Spatial equity in the layout of urban public sports facilities in Hangzhou.

This paper proposes a framework for a layout evaluation of urban public sports facilities. First, the buffer analysis method is used to measure the service level of public sports facilities. The study findings indicate that the overall service level of public sports facilities presents the spatial characteristics of a central agglomeration, and the value of the service level diffuses outward from high to low. There is evident spatial heterogeneity in the layout of public sports facilities in Hangzhou. Second, the Gini coefficient, Lorenz curve, and location entropy are employed to measure the equity of the distribution among spatial units and the intradistrict disparity. The results show a mismatch between the spatial distribution of the facilities and the distribution of the permanent population. The patterns of distribution of the location entropy classes of Hangzhou can be divided into three types: balanced, alternating, and divergent districts. The method in this paper is effective in measuring spatial equity and visualizing it. it has a certain degree of systemicity, universality and operability. At the same time, this method can compare the diachronic characteristics of the same city and the synchronic characteristics of different cities, which has universal application value.

Análisis de la seguridad y accesibilidad de los espacios deportivos en Educación Secundaria Obligatoria / Analysis of the safety and accessibility of sports facilities in Secondary School / Análise da segurança e acessibilidade dos espaços deportivos no Ensino Secundário Obrigatório

Las instalaciones deportivas escolares son el marco idóneo donde los alumnos deben de adquirir los hábitos de actividad física, estableciendo el Real Decreto 132/2010, que estas deben de cumplir con las condiciones de seguridad y accesibilidad que determine la legislación vigente. No obstante, varias investigaciones previas alertan del incumplimiento de dichos requisitos, siendo el objetivo del presente estudio el análisis de aquellos relacionados con la seguridad y accesibilidad de los espacios deportivos utilizados para impartir las clases de Educación Física en la etapa de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO). La investigación se llevó a cabo en n=45 Institutos de ESO de titularidad pública de la Región de Murcia, a través de una observación in situ con dos listas de control ad hoc en función del espacio a analizar, de 71 ítems para espacios cubiertos y 36 ítems para espacios al aire libre, de respuesta dicotómica (SI/NO), elaboradas a partir de la normativa y legislación vigente. Los resultados muestran un porcentaje medio de cumplimiento del 63.05±7.09 en espacios cubiertos (n=51) y del 61.52±8.70 en espacios al aire libre (n=93) detectándose diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los cubiertos (p <0.05) en función de su titularidad, con un cumplimiento mayor en los municipales. Ninguno de los espacios deportivos analizados cumple con todos los requisitos establecidos, detectando numerosas deficiencias respecto a su seguridad que pueden conllevar riesgos, así como en relación a su accesibilidad, apreciando barreras arquitectónicas y un alto incumplimiento de los aspectos relacionados con la accesibilidad cognitiva y limitaciones de tipo visual

School sports facilities are the ideal framework where students must acquire physical activity habits, establishing Royal Decree 132/2010, that they must comply with the safety and accessibility conditions determined by current legislation. However, several previous studies warn of non-compliance with these requirements, being the objective of this study the analysis of those related to the safety and accessibility of the sports facilities used in Physical Education classes at the compulsory secondary education stage. This research was carried out in n=45 compulsory secondary education schools of public ownership of the Region of Murcia, through an in situ observation with two ad hoc checklists according to the space to be analyzed, of 71 items for indoor facilities and 36 items for outdoor ones, of dichotomous response (YES/NO), developed from the current regulations and legislation. The results show an average percentage of compliance of 63.05±7.09 in indoor facilities (n=51) and 61.52±8.70 in outdoor spaces (n=93) detecting statistically significant differences in the indoor ones (p <0.05) depending on their ownership, with greater compliance in the municipal. None of the sports facilities analyzed meets all the established requirements, detecting numerous deficiencies regarding their safety that may entail risks, as well as in relation to their accessibility, appreciating architectural barriers and a high breach of the aspects related to cognitive accessibility and visual limitations

As instalações esportivas escolares são a estrutura ideal onde os estudantes devem adquirir hábitos de atividade física, estabelecendo o Real Decreto 132/2010, que deve obedecer às condições de segurança e acessibilidade determinadas pela legislação vigente. No entanto, várias investigações anteriores alertam para a violação desses requisitos, sendo o objetivo do presente estudo a análise daqueles relacionados à segurança e acessibilidade dos espaços esportivos utilizados para o ensino das aulas de Educação Física no Ensino Médio obrigatório (ESO). A investigação foi realizada em n=45 institutos ESO de propriedade pública da Região de Múrcia, através de uma observação in situ com duas listas de verificação ad hoc, dependendo do espaço a ser analisado, de 71 itens para espaços cobertos e 36 itens para espaços ao ar livre, resposta dicotômica (SIM/NÃO), elaborado a partir da legislação e regulamentação vigentes. Os resultados mostram uma porcentagem média de conformidade de 63.05±7.09 nos espaços cobertos (n=51) e 61.52±8.70 nos espaços ao ar livre (n=93), sendo detectadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes (p <0.05) dependendo de sua propriedade, com maior conformidade nos municípios. Nenhuma das áreas de esportes analisadas atende a todos os requisitos estabelecidos, detectando inúmeras deficiências em relação à sua segurança que podem acarretar riscos, bem como em relação à sua acessibilidade, valorização de barreiras arquitetônicas e alta quebra de aspectos relacionados à acessibilidade cognitiva e limitações tipo visual

COVID-19, indications for professional football teams and referees training resumption.

These indications were drawn up by the Federal Medical-Scientific Commission (FIGC Commission), supplemented for the necessary time by some experts on the subject; currently they are intended to grant the highest achievable guarantee level to protect the health of players, referees and all professionals involved in case of resumption of collective training (Document dated 18 April 2020). They were designed to minimize the risk of contagion were thus based on the fact that during that phase of SARS-COV-2 virus pandemic (COVID-19) and in the absence of an effective vaccine, the zero-contagion risk did not exist and does not exist to date. Those guidelines have been updated on the basis of ongoing medical-scientific evidence, taking into account the indications given by the Technical-Scientific Committee and the opinion of the Italian Football Federation representatives, during a meeting that took place on May 7 and was transmitted to FIGC on May 11, 2020; these indications are to be considered stringent and binding for the purposes of sport training resumption.

Stability of activity space footprint, size, and environmental features over six months.

As activity space measures are increasingly used to estimate exposure to environmental determinants of health, little is known about the stability of these measures over time. To test the stability of GPS-derived measures of activity-space footprint, size, and environmental features over time, we compared 14-day measures at baseline and six months later for 35 adults in a large city. Activity-space measures were based on convex hulls and 500 m route buffers, and included the geographic footprint (i.e. location of the activity space), size (i.e., area in square miles; (Cummins, 2007)), and environmental features including supermarket, fast-food restaurant, and parkland density. The proportion of the participants' smaller geographic footprint covered by the larger was, on average, 0.64 (SD 0.17) for the 500 m route buffer and 0.84 (SD 0.18) for the convex hull. Mean percent change in activity space size ranged from 36.3% (mean daily 500 m route buffer) to 221.3% (cumulative convex hull). Mean percent change in the density of environmental features ranged from 28.8 to 66.5%. Forty-one percent to 92.4% of the variance at one timepoint was predicted by environmental features measured within approximately six months. Activity-space size and environmental features were moderately to highly stable over six months, although there was considerable variation in stability between measures. Strategies for addressing measurement error in studies of activity space-health associations are discussed.

Attitudes Toward Smoke-Free Casino Policies Among US Adults, 2017.

Research shows that there is no risk-free level of exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) and that eliminating smoking indoors fully protects nonsmokers from indoor SHS exposure. Casinos often allow smoking indoors and can be a source of involuntary SHS exposure for employees and visitors. We examined attitudes toward smoke-free casino policies among US adults. During June and July 2017, we used a web-based survey to ask a nationally representative sample of 4107 adults aged ≥18 about their attitudes toward smoke-free casinos. Among 4048 respondents aged ≥18, a weighted 75.0% favored smoke-free casino policies, including respondents who visited casinos about once per year (74.1%), several times per year (75.3%), and at least once per month (74.2%). Although the sociodemographic characteristics of respondents who favored smoke-free casino policies varied, the majority in each group, except current smokers (45.4%), supported smoke-free policies. Allowing smoking inside casinos involuntarily exposes casino employees and visitors to SHS, a known and preventable health risk. Further assessment of public knowledge and attitudes toward smoke-free casinos at state and local levels may help inform tobacco control policy, planning, and practice.

Effect of major school playground reconstruction on physical activity and sedentary behaviour: Camden active spaces.

BACKGROUND: The physical school environment is a promising setting to increase children's physical activity although robust evidence is sparse. We examined the effects of major playground reconstruction on physical activity and sedentary time in primary schools using a quasi-experimental design (comparison group pre-test/post-test design). METHODS: Five experimental and two control schools from deprived areas of inner city London were recruited at baseline. Main outcome was physical activity and sedentary time measured from objective monitoring (Actigraph accelerometer) at one year follow up. Pupils' impressions of the new playground were qualitatively assessed post construction. RESULTS: A total of 347 pupils (mean age = 8 years, 55% boys; 36% Caucasian) were recruited into the study at baseline; 303 provided valid baseline Actigraph data. Of those, 231 (76%) completed follow-up (n = 169 intervention; n = 62 control) and 77.4% of the sample recorded at least 4 days of Actigraph wear. In mixed models adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, ratio activity or sedentary/wear time at baseline, wear time at follow up, and school, no differences were observed in total moderate - vigorous activity (B = -1.4, 95% CI, -7.1, 4.2 min/d), light activity (B = 4.1, 95% CI, -17.9, 26.1), or sedentary time (B = -3.8, 95% CI, -29.2, 21.6 min/d) between groups. There were significant age interactions for sedentary (p = 0.002) and light intensity physical activity (p = 0.008). We observed significant reductions in total sedentary (-28.0, 95% CI, -1.9, -54.1 min/d, p = 0.037) and increases in total light intensity activity (24.6, 95% CI, 0.3, 48.9 min/d, p = 0.047) for children aged under 9 yrs. old in the intervention. CONCLUSION: Major playground reconstruction had limited effects on physical activity, but reduced sedentary time was observed in younger children. Qualitative data suggested that the children enjoyed the new playgrounds and experienced a perceived positive change in well-being and social interactions.

The Size and Scope of Collegiate Athletic Training Facilities and Staffing.

CONTEXT: Athletic training facilities have been described in terms of general design concepts and from operational perspectives. However, the size and scope of athletic training facilities, along with staffing at different levels of intercollegiate competition, have not been quantified. OBJECTIVE: To define the size and scope of athletic training facilities and staffing levels at various levels of intercollegiate competition. To determine if differences existed in facilities (eg, number of facilities, size of facilities) and staffing (eg, full time, part time) based on the level of intercollegiate competition. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Web-based survey. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Athletic trainers (ATs) who were knowledgeable about the size and scope of athletic training programs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Athletic training facility size in square footage; the AT's overall facility satisfaction; athletic training facility component spaces, including satellite facilities, game-day facilities, offices, and storage areas; and staffing levels, including full-time ATs, part-time ATs, and undergraduate students. RESULTS: The survey was completed by 478 ATs (response rate = 38.7%) from all levels of competition. Sample means for facilities were 3124.7 ± 4425 ft2 (290.3 ± 411 m2) for the central athletic training facility, 1013 ± 1521 ft2 (94 ± 141 m2) for satellite athletic training facilities, 1272 ± 1334 ft2 (118 ± 124 m2) for game-day athletic training facilities, 388 ± 575 ft2 (36 ± 53 m2) for athletic training offices, and 424 ± 884 ft2 (39 ± 82 m2) for storage space. Sample staffing means were 3.8 ± 2.5 full-time ATs, 1.6 ± 2.5 part-time ATs, 25 ± 17.6 athletic training students, and 6.8 ± 7.2 work-study students. Division I schools had greater resources in multiple categories (P < .001). Differences among other levels of competition were not as well defined. Expansion or renovation of facilities in recent years was common, and almost half of ATs reported that upgrades have been approved for the near future. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides benchmark descriptive data on athletic training staffing and facilities. The results (1) suggest that the ATs were satisfied with their facilities and (2) highlight the differences in resources among competition levels.