocycling on lung tissue, nasal swabs, and deep nasopharyngeal swabs. The rtPCR results were compared to culture or a gel-based M. bovis PCR using statistical analysis to determine optimum quantification cycle (Cq) cutoffs to maximize agreement. The limits of detection were 1.2-12 CFU/reaction for each pathogen. M. haemolytica was the most prevalent organism detected by rtPCR, and was most frequently found with P. multocida. The rtPCR assay enabled enhanced levels of detection over culture for all pathogens on both thermocycling platforms. The rotary-based thermocycler had significantly lower Cq cutoffs (35.2 vs. 39.7), which maximized agreement with gold standard culture or gel-based PCR results following receiver operating characteristic analysis to maximize sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp). However, overall assay Se and Sp were similar on both platforms (80.5% Se, 88.8% Sp vs. 80.1% Se, 88.3% Sp). Implementation of these tests could enhance the detection of these pathogens, and with high-throughput workflows could reduce assay time and provide more rapid results. The assays may be especially valuable in identifying coinfections, given that many more antemortem samples tested in our study were positive for 2 or more pathogens by rtPCR ( n = 125) than were detected using culture alone ( n = 25).

Bacterial pathogens of the lower respiratory tract of calves from Brazilian rural settlement herds and their association with clinical signs of bovine respiratory disease / Patógenos bacterianos do trato respiratório inferior de bezerros criados em rebanhos de assentamentos brasileiros e sua associação com os sinais clínicos da doença respiratória dos bovinos

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is considered the major cause of economic losses in dairy and beef cattle production. The study aimed to detect the most important bacteria related to respiratory disease in tracheobronchial fluid samples of healthy and dairy calves with clinical signs of BRD in Brazilian rural settlements. Hundred and forty-one mongrel dairy calves were randomly selected from 42 family farm dairy herds from Brazilian settlements. Physical examination was performed and calves were classified as healthy (n=100) and BRD (n=41). Tracheobronchial fluid samples were collected. Isolation and molecular detection of Mycoplasma dispar, M. bovis and M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC besides isolation of other aerobic bacteria were performed. Abnormal lung sounds (crackle/snoring/whistle), mucopurulent/purulent nasal discharge, body temperature >39.5°C and respiratory rate >40 breaths/min were higher in BRD calves compared to healthy calves (P<0.05). Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus intermedius and non-fermentative Gram-negative were the most prevalent bacteria isolated. Non-identified species from Enterobacteriaceae family was higher in BRD calves compared to healthy calves (P<0.05). Mollicutes were isolated in 7.4% of samples and only M. dispar was detected. Mollicutes was associated with purulent/mucopurulent nasal discharge (P=0.017). Pantoea agglomerans was associated to tachypnea (P=0.020), and Streptococcus spp. was associated with hyperthermia. Statistical tendencies were observed to M. dispar and tachypnea (P=0.066), and P. agglomerans and tachycardia (P=0.066). The obtained results describe the microorganisms found in tracheobronchial fluid of calves with BRD in some herds of Brazilian family farming and their relation to clinical signs of BRD.(AU)

A doença respiratória dos bovinos (DRB) é considerada a principal causa de perdas econômicas nas produções de leite e carne. O objetivo deste estudo foi detectar as mais importantes bactérias relacionadas a doença respiratória presentes em amostras de lavado traqueobrônquico de bezerros sadios e com sinais clínicos da DRB de assentamentos brasileiros. Cento e quarenta e um bezerros leiteiros sem raça definida foram randomicamente selecionados de 42 rebanhos leiteiros de assentamentos brasileiros. Exame físico foi realizado e os animais foram classificados em sadios (n=100) e com DRB (n=41). Amostras de lavado traqueobrônquico foram coletadas. Foram realizados o isolamento e a detecção molecular de Mycoplasma dispar, M. bovis e M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC além de isolamento de outras bactérias aeróbias. Ruídos pulmonares anormais (crepitação/ ronco/sibilo), secreção nasal mucopurulenta/purulenta, temperatura corporal >39.5°C e frequência respiratória >40 movimentos respiratórios/min foram observados com maior frequência em bezerros com DRB comparado aos animais sadios (P<0.05). Bacillus sp, Staphylococcus intermedius e bactérias Gram-negativas não fermentadoras foram as bactérias mais prevalentes. Bactérias da família Enterobacteriaceae cuja espécie não fora identificada foram mais frequentes em bezerros com DRB comparado aos bezerros sadios (P<0.05). Mollicutes foram isolados em 7,4% das amostras e somente M. dispar foi detectado. Mollicutes foi associado à secreção nasal purulenta/mucopurulenta (P=0.017). Pantoea agglomerans foi associada a taquipneia (P=0.020), e Streptococcus spp. Foi associado a hipertermia. Tendência estatística foi observada para M. dispar e taquipneia (P=0.066), e P. agglomerans e taquicardia (P=0.066). Os resultados obtidos descrevem os micro-organismos encontrados no lavado traqueobrônquico de bezerros com DRB em rebanhos de agricultura familiar brasileira e sua relação com as manifestações clínicas da DRB.(AU)

Adenovirus and mycoplasma infection in an ornate box turtle (Terrapene ornata ornata) in Hungary.

A female, adult ornate box turtle (Terrapene ornata ornata) with fatty liver was submitted for virologic examination in Hungary. Signs of an adenovirus infection including degeneration of the liver cells, enlarged nuclei and intranuclear inclusion bodies were detected by light microscopic examination. The presence of an adenovirus was later confirmed by obtaining partial sequence data from the adenoviral DNA-dependent DNA-polymerase. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that this novel chelonian adenovirus was distinct from previously described reptilian adenoviruses, not belonging to any of the recognized genera of the family Adenoviridae. As a part of the routine diagnostic procedure for chelonians the detection of herpes-, rana- and iridoviruses together with Mycoplasma spp. was attempted. Amplicons were generated by a general mycoplasma polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the 16S/23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) intergenic spacer region, as well as, a specific Mycoplasma agassizii PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene. Based on the analyses of partial sequences of the 16S rRNA gene, the Mycoplasma sp. of the ornate box turtle seemed to be identical with the recently described eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina) Mycoplasma sp. This is the first report of a novel chelonian adenovirus and a mycoplasma infection in an ornate box turtle (T. ornata ornata) in Europe.

Experimental clinical study of the effect of millimeter waves on microbial and inflammatory renal diseases.

An investigation is made of the effect of low-intensity millimeter waves on the development of acute and chronic pyelonephritis. It is shown that the application of millimeter waves diminishes the rate of pyelonephritis recurrence and reduces the probability of chronic pyelonephritis. Furthermore, these waves normalize lipid peroxidation, stimulate antioxidant protection, and improve blood rheology. Experimental investigations performed on animals provided evidence for the positive effect of millimeter waves on the morphofunctional state of organs and tissues as well as on blood circulation. This especially concerns pyelonephritis of mycoplasmic etiology.

[Classification of urogenital tract infection in 518 cases and drug sensitivity analysis].

In 518 cases with urogenital tract infection detected with mycoplasma identification susceptibility testing reagent box, 308 cases (59.4%) were infected by ureaplasma urealyticum (Uu), 21 cases (4.1%) were infected by mycoplasma hominis (Mh), and 189 cases (36.5%) were infected by both Uu and Mh. Drug sensitivity to the macrolides (erythromycin, roxithromycin, josamycin, azithromycin), the tetracyclines (doxycycline, minocin), and the quinolines (ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin) were detected at the same time. The results showed that the sensitivity to various antibiotics in Uu infection was different from that in Mh infection. Macrolides were more sensitive for Uu infection, and quinolines were more sensitive for Mh infection, while the mixed infection of Mh and Uu had resistance to most antibiotics.

Mycoplasmas in the etiology of multifactorial respiratory disease.

The avian mycoplasmas pathogenic for commercial poultry, Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in chickens and turkeys, and Mycoplasma meleagridis and Mycoplasma iowae in turkeys are egg-transmitted infections and exhibit wide variations in clinical manifestations. Mycoplasma gallisepticum strains vary widely in virulence, tissue tropism, and antigenic makeup and have the ability to alter the expression of major surface antigenic proteins. Although less well studied, strains of M. synoviae, M. meleagridis, and M. iowae appear to exhibit similar variability. Intraspecies variability among mycoplasma strains and their ability to interact with other disease-producing factors explain the wide variability of clinical manifestations, difficulties in diagnosis, their ability to persist within the host for long periods of time, and many of the difficulties involved in control and eradication programs. Mycoplasmas are also well known for their interactions with other infectious agents and environmental factors in producing clinical disease. Control of the clinical manifestations of Mycoplasma infections is simplified when concurrent infections are minimized and optimum environmental conditions are provided.

[Mycoplasmas and mycoplasmosis: the etiopathogenetic problems and nosological, clinical and diagnostic advances]. / Micoplasmi e micoplasmosi: problematiche etiopatogenetiche ed attualità nosologiche, cliniche e diagnostiche.

Authors point out, on the basis of literature and of their own experience, the following aspects of Mycoplasma infections: 1) Genetical and biological progresses, especially related to pathogenetic aspects and diagnostic procedures. 2) Recent clinical and diagnostic findings of M. pneumoniae infections: "bacteria-like" pulmonary presentations by mycoplasmas (and, on the contrary, "virus-like" pulmonary presentations by bacteria); atypical kinds of pulmonary presentations by mycoplasmas; role of autoimmunity in extrapulmonary involvement. 3) Relationship among mycoplasmas, immune system and autoimmune diseases, with particular regard to animal models and to the Mycoplasma "superantigen". 4) Appearance of new pathogens and of a new spectrum of Mycoplasma infections: genito-urinary involvement by Ureaplasma urealyticum and by M. Hominis; relationship between Mycoplasma spp. and HIV infection.