RESUMEN
Historically, the Wa-like strains of human group A rotavirus (RVA) have been major causes of gastroenteritis. However, since the 2010s, the circulation of non-Wa-like strains has been increasingly reported, indicating a shift in the molecular epidemiology of RVA. Although understanding RVA evolution requires the analysis of both current and historical strains, comprehensive pre-1980's sequencing data are scarce globally. We determined the whole-genome sequences of representative strains from six RVA gastroenteritis outbreaks observed at an infant home in Sapporo, Japan, between 1981 and 1989. These outbreaks were mainly caused by G1 or G3 Wa-like strains, resembling strains from the United States in the 1970s-1980s and from Malawi in the 1990s. Phylogenetic analysis of these infant home strains, together with Wa-like strains collected worldwide from the 1970s to 2020, revealed a notable trend: pre-2010 strains diverged into multiple lineages in many genomic segments, whereas post-2010 strains tended to converge into a single lineage. However, Bayesian skyline plot indicated near-constant effective population sizes from the 1970s to 2020, and selection pressure analysis identified positive selection only at amino acid 75 of NSP2. These results suggest that evidence supporting the influence of rotavirus vaccines, introduced globally since 2006, on Wa-like RVA molecular evolution is lacking at present, and phylogenetic analysis may simply reflect natural fluctuations in RVA molecular evolution. Evaluating the long-term impact of RV vaccines on the molecular evolution of RVA requires sustained surveillance.
Asunto(s)
Evolución Molecular , Gastroenteritis , Genoma Viral , Filogenia , Infecciones por Rotavirus , Rotavirus , Rotavirus/genética , Rotavirus/clasificación , Rotavirus/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Infecciones por Rotavirus/virología , Infecciones por Rotavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Rotavirus/historia , Japón/epidemiología , Gastroenteritis/virología , Gastroenteritis/epidemiología , Gastroenteritis/historia , Secuenciación Completa del Genoma , Brotes de Enfermedades , Lactante , Genotipo , Epidemiología Molecular , Historia del Siglo XXRESUMEN
Group A rotaviruses (RVA) are the most frequent etiological agents causing severe diarrhea in infants and surveillance of genotype, and genetic characteristics of circulating strains are necessary in order to evaluate vaccine programs. The objectives of this work were to describe G and P genotype from 2012 through 2014 in Buenos Aires, Argentina completing an overview of 19 years of genotype surveillance in our region and to characterize an emerging G1P[8] strain associated with severe cases and five fatalities in 2014. We performed genotyping by RT-PCR. The sequencing of several genes, phylogenetic analyses, and comparative epidemiological data were used to know the origin and phylogenetic relationships of the emerging G1P[8] strain. Along with this report, 19 years of continuous RVA genotype surveillance in Argentina in the pre-vaccine era was covered. During the last year of this surveillance, 2014, a significantly increased incidence of RVA associated gastroenteritis was related to the reemergence of G1P[8] strains, being these ones detected in low frequency in the last nine years. Interestingly, the patients affected were significantly older when compared with those from the last six seasons. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis of several genes infer that these G1P[8] strains were closely related to Asian strains circulating during 2012 and 2013. In addition to this, the suggested extra continental origin for the 2014 G1P[8] strains and the very low circulation of G1 type during nine years probably explain the increased incidence and severity in the gastroenteritis cases and the particular epidemiologic characteristics. In conclusion, this work gives us a whole panorama of the pre-vaccine era of the RVA molecular epidemiology in the most populated region of Argentina. In this way, this work inspires us to continue with this type of studies in the post-vaccination era.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/epidemiología , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/virología , Infecciones por Rotavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Rotavirus/virología , Rotavirus/clasificación , Argentina/epidemiología , Proteínas de la Cápside/genética , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes/historia , Genoma Viral , Genotipo , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Incidencia , Epidemiología Molecular , Filogenia , Prevalencia , Vigilancia en Salud Pública , ARN Viral , Rotavirus/inmunología , Infecciones por Rotavirus/historia , Infecciones por Rotavirus/prevención & control , Vacunas contra RotavirusRESUMEN
A rapid increase and dominance of G9P[8] Rotavirus A strains occurred in northern Vietnam between 2016 and 2018, during which period there appeared three G9P[8] strains possessing short RNA patterns. To understand how the first-ever G9P[8] strains possessing short RNA patterns were formed, next generation sequencing technology was used to examine the whole genomes of the three strains, i.e., RVA/Human-wt/VNM/RVN16.1024/2016/G9P[8], RVA/Human-wt/VNM/RVN17.0879/2017/G9P[8], and RVA/Human-wt/VNM/RVN18.0197/2018/G9P[8], and those of seven representative G9P[8] strains possessing long RNA patterns. The VP7 genes of the short and long G9P[8] strains were > 99% identical, indicating that the origin was in the co-circulating, dominant, long G9P[8] strains. On the other hand, the VP4 genes likely derived from recently-emerging G1/G3/G8P[8] strains possessing the DS-1 backbone. At the lineage level, however, the backbone genes of any one strain differed from that of the other two in the VP1, VP3 or NSP4 gene. Moreover, even at the nucleotide sequence level of the backbone genes belonging to the same lineage, the identities between the three strains were lower than those expected for the strains deriving from an immediate, common ancestor. Thus, the three strains were likely formed by independent reassortment events in which the VP7 gene of the currently dominant G9P[8] strains was incorporated into co-circulating G1/G3/G8P[8] strains possessing similar yet distinct DS-1-like backbone genes. The observation that all of the three reassortant G9P[8] strains were detected only once among the prevalent, ordinary G9P[8] strains suggests that acquisition of the DS-1-like backbone genes unlikely provided selective advantage over the parental Wa-like G9P[8] strains.
Asunto(s)
Virus Reordenados/clasificación , Virus Reordenados/genética , Infecciones por Rotavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Rotavirus/virología , Rotavirus/clasificación , Rotavirus/genética , Genoma Viral , Genómica/métodos , Genotipo , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Filogenia , Vigilancia en Salud Pública , ARN Viral , Virus Reordenados/aislamiento & purificación , Rotavirus/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Rotavirus/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Rotavirus/historia , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Vietnam/epidemiología , Secuenciación Completa del GenomaRESUMEN
Species A rotaviruses (RVAs) are genetically diverse pathogens. These are the most evolutionarily adaptable organisms, with a multitude of mechanisms for evolutionary change. To date, full-genome classification has been proved to be an excellent tool for studying the evolution of unusual rotavirus strains. As limited data are available from Pune (Maharashtra), western India, the current study was undertaken with the aim of understanding the genetic diversity in three (G1P[6], G9P[4] and G9P[4]) unusual RVA strains circulating in Pune, India during 2013-2015. Full-genome analysis of these strains classified them as G1-P[6]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1, G9-P[4]-I2-R2-C2-[M1-M2_R]-[A1-A2_R]-N2-T2-E6-H2 and G9-[P4-P6_R]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the structural and non-structural genes of these unusual RVA strains showed nucleotide/amino acid identities of 82.3-98.5â%/77.3-99.8â% and 86.6-97.6â%/89.6-97.8â% between the strains of the study. Evidence of recombination events was found within the genes encoding VP3, VP4 and NSP1, which showed a combination of genetic information for genogroup 1 [M1/P[6]/A1] and genogroup 2 [M2/P[4]/A2] strains. This study will facilitate future investigations into the molecular pathogenesis of such RVAs as the exchange of whole or partial genetic material between rotaviruses through recombination contributes directly to their diversification, adaptation and evolution.
Asunto(s)
Gastroenteritis/epidemiología , Gastroenteritis/virología , Genes Virales , Infecciones por Rotavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Rotavirus/virología , Rotavirus/clasificación , Rotavirus/genética , Proteínas de la Cápside/genética , Preescolar , Heces/virología , Gastroenteritis/historia , Genoma Viral , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , India/epidemiología , Lactante , Filogenia , Vigilancia en Salud Pública , Virus Reordenados/genética , Recombinación Genética , Rotavirus/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Rotavirus/historia , Proteínas no Estructurales Virales/genéticaRESUMEN
Emergence of DS-1-like-G1P[8] rotavirus in Asia have been recently reported. We report for the first time the detection and the whole genome phylogenetic analysis of DS-1-like-G1P[8] strains in America. From 2013 to 2017, a total of 4226 fecal samples were screened for rotavirus by ELISA, PAGE, RT-PCR and sequencing. G1P[8] represented 3.7% (30/800) of all rotavirus-positive samples. DS-1-like-G1P[8] comprised 1.6% (13/800) detected exclusively in 2013, and Wa-like-G1P[8] comprised 2.1% (17/800) detected from 2013 to 2015. Whole genome sequencing confirmed the DS-1-like backbone I2-R2-C2-M2-A2-N2-T2-E2-H2. All genome segments of the Brazilian DS-1-like-G1P[8] strains clustered with those of Asian strains, and apart from African DS-1-like-G1P[8] strains. In addition, Brazilian DS-1-like-G1P[8] reassortants distantly clustered with DS-1-like backbone strains simultaneously circulating in the country, suggesting that the Brazilian DS-1-like-G1P[8] strains are likely imported from Asia. Two distinct NSP4 E2 genotype lineages were also identified, indicating the existence of a co-circulating pool of different DS-1-like G1P[8] strains. Surveillance systems must be developed to examine if RVA vaccines are still effective for the prevention against unusual DS-1-like-G1P[8] strains.
Asunto(s)
Genes Virales , Virus Reordenados/genética , Infecciones por Rotavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Rotavirus/virología , Rotavirus/clasificación , Rotavirus/genética , Brasil/epidemiología , Genoma Viral , Genómica/métodos , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Filogenia , Vigilancia en Salud Pública , ARN Viral , Infecciones por Rotavirus/historiaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Rotavirus disease rates dramatically declined among children <5 years of age since the rotavirus vaccine was introduced in 2006; population-level impacts remain to be fully elucidated. METHODS: Data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Inpatient Databases were used to conduct a time-series analysis of monthly hospital discharges across age groups for acute gastroenteritis and rotavirus from 2000 to 2013. Rate ratios were calculated comparing prevaccine and postvaccine eras. RESULTS: Following vaccine introduction, a decrease in rotavirus hospitalizations occurred with a shift toward biennial patterns across all ages. The 0-4-year age group experienced the largest decrease in rotavirus hospitalizations (rate ratio, 0.14; 95% confidence interval, .09-.23). The 5-19-year and 20-59-year age groups experienced significant declines in rotavirus hospitalization rates overall; the even postvaccine calendar years were characterized by progressively lower rates, and the odd postvaccine years were associated with reductions in rates that diminished over time. Those aged ≥60 years experienced the smallest change in rotavirus hospitalization rates overall, with significant reductions in even postvaccine years compared with prevaccine years (rate ratio, 0.51; 95% confidence interval, .39-.66). CONCLUSIONS: Indirect impacts of infant rotavirus vaccination are apparent in the emergence of biennial patterns in rotavirus hospitalizations that extend to all age groups ineligible for vaccination. These observations are consistent with the notion that young children are of primary importance in disease transmission and that the initial postvaccine period of dramatic population-wide impacts will be followed by more complex incidence patterns across the age range in the long term.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Rotavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Rotavirus/prevención & control , Vacunas contra Rotavirus/inmunología , Rotavirus/inmunología , Vacunación , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Historia del Siglo XXI , Hospitalización , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Alta del Paciente/estadística & datos numéricos , Vigilancia en Salud Pública , Infecciones por Rotavirus/historia , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Elevated levels of Creatine Kinase-MB (CK-MB) Isoenzyme are a common phenomenon among rotavirus (RV) diarrhea. However, few studies have addressed this issue using large sample size. In current study, 1,118 children (age <5 years) hospitalized with diarrhea in Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center from 2012 to 2015 were finally included. Changing pattern of CK-MB and its relationship with RV-infection were analyzed and characterized. Multivariate linear regression models showed that RV-positive cases had a 28% rise in CK-MB compared to RV-negative cases (OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.15 to 1.41, P < 0.01) after controlling for age, gender, season of admission, and weight. The pattern of change showed that CK-MB level of RV-positive group started to rise immediately at the 1st day of diarrhea, reached the peak on days 2 to 4, declined during 4-9 days, and then reached a relatively stable level when compared to the RV-negative group. Mediation analyses showed that indirect effect of RV infection on the increase of CK-MB via Vesikari score was significant (ß = 8.01, P < 0.01), but direct effect was not (ß = 9.96, P = 0.12). Thus, elevated CK-MB value is a common finding in RV-infection and completely mediated by the severity of diarrhea. CK-MB monitoring may help to identify children with more severe viral infection.
Asunto(s)
Forma MB de la Creatina-Quinasa/sangre , Gastroenteritis/sangre , Gastroenteritis/virología , Hospitalización , Infecciones por Rotavirus/sangre , Infecciones por Rotavirus/virología , Rotavirus , Preescolar , China/epidemiología , Femenino , Gastroenteritis/epidemiología , Gastroenteritis/historia , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Oportunidad Relativa , Infecciones por Rotavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Rotavirus/historiaAsunto(s)
Investigación Biomédica/historia , Infecciones por Rotavirus/historia , Vacunas contra Rotavirus/administración & dosificación , Rotavirus , Vacunación/historia , Femenino , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Malaui , Infecciones por Rotavirus/prevención & control , Vacunas contra Rotavirus/historia , Vacunas Virales/historiaRESUMEN
This report from the Australian Rotavirus Surveillance Program (ARSP) and collaborating laboratories Australia-wide, describes the rotavirus genotypes identified in children and adults with acute gastroenteritis during the period 1 January to 31 December 2016. During this period, 949 faecal specimens were referred for rotavirus G and P genotype analysis, of which 230 were confirmed as positive for wildtype rotavirus, and 184 were identified as rotavirus vaccine-like. Genotype analysis of the 230 samples from both children and adults revealed that G2P[4] was the dominant genotype in this reporting period nationally, identified in 29% of samples, followed by equine-like G3P[8] and G12P[8] (19% and 15% respectively). Genotype distribution remained distinct between States using RotaTeq® and Rotarix® vaccines. In RotaTeq ® States, G12P[8] strains were more common, while G2P[4] and equine-like G3P[8] genotypes were more common in Rotarix® States and Territories. This report highlights the continued dominance of G12P[8] strains in RotaTeq® States and co-dominance of G2P[4] and equine-like G3P[8] in States and Territories using Rotarix®.
Asunto(s)
Programas Nacionales de Salud , Vigilancia de la Población , Infecciones por Rotavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Rotavirus/virología , Rotavirus , Australia/epidemiología , Preescolar , Heces/virología , Femenino , Genotipo , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Tipificación Molecular , Rotavirus/clasificación , Rotavirus/genética , Rotavirus/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Rotavirus/historia , Infecciones por Rotavirus/prevención & control , Vacunas contra Rotavirus/inmunologíaRESUMEN
The genotype distribution of group A rotaviruses (RVAs) circulating in Gyeonggi province, South Korea between 2009 and 2012 was investigated. A total of 2619 stool specimens from sporadic acute gastroenteritis cases and 117 acute gastroenteritis outbreaks were analyzed. Among them, RVAs were detected from 263 (10.0%) sporadic cases and 3 (2.6%) outbreaks. The G4P[6] strains predominated (29.7%), followed by G1P[8] (19.4%), G2P[4] (15.6%), G3P[8] (13.3%) and G9P[8] (6.5%) strain. Especially 96.2% of the genotype G4P[6] strains were isolated from children<1year of age. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that genotype G4P[6] strains were members of sub-lineage Ie(G4) and Ia(P[6]). Intensified monitoring of RVAs, especially G4P[6] strains among young children, is essential to control RVA infections.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Rotavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Rotavirus/virología , Rotavirus/clasificación , Rotavirus/genética , Proteínas de la Cápside/genética , Preescolar , Heces/virología , Femenino , Gastroenteritis/epidemiología , Gastroenteritis/virología , Genotipo , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Incidencia , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Epidemiología Molecular , Filogenia , Vigilancia en Salud Pública , ARN Viral , República de Corea/epidemiología , Infecciones por Rotavirus/historia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
The Australian Rotavirus Surveillance Program, together with collaborating laboratories Australia-wide, reports the rotavirus genotypes responsible for the hospitalisation of children with acute gastroenteritis during the period 1 January to 31 December 2015. During the survey period, 1,383 faecal samples were referred for rotavirus G and P genotype analysis, and of these, 1,031 were confirmed as rotavirus positive. A total of 634 specimens had been collected from children under 5 years of age, while 397 were from older children and adults. Genotype analysis of samples from both children and adults revealed that G12P[8] was the dominant genotype in this reporting period, identified in 48.2% of strains nationally. Genotype G3P[8] was the second most common strain nationally, representing 22.8% of samples, followed by G2P[4] and G1P[8] (9% and 8% respectively). G3P[8] was further divided as equine-like G3P[8] (13.2% of all strains) and other wild-type G3P[8] (9.6%). This report highlights the continued predominance of G12P[8] strains as the major cause of disease in this population. Genotype distribution was distinct between jurisdictions using RotaTeq and Rotarix vaccines. Genotype G12P[8] was more common in states using RotaTeq, while equine-like G3P[8] and G2P[4] were more common in the states and territories using Rotarix. This survey highlights the dynamic change in rotavirus genotypes observed since vaccine introduction, including the emergence of a novel equine-like G3P[8] as a major strain. The prolonged dominance of G12P[8] for a 4th consecutive year further illustrates the unexpected trends in the wild type rotaviruses circulating in the Australian population since vaccine introduction.
Asunto(s)
Vigilancia de la Población , Infecciones por Rotavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Rotavirus/microbiología , Rotavirus/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribución por Edad , Informes Anuales como Asunto , Australia/epidemiología , Niño , Preescolar , Heces/virología , Femenino , Gastroenteritis/epidemiología , Gastroenteritis/virología , Genotipo , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Infecciones por Rotavirus/historia , Infecciones por Rotavirus/prevención & control , Vacunas contra Rotavirus/inmunología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Rotavirus, the commonest cause of severe dehydrating gastroenteritis world-wide, was discovered less than 50 years ago. It causes about 450,000 deaths per year in children <5 years of age and hospitalises millions more. Rotavirus vaccines have been shown to have a major impact on hospital admissions due to rotavirus gastroenteritis and all-cause gastroenteritis and reduce mortality in developing countries. In Australia, there has been a 71% decrease in rotavirus hospitalisations in children 0-5 years of age. From the discovery of rotavirus as the major causative agent for severe gastroenteritis, through vaccine development and vaccine post-marketing surveillance activities, Australian scientists and clinicians have played a significant role in the global effort to reduce the burden of rotavirus infection.
Asunto(s)
Gastroenteritis/historia , Infecciones por Rotavirus/historia , Vacunas contra Rotavirus/historia , Australia/epidemiología , Preescolar , Países Desarrollados , Países en Desarrollo , Gastroenteritis/epidemiología , Gastroenteritis/prevención & control , Gastroenteritis/virología , Salud Global , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Lactante , Infecciones por Rotavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Rotavirus/prevención & controlRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Group A Rotaviruses are a major etiologic agent of gastroenteritis in infants and young children (<5 years) worldwide. Although rotavirus vaccines have been successfully administered in many countries, in India the introduction of rotavirus vaccine in national immunization program was approved in 2014. Since high disease burden and large number of genetic variants have been reported from low income countries including India, monitoring of rotavirus was initiated prior to implementation of the vaccine in the region. METHODS: A total number of 3,582 stool samples were collected from an urban slum community in Kolkata, among which 1,568 samples were obtained from children of ≤ 5 years of age, with moderate to severe diarrhoea and 2,014 samples were collected from age-sex matched healthy neighbourhood controls. Rotavirus positive samples were typed by multiplex semi-nested PCR and nucleotide sequencing. Circulating strains were phylogenetically analyzed. RESULTS: Among 1,568 children with diarrhoea, 395 (25.2%), and among 2,014 asymptomatic children, 42 (2%) were rotavirus positive. G1P[8] was identified as the most common strain (32%) followed by G9P[8] (16.9%), G2P[4] (13.5%) and G9P[4] (10.75%). G12 strains with combinations of P[4], P[6] and P[8] comprised 11.9% of total positive strains. The rest (<10%) were rare and uncommon strains like G1P[4], G1P[6], G2P[8] and animal-like strains G4P[6], G6P[14] and G11P[25]. The 42 rotavirus positive samples from asymptomatic children revealed common genotypes like G1, G2 and G9. CONCLUSION: This community based case-control study showed increased predominance of genotype G9 in Kolkata. It also confirmed co-circulation of a large number of genetic variants in the community. Asymptomatic rotavirus positive children though low in number can also be a source of dispersal of infection in the community. This study provides background information to the policy makers for implementation of rotavirus vaccines in this region.
Asunto(s)
Gastroenteritis/epidemiología , Gastroenteritis/virología , Variación Genética , Infecciones por Rotavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Rotavirus/virología , Rotavirus/genética , Distribución por Edad , Antígenos Virales/genética , Proteínas de la Cápside/genética , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Preescolar , Gastroenteritis/historia , Genotipo , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , India/epidemiología , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Filogenia , Prevalencia , Rotavirus/clasificación , Infecciones por Rotavirus/historia , Estaciones del AñoRESUMEN
This report from the Australian Rotavirus Surveillance Program, together with collaborating laboratories Australia-wide, describes the rotavirus genotypes responsible for the hospitalisation of children with acute gastroenteritis during the period 1 January to 31 December 2012. During the survey period, 1,300 faecal samples were referred to the centre for rotavirus G and P genotype analysis, and of these 748 were confirmed as rotavirus positive. A total of 491 specimens were collected from children under 5 years of age, while 257 were from older children and adults. Genotype analysis revealed that G1P[8] was the dominant type in this reporting period, identified in 35% of strains nationally. Genotype G2P[4] was the second most common strain nationally, representing 28% of samples, followed by genotype G12P[8] (23%). This represents the first report where G12P[8] strains are a major cause of disease in this community. Fluctuations in genotype distribution were also observed based on the vaccine type in use. Genotype G2P[4] was more common in states and territories using Rotarix while G1P[8] was more common in states using RotaTeq. This survey of rotavirus strains circulating in 2012 highlights the continued fluctuations in rotavirus genotypes, with an annual change in dominant genotypes as well as emergence of a previously rare genotype, suggesting a dynamic wild-type population.
Asunto(s)
Vigilancia de la Población , Infecciones por Rotavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Rotavirus/virología , Rotavirus/clasificación , Rotavirus/genética , Distribución por Edad , Informes Anuales como Asunto , Australia/epidemiología , Preescolar , Femenino , Gastroenteritis/epidemiología , Gastroenteritis/historia , Gastroenteritis/virología , Genotipo , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Infecciones por Rotavirus/historiaRESUMEN
Group A rotaviruses (RVA) are double stranded RNA viruses that are a significant cause of acute pediatric gastroenteritis. Beginning in 2006 and 2008, respectively, two vaccines, Rotarix™ and RotaTeq®, have been approved for use in the USA for prevention of RVA disease. The effects of possible vaccine pressure on currently circulating strains in the USA and their genome constellations are still under investigation. In this study we report 33 complete RVA genomes (ORF regions) collected in multiple cities across USA during 2006-2009, including 8 collected from children with verified receipt of 3 doses of rotavirus vaccine. The strains included 16 G1P[8], 10 G3P[8], and 7 G9P[8]. All 33 strains had a Wa like backbone with the consensus genotype constellation of G(1/3/9)-P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1. From maximum likelihood based phylogenetic analyses, we identified 3-7 allelic constellations grouped mostly by respective G types, suggesting a possible allelic segregation based on the VP7 gene of RVA, primarily for the G3 and G9 strains. The vaccine failure strains showed similar grouping for all genes in G9 strains and most genes of G3 strains suggesting that these constellations were necessary to evade vaccine-derived immune protection. Substitutions in the antigenic region of VP7 and VP4 genes were also observed for the vaccine failure strains which could possibly explain how these strains escape vaccine induced immune response. This study helps elucidate how RVA strains are currently evolving in the population post vaccine introduction and supports the need for continued RVA surveillance.
Asunto(s)
Genoma Viral , Genómica , Genotipo , Infecciones por Rotavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Rotavirus/virología , Rotavirus/clasificación , Rotavirus/genética , Proteínas de la Cápside/química , Proteínas de la Cápside/genética , Niño , Análisis por Conglomerados , Gastroenteritis/epidemiología , Gastroenteritis/historia , Gastroenteritis/virología , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Sistemas de Lectura Abierta , Filogenia , Vigilancia de la Población , Conformación Proteica , Infecciones por Rotavirus/historia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
With the availability of rotavirus vaccines routine strain surveillance has been launched or continued in many countries worldwide. In this study relevant information is provided from Hungary in order to extend knowledge about circulating rotavirus strains. Direct sequencing of the RT-PCR products obtained by VP7 and VP4 genes specific primer sets was utilized as routine laboratory method. In addition we explored the advantage of random primed RT-PCR and semiconductor sequencing of the whole genome of selected strains. During the study year, 2012, we identified an increase in the prevalence of G9P[8] strains across the country. This genotype combination predominated in seven out of nine study sites (detection rates, 45-83%). In addition to G9P[8]s, epidemiologically major strains included genotypes G1P[8] (34.2%), G2P[4] (13.5%), and G4P[8] (7.4%), whereas unusual and rare strains were G3P[8] (1%), G2P[8] (0.5%), G1P[4] (0.2%), G3P[4] (0.2%), and G3P[9] (0.2%). Whole genome analysis of 125 Hungarian human rotaviruses identified nine major genotype constellations and uncovered both intra- and intergenogroup reassortment events in circulating strains. Intergenogroup reassortment resulted in several unusual genotype constellations, including mono-reassortant G1P[8] and G9P[8] strains whose genotype 1 (Wa-like) backbone gene constellations contained DS1-like NSP2 and VP3 genes, respectively, as well as, a putative bovine-feline G3P[9] reassortant strain. The conserved genomic constellations of epidemiologically major genotypes suggested the clonal spread of the re-emerging G9P[8] genotype and several co-circulating strains (e.g., G1P[8] and G2P[4]) in many study sites during 2012. Of interest, medically important G2P[4] strains carried bovine-like VP1 and VP6 genes in their genotype constellation. No evidence for vaccine associated selection, or, interaction between wild-type and vaccine strains was obtained. In conclusion, this study reports the reemergence of G9P[8] strains across the country and indicates the robustness of whole genome sequencing in routine rotavirus strain surveillance.
Asunto(s)
Genoma Viral , Genotipo , Vigilancia de la Población , Infecciones por Rotavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Rotavirus/virología , Rotavirus/genética , Proteínas de la Cápside/genética , Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes , Mapeo Geográfico , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Hungría/epidemiología , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Filogenia , Filogeografía , Rotavirus/clasificación , Infecciones por Rotavirus/historia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Análisis Espacio-TemporalRESUMEN
This study describes group A rotavirus (RVA) genotype prevalence in Belarus from 2008 to 2012. In 2008, data from 3 sites in Belarus (Brest, Mogilev, Minsk) indicated that G4P[8] was the predominant genotype. Data from Minsk (2008-2012) showed that G4P[8] was the predominant RVA genotype in all years except in 2011 when G3P[8] was most frequently detected. Other RVA genotypes common in Europe (G1P[8], G2P[4]) were detected each year of the study. This study reveals the dominance of genotype G4P[8] in Belarus and helps to establish the baseline genotype prevalence prior to RVA vaccine introduction in the country.
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Genotipo , Infecciones por Rotavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Rotavirus/virología , Rotavirus/clasificación , Rotavirus/genética , Proteínas de la Cápside/genética , Variación Genética , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Filogenia , Vigilancia de la Población , Prevalencia , ARN Viral , República de Belarús/epidemiología , Infecciones por Rotavirus/historiaRESUMEN
Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrheal disease in children under 5 years of age worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 453,000 rotavirus-attributable deaths occur annually. Through the WHO, the Rotavirus Sentinel Surveillance Program was established in Cameroon in September 2007 with the Mother and Child Center (MCC) in Yaoundé playing the role of sentinel site and national laboratory for this program. The objectives of this surveillance were to assess the rotavirus disease burden and collect baseline information on rotavirus strains circulating in Cameroon. Diarrheal stool samples were collected in a pediatric hospital from children under 5, using the WHO case definition for rotavirus diarrhea. Antigen detection of rotavirus was performed by using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The genotypic characterization was performed using multiplexed semi-nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. Between September 2007 and December 2012, 2444 stool samples were received at the MCC laboratory for rotavirus antigen detection, of which 999 (41%) were EIA positive. Among EIA positive samples 898 were genotyped. Genotype prevalence varied each year. Genotype G9P[8] was the dominant type during 2007 (32%) and 2008 (24%), genotype G3P[6] predominated in 2010 (36%) and 2011 (25%), and G1P[8] was predominant in 2012 (44%). The findings showed that the rotavirus disease burden is high and there is a broad range of rotavirus strains circulating in Yaoundé. These data will help measure the impact of vaccination in the future.
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Vigilancia de la Población , Infecciones por Rotavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Rotavirus/virología , Rotavirus/clasificación , Rotavirus/genética , Distribución por Edad , Camerún/epidemiología , Preescolar , Heces/virología , Gastroenteritis/epidemiología , Gastroenteritis/historia , Gastroenteritis/virología , Genotipo , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Infecciones por Rotavirus/historia , Estaciones del Año , Análisis Espacio-TemporalRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the introduction of rotavirus vaccine in the immunization program of all countries. In the Central African Republic (CAR), sentinel surveillance for rotavirus gastroenteritis was established in 2011 by the Ministry of Health, with the support of the Surveillance en Afrique Centrale Project (SURVAC). The purpose of this study was to assess the burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis and to identify rotavirus strains circulating in CAR before the introduction of rotavirus vaccine planned for this year, 2014. METHODS: One sentinel site and one laboratory at the national level were designated by the CAR Ministry of Health to participate in this surveillance system. Stool samples were collected from children who met the WHO rotavirus gastroenteritis case definition (WHO, 2006). The samples were first screened for group A rotavirus antigen by enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and genotyping assays performed using a multiplex reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) technique. RESULTS: Between October 2011 and September 2013, 438 stool samples were collected and analyzed for detection of rotavirus antigen; 206 (47%) were positive. Among the 160 (78%) that could be genotyped, G2P[6] was the predominant strain (47%) followed by G1P[8] (25%) and G2P[4] (13%). CONCLUSIONS: Almost half of stool samples obtained from children hospitalized with gastroenteritis were positive for rotavirus. These baseline rotavirus surveillance data will be useful to health authorities considering rotavirus vaccine introduction and for evaluating the efficacy of rotavirus vaccine once it is introduced into the routine immunization system.
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Vigilancia de la Población , Infecciones por Rotavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Rotavirus/virología , Rotavirus/genética , República Centroafricana/epidemiología , Preescolar , Gastroenteritis/epidemiología , Gastroenteritis/historia , Gastroenteritis/virología , Genotipo , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Rotavirus/clasificación , Infecciones por Rotavirus/historiaRESUMEN
Comprehensive reviews of pre licensure rotavirus strain prevalence data indicated the global importance of six rotavirus genotypes, G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], G4P[8], G9P[8] and G12P[8]. Since 2006, two vaccines, the monovalent Rotarix (RV1) and the pentavalent RotaTeq (RV5) have been available in over 100 countries worldwide. Of these, 60 countries have already introduced either RV1 or RV5 in their national immunization programs. Post licensure vaccine effectiveness is closely monitored worldwide. This review aimed at describing the global changes in rotavirus strain prevalence over time. The genotype distribution of the nearly 47,000 strains that were characterized during 2007-2012 showed similar picture to that seen in the preceding period. An intriguing finding was the transient predominance of heterotypic strains, mainly in countries using RV1. Unusual and novel antigen combinations continue to emerge, including some causing local outbreaks, even in vaccinated populations. In addition, vaccine strains have been found in both vaccinated infants and their contacts and there is evidence for genetic interaction between vaccine and wild-type strains. In conclusion, the post-vaccine introduction strain prevalence data do not show any consistent pattern indicative of selection pressure resulting from vaccine use, although the increased detection rate of heterotypic G2P[4] strains in some countries following RV1 vaccination is unusual and this issue requires further monitoring.