A Retrospective Descriptive Study of Nurses With Substance Use Disorders in Texas.

There are approximately 3.1 million nurses in the Unites States (U.S. Census Bureau, 2016), and approximately 8% of them experience substance use disorders (Kunyk, 2015). Nurses with impaired practice are referred to peer assistance programs as they seek rehabilitation. As of 2016, 348 nurses in Texas Peer Assistance Program for Nurses were actively participating in the program for substance-abuse-related offenses. Over the last 6 years (2010-2016), 1,553 nurses were referred to Texas Peer Assistance Program for Nurses specifically for substance-abuse-related problems. These represent 2% of the population of nurses in Texas. The average age of participants was 40.1 years. Women represented 75% of participants, and 76% were registered nurses. About 41% successfully completed the program without relapsing, and 32% reported at least one relapse. Varieties of drugs were abused including prescription drugs and illegal drugs. Opioids were the most frequently abused class of drugs, followed by alcohol and stimulants. Most nurses obtained their drugs by diverting from patients. Contrary to what is in the literature, nurses working in long-term care, medical-surgical units, and home health care had the highest prevalence of impaired practice. Psychiatric comorbidity was not significantly associated with relapse, but self-report status was significantly associated with gender, age category, license type, relapse, and drug of choice. There was a significant inverse relationship between time it takes to enroll and number of abstinent days. Men were also more likely to be employed while in the program.

Segmentación de la incidencia de la incapacidad temporal según su duración como estrategia de análisis / The analysis of sickness absence incidence by subgroups of duration

Introducción: Se describe la utilidad de realizar un análisis de la incidencia de incapacidad temporal (IT) segmentado según la duración de los episodios, en comparación con el análisis que considera la incidencia global de la IT. Métodos: Se considera un ejemplo utilizando datos de una mutua en España durante 2011 (230.332 episodios, 752.906 trabajadores) y la incapacidad temporal por contingencia común (ITcc). Comparamos la incidencia de ITcc global y la segmentada por la duración de los episodios: corta (≤ 15 días), media (16-30 y 31-90) y larga (> 90 días). Los análisis se realizaron también según edad, como ejemplo de una de las múltiples variables que afectan a la incidencia de la IT. Resultados: La incidencia global de ITcc fue del 30,6%, mostrando una disminución con la edad (36,4% en <25 años frente a 29,3% en ≥55 años (RR = 1,24, IC del 95% = 1,22 - 1,27)). El análisis de la incidencia de ITcc segmentado por la duración de los episodios, permite obtener resultados más específicos: 1) la incidencia de corta duración es la más alta respecto al resto de segmentos (20,1% en la corta frente a 2,8% en larga duración (RR = 7,29, IC 95% = 7,19 - 7,40); 2) el exceso global observado en jóvenes se produce mayoritariamente por los episodios cortos (RR = 1,98, IC del 95% = 1,93-2,03, en <25 años frente a ≥55 años), y 3) la incidencia de larga duración cambia este patrón, siendo más frecuente en ≥55 años (5,2%) en relación a jóvenes (1,6%)(RR = 0,31, IC 95% = 0,29-0,34). Conclusiones: El análisis de la incidencia de IT segmentada por duración ofrece una aproximación más precisa que la obtenida del análisis global

Background: We describe the usefulness of performing an analysis of sickness absence (SA) incidence, segmented by the duration of episodes, in comparison with the more common analysis that considers the overall incidence of SA without segmentation. Methods: We used data from a health insurance company ("mutual") in Spain during 2011 (230,332 episodes, 752,906 workers) and non-work related SA as a case study. We compared the overall incidence of SA and incidence segmented by duration of episodes: short (≤ 15 days), medium (16-30 and 31-90 days) and long (> 90 days). The analyses were also performed by age, as an example of one of the multiple variables that affect SA incidence. Results: The overall incidence of SA was 30.6%, and declined steadily with increasing age. When SA incidence was analyzed by duration, we observed that: 1) the incidence of the episodes of short duration is the highest; 2) the overall excess observed in younger workers (<25 years) is driven mainly by short duration and 3) the pattern for long-term SA incidence was reversed, being more frequent among those ≥55 years of age relative to the youngest. Conclusions: Examining SA incidence by duration is more informative than relying on overall incidence of SA

Complaints about chiropractors, osteopaths, and physiotherapists: a retrospective cohort study of health, performance, and conduct concerns.

Background: Recent media reports have highlighted the risks to patients that may occur when practitioners in the chiropractic, osteopathy and physiotherapy professions provide services in an unethical or unsafe manner. Yet research on complaints about chiropractors, osteopaths, and physiotherapists is limited. Our aim was to understand differences in the frequency and nature of formal complaints about practitioners in these professions in order to inform improvements in professional regulation and education. Methods: This retrospective cohort study analysed all formal complaints about all registered chiropractors, osteopaths, and physiotherapists in Australia lodged with health regulators between 2011 and 2016. Based on initial assessments by regulators, complaints were classified into 11 complaint issues across three domains: performance, professional conduct, and health. Differences in complaint rate were assessed using incidence rate ratios. A multivariate negative binomial regression model was used to identify predictors of complaints among practitioners in these professions. Results: Patients and their relatives were the most common source of complaints about chiropractors, osteopaths and physiotherapists. Concerns about professional conduct accounted for more than half of the complaints about practitioners in these three professions. Regulatory outcome of complaints differed by profession. Male practitioners, those who were older than 65 years, and those who practised in metropolitan areas were at higher risk of complaint. The overall rate of complaints was higher for chiropractors than osteopaths and physiotherapists (29 vs. 10 vs. 5 complaints per 1000 practice years respectively, p < 0.001). Among chiropractors, 1% of practitioners received more than one complaint - they accounted for 36% of the complaints within their profession. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates differences in the frequency of complaints by source, issue and outcome across the chiropractic, osteopathic and physiotherapy professions. Independent of profession, male sex and older age were significant risk factors for complaint in these professions. Chiropractors were at higher risk of being the subject of a complaint to their practitioner board compared with osteopaths and physiotherapists. These findings may assist regulatory boards, professional associations and universities in developing programs that avert patient dissatisfaction and harm and reduce the burden of complaints on practitioners.

Condiciones de trabajo y salud de los trabajadores inmigrantesen España. Revisión bibliográfica / No disponible

Fundamentos: La relación entre inmigración, trabajo y salud constituye uno de los retos más importantes en salud laboral y más concretamente en España por el importante incremento de proporción inmigrante acontecido en el mercado laboral. El objetivo de esta investigación es conocer la relación entre las condiciones de trabajo y sus efectos en la salud de trabajadores inmigrantes en España. Métodos: Revisión bibliográfica de artículos científicos originales en español e inglés en Medline y Medes (1998-2012). Se revisaron los textos completos de los artículos incluidos. Resultados: Se incluyeron 20 estudios, 13 con metodología de investigación cuantitativa y 7 cualitativa. Los temas tratados abordaban problemas específicos de salud relacionados con el trabajo (principalmente lesiones por accidente de trabajo), incapacidad laboral y diferencias en condiciones de trabajo y empleo. Los hallazgos de los estudios mostraron mayor incidencia de lesiones por accidentes de trabajo, menores tasas de incapacidad laboral, mayor prevalencia de presentismo laboral, exposición a factores psicosociales y precariedad laboral en la población inmigrante. Conclusiones: A pesar de la singularidad del proceso demográfico migratorio, los problemas de salud y determinantes identificados no difieren de los referenciados en otros países, en otros contextos y en otros momentos (AU)

No disponible

Prevalencia del dolor irruptivo asociado al dolor crónico por lumbalgia en Andalucía (estudio COLUMBUS) / Prevalence of breakthrough pain associated to chronic low back pain in Andalusia (COLUMBUS study)

Introducción: El dolor lumbar crónico tiene una alta prevalencia en los países industrializados, donde es una de las principales causas de incapacidad laboral. Con frecuencia, los pacientes con dolor lumbar crónico en tratamiento con opiáceos sufren episodios de dolor irruptivo, pero los datos de prevalencia y preferencias de tratamiento son escasos. La prevalencia, características y manejo del dolor irruptivo de pacientes con dolor crónico de origen lumbar en Andalucía y Melilla es desconocida. Objetivos: 1. Evaluación de la prevalencia del dolor irruptivo en pacientes con dolor crónico secundario a lumbalgia crónica en Andalucía y Melilla (objetivo primario). 2. Caracterización del dolor irruptivo en pacientes con dolor crónico secundario a lumbalgia crónica basado en la etiología, patología, así como en otras características clínicas. 3. Evaluación de la prevalencia de cada una de las diferentes causas de dolor. 4. Identificar las posibles asociaciones entre los diferentes tipos de dolor irruptivo y aspectos sociodemográficos, clínicos y asistenciales. Material y métodos: En el estudio de prevalencia del dolor irruptivo participaron 1.868 pacientes y en el de caracterización 295 pacientes. En el estudio de prevalencia se recogieron las siguientes variables: presencia de dolor irruptivo, sexo y edad. En el estudio de caracterización se recogieron datos relativos al tipo y localización del dolor, tratamiento, cumplimiento y satisfacción del paciente. Resultados: La prevalencia del dolor irruptivo en pacientes con dolor crónico secundario a lumbalgia crónica es del 37,5 % (IC 95 %: 35,3-39,7 %), y es similar en hombres y mujeres. Un 75 % de los pacientes son mayores de 50 años. La media de dolor irruptivo fue de 84,4 puntos en la escala visual analógica (EVA). El tratamiento del dolor crónico es tratado con una amplia gama de opiáceos. El fármaco preferente de los pacientes que controlan el dolor irruptivo con opiáceos es fentanilo (78,3 %) y la forma de administración más común de este es la nasal (53,2 %). El grado de cumplimiento es alto y un 46,3 % de los pacientes consideran muy satisfactorio el control de su dolor irruptivo. Conclusiones: Los datos epidemiológicos sobre el dolor irruptivo en Andalucía y Melilla generados por este estudio nos ha permitido conocer su prevalencia y características, así como los tratamientos preferidos y el grado de satisfacción de los pacientes (AU)

Introduction: Chronic low back pain is highly prevalent in industrialized countries, where it is one of the main causes of incapacity for work. Patients with chronic low back pain in treatment with opioids often experience episodes of breakthrough pain, but prevalence and treatment preferences data are scarce. The prevalence, characteristics, and management of breakthrough pain of patients with chronic pain of lumbar origin in Andalusia and Melilla are unknown. Objectives: 1. Evaluation of the prevalence of breakthrough pain in patients with chronic pain secondary to chronic low back pain in Andalusia and Melilla (primary endpoint). 2. Characterization of breakthrough pain in patients with chronic pain secondary to chronic low back pain based on etiology, pathology, and other clinical characteristics. 3. Assessment of the prevalence of each of the different causes of pain. 4. Identify the possible associations between different types of breakthrough pain and sociodemographic, clinical and healthcare factors. Materials and methods: 1,868 patients participated in the study of prevalence of breakthrough pain and 295 patients participated in the characterization study. In the prevalence study the following variables were collected: presence of breakthrough pain, sex and age. In the characterization study data were collected regarding the type and location of pain, treatment, compliance, and patient satisfaction. Results: The prevalence of breakthrough pain in patients with chronic pain secondary to chronic low back pain is 37.5 % (95 % CI: 35.3-39.7 %), and is similar in men and women. 75% of the patients are older than 50 years. The mean value of breakthrough pain was 84.4 points in a visual analogue scale (VAS). Chronic lumbar pain is treated with a wide range of opiates. The preferred drug of patients who control breakthrough pain with opioids is fentanyl (78.3 %) and its most common form of administration is nasal (53.2 %). The degree of compliance is high and 46.3 % of patients consider the control of their breakthrough pain very satisfactory. Conclusions: Epidemiological data on the breakthrough pain in Andalusia and Melilla generated by this study has allowed us to know its prevalence and characteristics, as well as the preferred treatments and the degree of satisfaction of the patients (AU)

La ignorancia como conocimiento potencial / Ignorance as potential knowledge

El artículo propone reflexionar acerca de los procesos de aprendizaje instando a reconocer lo que no se sabe y activando la voluntad de aprender. Para ello se propone revisar patrones mentales que lo pueden dificultar. Superar el pensamiento newtoniano para desarrollar un pensamiento dual y relacional, cuántico, que permita dilucidar y comprender mejor las situaciones complejas (AU)

This article invites us to think about the learning process, giving special attention to what we do not know, the recognition of ignorance, and the activation of the desire to learn. It proposes to revisit the mental patterns that might interfere with the learning process. To go beyond the Newton thought and to develop instead a thinking process that can be dual and quantic, which allows us to elucidate and comprehend complex situations (AU)

Adverse Childhood Experiences, Support, and the Perception of Ability to Work in Adults with Disability.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the impact of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and support on self-reported work inability of adults reporting disability. PARTICIPANTS: Adults (ages 18-64) who participated in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System in 2009 or 2010 and who reported having a disability (n = 13,009). DESIGN AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The study used a retrospective cohort design with work inability as the main outcome. ACE categories included abuse (sexual, physical, emotional) and family dysfunction (domestic violence, incarceration, mental illness, substance abuse, divorce). Support included functional (perceived emotional/social support) and structural (living with another adult) support. Logistic regression was used to adjust for potential confounders (age, sex and race) and to evaluate whether there was an independent effect of ACEs on work inability after adding other important predictors (support, education, health) to the model. RESULTS: ACEs were highly prevalent with almost 75% of the sample reporting at least one ACE category and over 25% having a high ACE burden (4 or more categories). ACEs were strongly associated with functional support. Participants experiencing a high ACE burden had a higher adjusted odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval] of 1.9 [1.5-2.4] of work inability (reference: zero ACEs). Good functional support (adjusted OR 0.52 [0.42-0.63]) and structural support (adjusted OR 0.48 [0.41-0.56]) were protective against work inability. After adding education and health to the model, ACEs no longer appeared to have an independent effect. Structural support remained highly protective, but functional support only appeared to be protective in those with good physical health. CONCLUSIONS: ACEs are highly prevalent in working-age US adults with a disability, particularly young adults. ACEs are associated with decreased support, lower educational attainment and worse adult health. Health care providers are encouraged to screen for ACEs. Addressing the effects of ACEs on health and support, in addition to education and retraining, may increase ability to work in those with a disability.

Utilidad de los diagramas causales para conceptualizar mecanismos en epidemiología laboral / The application of causal diagrams to conceptualize mechanisms in occupational epidemiology

Pese a que un objetivo de la epidemiología es la identificación de relaciones de causalidad entre un factor de riesgo y un problema de salud, la metodología de investigación de esta disciplina sacrifica a menudo la validez interna a favor de la capacidad de detección de asociación. Existen métodos gráficos y estadísticos que pueden ayudar a desentrañar los posibles mecanismos causales y así conocer algo mejor la llamada 'caja negra'. En esta nota se presentan los diagramas causales, una de las herramientas más útiles para plantear, antes del análisis, si una posible asociación es causal o simplemente debida a un sesgo. Para mostrar su utilidad, se proponen varias situaciones en el ámbito de salud laboral, mostrando cómo puede surgir asociación en rutas no causales a consecuencia de un sesgo. En conclusión, se recomienda el uso de los diagramas causales como parte de la praxis habitual en la investigación epidemiológica

Although a goal of epidemiological research is to identify causal relationships between a risk factor and a health problem, the methodology employed often sacrifices internal validity to gain capacity to detect associations. There are new graphical and statistical methods that can help unravel the possible causal mechanisms and better understand this 'black box'. This paper presents causal diagrams, one of the most useful tools for mapping out, prior to analysis, whether a possible association is causal or just due to bias. To demonstrate its usefulness, we use occupational health examples, showing how associations may arise through non-causal pathways as a result of bias. In conclusion, we recommend the routine practice of using causal diagrams in epidemiological research

Enfermedad de Dupuytren declarada como enfermedad profesional en odonto-estomatólogo / Dupuytren disease declared as occupational disease in dentist

La estomatología se define como una especialidad médica que se ocupa del tratamiento de enfermedades bucales y adyacentes. Al igual que los odontólogos, estos profesionales están expuestos a diversos riesgos laborales, tales como movimientos repetitivos, posturas forzadas, fatiga física y mental. Caso Clínico: Hombre de 56 años, con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial, tabaquismo, dislipemia, queratosis actínica en cuero cabelludo. Presenta desde el año 2006 de forma reiterada, lesión tendinoflexora en mano derecha, valorados por el servicio de prevención de riesgos laborales, recibe tratamiento rehabilitador con escasa mejoría clínica y múltiples recidivas. En vista de dicha evolución se decide intervención quirúrgica del tendón flexor del 2º dedo de mano derecha con el diagnóstico de Enfermedad de Dupuytren. Posteriormente se propone al Instituto Nacional de Seguridad Social (INSS) una Enfermedad Profesional. por tratarse de un trastorno derivado de la actividad laboral, siendo reconocida en el 2007. Por las múltiples complicaciones a pesar de tratamiento médico y quirúrgico y los días de baja en la empresa, el INSS propone una incapacidad permanente total para la profesión habitual, con respuesta favorable. El análisis del caso, permite estudiar la evolución de patologías en los trabajadores, relacionando el origen de las mismas con su actividad laboral, destacando la conducta a seguir si ese padecimiento fuese demostrado como enfermedad profesional. Así mismo, permite repasar los tipos de incapacidad que pueden generarse a partir de una enfermedad y sus repercusiones en la vida laboral del trabajador (AU)

The stomatology is a medical speciality which consider treatment of mouth diseases and adjacent. As the odontologists, they are exposed to diverse occupational risk, such as repetitive movements, forced positions, physical and mental fatigue. Clinical case: 56 years old Man, with precedents of arterial hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia, actinic queratosis in scalp. He continuously presents since 2006, tendon flexor injury in the right hand, valued by the service of prevention of occupational risks, receives treatment with poor clinical improvement and many recurrences. Since the above mentioned evolution, it was decided surgical intervention of the flexor tendon of 2nd finger of right hand with the diagnosis of Dupuytren’s Disease. Later it is proposed to the National Institute of Health Service (INSS) an Occupational Disease, for a disorder derived from the occupational activity, which is admitted in 2007. For the multiple complications in spite of medical and surgical treatment and the days of sick leave in the company, the INSS proposes a permanent total incapacity for the usual profession, with favourable response. The analysis of the case, allows studying the evolution of pathologies in workers, relating the origin of the diseases with the occupational activity, emphasizing the courses of action if this suffering could be demonstrated as occupational disease. It also allows reviewing the different types of disability that can be generated from a disease and its repercussions in the occupational life of the worker (AU)

Chemical Dependency and Nursing Students: A Complicated Process Calling for Nurse Educator Involvement.

Chemical use and dependency is a prevalent problem in society and among the members of the nursing profession. Nursing students, as the novice representatives of the profession, may be particularly vulnerable to chemical use. Nursing leaders in both educational institutions and practice settings must recognize highly vulnerable individuals, which nursing activities are most vulnerable, and interventions to assist and support the vulnerable individual while assuring a safe practice environment. As nurses, it is our responsibility, both ethically and legally, to provide a safe working environment not only for our patients but also for ourselves by reporting the behaviors of nurses who may be impaired through the proper channels according to your state's Nurse Practice Act. Through a united approach, nurse leaders from both the academic and practice environments should provide a safe and effective rehabilitation approach.

Impairment and sanction in Medical Practitioners Tribunal Service fitness to practise proceedings.

The principal aims of this research were to assess whether, when imposing sanctions, the aggravating and mitigating circumstances considered by the General Medical Council are first considered when determining impairment of fitness to practise and to determine whether the circumstances described by the General Medical Council in their Indicative Sanctions Guidance as warranting erasure from the Medical Register will lead to that outcome. The consideration of specific aggravating circumstances or points of mitigation when determining impairment of fitness to practise was compared to their subsequent consideration by the General Medical Council when deciding on the severity of sanction to be applied. Additionally, the proportion of cases that highlighted aggravating circumstances the General Medical Council deemed sufficiently serious to warrant erasure and the actions taken were monitored. One hundred forty-six cases heard by the General Medical Council between 1 October 2011 and 30 September 2012 met with the inclusion criteria. Fisher's exact test was used to detect a variation from the expected distribution of data. Three of the four aggravating/mitigating circumstances were more likely to be considered when determining sanction having first been factored into the consideration of impairment. There was a statistically significant correlation between both a risk of harm and dishonesty as aggravating factors and the sanction of erasure from the Medical Register. In general, the General Medical Council consider relevant factors at all stages of their deliberations into practitioner misconduct, as required by the determinations in the cases of Cohen, Zygmunt and Azzam; and subsequently follow the guidance within their Indicative Sanctions Guidance document when determining which sanction to apply.

Substance use and mental illness among nurses: workplace warning signs and barriers to seeking assistance.

BACKGROUND: Although some studies have examined the prevalence of substance use among nurses, few have assessed substance use in the workplace or early cues for identifying these health conditions. Primary data collected as part of a larger program evaluation were examined with the purpose of better understanding (a) the context and perceived consequences of substance use and mental illness among nurses and (b) barriers and opportunities for earlier identification and treatment of these issues among nurses, their colleagues, and employers. METHODS: Anonymous surveys were mailed to 441 active and recent participants of a peer health assistance program in the summer of 2010. The survey examined drug-related behaviors in the workplace; behavioral cues that may permit earlier identification of substance use and mental illness; perceptions of barriers to seeking assistance; and strategies for preventing problems and overcoming barriers to seeking assistance. RESULTS: Responses were received from 302 nurses (69%). Nearly half (48%) reported drug or alcohol use at work, and two fifths (40%) felt that their competency level was affected by their use. More than two thirds of respondents thought their problem could have been recognized earlier. The most highly rated barriers to seeking assistance for substance use and mental illness included fear and embarrassment and concerns about losing one's nursing license. Respondents recommended greater attention be paid to early identification of risk factors during nurses' professional training as a prevention strategy. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study provide preliminary data that can be used by schools of nursing and health care employers to improve early identification of nurses' substance use and mental illness treatment needs. These data also suggest a need for more research to explore the prevention and early identification of co-occurring disorders in health care settings where nurses practice.

Fitness to practice of medical graduates: one programme's approach.

AIM: Doctors must ensure they are fit to practise medicine. There is a relationship between unprofessional behaviour at medical school and in subsequent medical practice. This study describes one programme's Fitness to Practice (FtP) policy and outcomes since inception in 2005. METHOD: FtP notifications were classified into: health or personal; professional attitudes, or external issues. Seriousness was classified as non-critical, critical or extraordinarily critical. Anonymous data were extracted and analysed from a confidential FtP database. RESULTS: There were 157 FtP notifications involving 132 (5.5%) students. 87.2% were for issues with professional attitudes and 80.3% were non-critical. 17 students received more than one FtP notification. Students in clinical years were over-represented (p<0.0001) as were males (57% vs. 43%: p=0.0286). 96% of students continued the programme after remedial action. Two students were excluded from the programme on FtP grounds. The national regulatory body was notified of nine individual students with the potential for on- going FtP concerns. CONCLUSION: Over 9 years, 5.5% of medical students received a FtP notification, with most of these isolated non-critical incidents of a professional nature. A small subset of students had repeated or serious concerns, underscoring the need for a FtP policy in any medical programme.

The prevalence and patterns of substance abuse among nurse anesthesia students.

The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence, demographic factors, outcomes, and preventative measures for substance abuse among nurse anesthesia students over a 5-year period from 2008 to 2012. An electronic survey was sent to 111 program directors of accredited nurse anesthesia programs in the United States. Twenty-three programs (response rate = 21.7%) reported data related to 2,439 students. Sixteen incidents of substance abuse were reported for a 5-year prevalence of 0.65%. Opioids were the most frequent drug of choice (n = 9). The programs identified no predisposing risk factors in 50% of the incidents. For the students, reported outcomes included voluntary entry into treatment (n = 10), dismissal from the program (n = 7), loss of nursing license (n = 2), and 1 death. Pre-enrollment background checks and drug testing for cause were the most commonly reported screening practices. The most frequently reported prevention strategy was wellness promotion education. The prevalence was lower among student registered nurse anesthetists, as compared with certified registered nurse anesthetists. Although additional studies are necessary to verify this finding, an opportunity might exist for programs to be proactive in assessing risk postgraduation. Future studies evaluating the effectiveness of wellness promotion efforts might lead toward a standardized, best practice approach to risk reduction strategies.