Sepsis death risk factor score based on systemic inflammatory response syndrome, quick sequential organ failure assessment, and comorbidities / Puntuación de factores de riesgo de mortalidad por sepsis basada en el síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica, el índice rápido secuencial de fallo orgánico y comorbilidades

Objective In this study, we aimed to evaluate the death risk factors of patients included in the sepsis protocol bundle, using clinical data from qSOFA, SIRS, and comorbidities, as well as development of a mortality risk score. Design This retrospective cohort study was conducted between 2016 and 2021. Setting Two university hospitals in Brazil. Participants Patients with sepsis. Interventions Several clinical and laboratory data were collected focused on SIRS, qSOFA, and comorbidities. Main variable of interest In-hospital mortality was the primary outcome variable. A mortality risk score was developed after logistic regression analysis. Results A total of 1,808 patients were included with a death rate of 36%. Ten variables remained independent factors related to death in multivariate analysis: temperature ≥38 °C (odds ratio [OR] = 0.65), previous sepsis (OR = 1.42), qSOFA ≥ 2 (OR = 1.43), leukocytes >12,000 or <4,000 cells/mm3 (OR = 1.61), encephalic vascular accident (OR = 1.88), age >60 years (OR = 1.93), cancer (OR = 2.2), length of hospital stay before sepsis >7 days (OR = 2.22,), dialysis (OR = 2.51), and cirrhosis (OR = 3.97). Considering the equation of the binary regression logistic analysis, the score presented an area under curve of 0.668, is not a potential model for death prediction. Conclusions Several risk factors are independently associated with mortality, allowing the development of a prediction score based on qSOFA, SIRS, and comorbidities data, however, the performance of this score is low. (AU)

Objetivo En este estudio, nuestro objetivo fue evaluar los factores de riesgo de muerte de los pacientes incluidos en el protocolo de sepsis, utilizando datos clínicos de qSOFA, SIRS y comorbilidades, así como el desarrollo de un puntaje de riesgo de mortalidad. Diseño Este estudio de cohorte retrospectivo se llevó a cabo entre 2016 y 2021. Ámbito Dos hospitales universitarios en Brasil. Participantes Pacientes con sepsis. Intervenciones Se recopilaron varios datos clínicos y de laboratorio centrados en SIRS, qSOFA y comorbilidades. Variable de interésprincipales La mortalidad intrahospitalaria fue la variable de resultado primaria. Se desarrolló un puntaje de riesgo de mortalidad después del análisis de regresión logística. Resultados Se incluyeron un total de 1,808 pacientes con una tasa de mortalidad del 36%. Diez variables permanecieron como factores independientes relacionados con la muerte en el análisis multivariado: temperatura ≥38 °C (odds ratio [OR] = 0.65), sepsis previa (OR = 1.42), qSOFA≥2 (OR = 1.43), leucocitos >12,000 o <4,000 células/mm3 (OR = 1.61), accidente cerebrovascular encefálico (OR = 1.88), edad >60 años (OR = 1.93), cáncer (OR = 2.2), duración de la estancia hospitalaria antes de la sepsis >7 días (OR = 2.22), diálisis (OR = 2.51) y cirrosis (OR = 3.97). Considerando la ecuación del análisis de regresión logística binaria, el puntaje presentó un área bajo la curva de 0.668, un modelo débil para la predicción de la muerte. Conclusiones Varios factores de riesgo se asocian de forma independiente con la mortalidad, lo que permite el desarrollo de una puntuación de predicción basada en datos de qSOFA, SIRS y comorbilidades; sin embargo, el rendimiento de esta puntuación es bajo. (AU)

Case report: Decreased hemoglobin and multiple organ failure caused by ceftizoxime-induced immune hemolytic anemia in a Chinese patient with malignant rectal cancer.

Background: Drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia (DIIHA) is a rare but serious condition, with an estimated incidence of one in 100,000 cases, associated with various antibiotics. This study reports on a case of ceftizoxime-induced hemolysis observed in a patient in China. Case description: A Chinese patient diagnosed with malignant rectal cancer underwent antimicrobial therapy after laparoscopic partial recto-sigmoid resection (L-Dixon). After receiving four doses of ceftizoxime, the patient developed symptoms including rash, itchy skin, and chest distress, followed by a rapid decline in hemoglobin levels, the presence of hemoglobin in the urine (hemoglobinuria), renal failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Laboratory analysis revealed high-titer antibodies against ceftizoxime and red blood cells (RBCs) in the patient's serum, including immunoglobulin M (IgM) (1:128) antibodies and immunoglobulin G (IgG) (1:8) antibodies, with noted crossreactivity to ceftriaxone. Significant improvement in the patient's hemolytic symptoms was observed following immediate discontinuation of the drug, two plasma exchanges, and extensive RBC transfusion. Conclusion: This case, together with previous reports, underscores the importance of considering DIIHA in patients who exhibit unexplained decreases in hemoglobin levels following antibiotic therapy. A thorough examination of the patient's medical history can provide crucial insights for diagnosing DIIHA. The effective management of DIIHA includes immediate cessation of the implicated drug, plasma exchange, and transfusion support based on the identification of specific drug-dependent antibodies through serological testing.

Clinical presentation and outcomes of patients with rhabdomyolysis: A tertiary care center experience.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical and laboratory features, complications, and outcomes of patients with rhabdomyolysis in the Saudi population. METHODS: Retrospectives descriptive study of adult patients who presented to King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC) withrhabdomyolysis between January 2016 and December 2022. RESULTS: Most of the participants (84.5%) were male, with a median age of 41 years and a body mass index of 26.5 kg/m2. Medications, mainly statins (22.4%) and illicit drugs (15.5%), constituted the root causes of rhabdomyolysis in the cohort (44.8%). The most common presenting complaints were myalgia (63.8%) and fatigue (37.9%). More than one-third of the participants (32.8%) developed AKI, with 3 patients requiring temporary hemodialysis, and only 8.6% developed acute liver failure (ALF). Intensive care unit (ICU) admission was required for 10 patients (17.2%), and the overall mortality rate was 8.6%. Patients who developed complications (composite outcomes of AKI, ALF, multiorgan failure, or death) had significantly reduced kidney function and higher levels of blood urea nitrogen, anion gap, and uric acid upon admission than those who did not. CONCLUSION: This study offers a thorough understanding of clinical and laboratory features, causes, complications, and outcomes of rhabdomyolysis among Saudi patients. The insights gained enhance our understanding of rhabdomyolysis within this population, providing a foundation for future research and improvements in clinical management.

Mucormycosis in Liver Allograft Following Transplant for Secondary Biliary Cirrhosis.

Mucormycosis, a group of opportunistic mycoses caused by Mucorales, present a significant threat to immunocompromised patients. In this report, we present the case of a 57-year-old male patient who underwent liver transplant for secondary biliary cirrhosis following inadvertent bile duct injury. Despite initial satisfactory postoperative evolution, the patient developed fever, and imaging revealed a suspicious lesion. Preliminary culture growth suggested a filamentous fungus, leading to initiation of liposomal amphotericin B. However, the lesion progressed, and a surgical debridement was necessary. During surgery, involvement of the liver dome and diaphragm was observed, and a nonanatomical hepatectomy was performed. Despite efforts, the patient's condition deteriorated, ultimately resulting in multiple organ failure and mortality. This case emphasizes the challenging nature of mucormycosis in livertransplant recipients.

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome with central nervous system symptom onset: a case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a natural focal disease transmitted mainly by tick bites, and the causative agent is SFTS virus (SFTSV). SFTS can rapidly progress to severe disease, with multiple-organ failure (MOF) manifestations such as shock, respiratory failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and death, but cases of SFTS patients with central nervous system (CNS) symptoms onset and marked persistent involuntary shaking of the perioral area and limbs have rarely been reported. CASE PRESENTATION: A 69-year-old woman with fever and persistent involuntary shaking of the perioral area and limbs was diagnosed with SFTS with CNS symptom onset after metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and peripheral blood identified SFTSV. The patient developed a cytokine storm and MOF during the course of the disease, and after aggressive antiviral, glucocorticoid, and gamma globulin treatments, her clinical symptoms improved, her laboratory indices returned to normal, and she had a good prognosis. CONCLUSION: This case gives us great insight that when patients with CNS symptoms similar to those of viral encephalitis combined with thrombocytopenia and leukopenia are encountered in the clinic, it is necessary to consider the possibility of SFTS involving the CNS. Testing for SFTSV nucleic acid in CSF and blood (mNGS or polymerase chain reaction (PCR)) should be carried out, especially in critically ill patients, and treatment should be given accordingly.

Automated Calculator for the Pediatric Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score: Development and External Validation in a Single-Center 7-Year Cohort, 2015-2021.

OBJECTIVES: The pediatric Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (pSOFA) score summarizes severity of organ dysfunction and can be used to predict in-hospital mortality. Manual calculation of the pSOFA score is time-consuming and prone to human error. An automated method that is open-source, flexible, and scalable for calculating the pSOFA score directly from electronic health record data is desirable. DESIGN: Single-center, retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Quaternary 40-bed PICU. PATIENTS: All patients admitted to the PICU between 2015 and 2021 with ICU stay of at least 24 hours. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We used 77 records to evaluate the automated score. The automated algorithm had an overall accuracy of 97%. The algorithm calculated the respiratory component of two cases incorrectly. An expert human annotator had an initial accuracy of 75% at the patient level and 95% at the component level. An untrained human annotator with general clinical research experience had an overall accuracy of 16% and component-wise accuracy of 67%. Weighted kappa for agreement between the automated method and the expert annotator's initial score was 0.92 (95% CI, 0.88-0.95), and between the untrained human annotator and the automated score was 0.50 (95% CI, 0.36-0.61). Data from 9146 patients (in-hospital mortality 3.6%) were included to validate externally the discriminability of the automated pSOFA score. The admission-day pSOFA score had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.79 (95% CI, 0.77-0.82). CONCLUSIONS: The developed automated algorithm calculates pSOFA score with high accuracy and is more accurate than a trained expert rater and nontrained data abstracter. pSOFA's performance for predicting in-hospital mortality was lower in our cohort than it was for the originally derived score.

Time to split: biomarker trajectories in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome hint at underlying disease.

Pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is severe, noncardiac hypoxemic respiratory failure that carries a substantial risk of death. Given the complexity of this clinically defined syndrome and the repeated failure of therapeutic trials, there has been an effort to identify subphenotypes of ARDS that may share targetable mechanisms of disease. In this issue of the JCI, Yehya and colleagues measured 19 plasma biomarkers in 279 children over the first seven days of ARDS. Increases in select tissue injury makers and inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood were associated with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and death, but not persistent ARDS. These findings argue that splitting patients by clinical and molecular phenotype may be more informative than lumping them under the umbrella diagnosis of ARDS. However, future studies are needed to determine whether these plasma factors represent targetable pathways in lung injury or are a consequence of systemic organ dysfunction.

Dose-dependent multi-organ injury following lipopolysaccharide gas inhalation.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is widely used to establish various animal models, including models of acute lung injury, cardiomyocyte damage, and acute kidney injury. Currently, there is no consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of LPS-induced disease. We herein present a case series of four patients who developed dose-dependent multi-organ injury, including acute lung injury and acute kidney injury, after inhaling LPS gas in a sealed room. These patients exhibited varying degrees of multi-organ injury characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. One patient showed progressive symptoms even with active treatment, leading to mild pulmonary fibrosis. This study emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of significant LPS exposure and suggests personalized treatment approaches for managing LPS poisoning.

Unveiling the Role of Exosomes in the Pathophysiology of Sepsis: Insights into Organ Dysfunction and Potential Biomarkers.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are tools for intercellular communication, mediating molecular transport processes. Emerging studies have revealed that EVs are significantly involved in immune processes, including sepsis. Sepsis, a dysregulated immune response to infection, triggers systemic inflammation and multi-organ dysfunction, posing a life-threatening condition. Although extensive research has been conducted on animals, the complex inflammatory mechanisms that cause sepsis-induced organ failure in humans are still not fully understood. Recent studies have focused on secreted exosomes, which are small extracellular vesicles from various body cells, and have shed light on their involvement in the pathophysiology of sepsis. During sepsis, exosomes undergo changes in content, concentration, and function, which significantly affect the metabolism of endothelia, cardiovascular functions, and coagulation. Investigating the role of exosome content in the pathogenesis of sepsis shows promise for understanding the molecular basis of human sepsis. This review explores the contributions of activated immune cells and diverse body cells' secreted exosomes to vital organ dysfunction in sepsis, providing insights into potential molecular biomarkers for predicting organ failure in septic shock.

Patterns of Multiple Organ Dysfunction and Renal Recovery in Critically Ill Children and Young Adults Receiving Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy.

OBJECTIVES: Acute kidney injury requiring dialysis (AKI-D) commonly occurs in the setting of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is the modality of choice for AKI-D. Mid-term outcomes of pediatric AKI-D supported with CRRT are unknown. We aimed to describe the pattern and impact of organ dysfunction on renal outcomes in critically ill children and young adults with AKI-D. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort. SETTING: Two large quarternary care pediatric hospitals. PATIENTS: Patients 26 y old or younger who received CRRT from 2014 to 2020, excluding patients with chronic kidney disease. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Organ dysfunction was assessed using the Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction-2 (PELOD-2) score. MODS was defined as greater than or equal to two organ dysfunctions. The primary outcome was major adverse kidney events at 30 days (MAKE30) (decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate greater than or equal to 25% from baseline, need for renal replacement therapy, and death). Three hundred seventy-three patients, 50% female, with a median age of 84 mo (interquartile range [IQR] 16-172) were analyzed. PELOD-2 increased from 6 (IQR 3-9) to 9 (IQR 7-12) between ICU admission and CRRT initiation. Ninety-seven percent of patients developed MODS at CRRT start and 266 patients (71%) had MAKE30. Acute kidney injury (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.55 [IQR 2.13-5.90]), neurologic (aOR 2.07 [IQR 1.15-3.74]), hematologic/oncologic dysfunction (aOR 2.27 [IQR 1.32-3.91]) at CRRT start, and progressive MODS (aOR 1.11 [IQR 1.03-1.19]) were independently associated with MAKE30. CONCLUSIONS: Ninety percent of critically ill children and young adults with AKI-D develop MODS by the start of CRRT. Lack of renal recovery is associated with specific extrarenal organ dysfunction and progressive multiple organ dysfunction. Currently available extrarenal organ support strategies, such as therapeutic plasma exchange lung-protective ventilation, and other modifiable risk factors, should be incorporated into clinical trial design when investigating renal recovery.

Facial appearance associates with longitudinal multi-organ failure: an ICU cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Facial appearance, whether consciously or subconsciously assessed, may affect clinical assessment and treatment strategies in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Nevertheless, the association between objective clinical measurement of facial appearance and multi-organ failure is currently unknown. The objective of this study was to examine whether facial appearance at admission is associated with longitudinal evaluation of multi-organ failure. METHODS: This was a sub-study of the Simple Intensive Care Studies-II, a prospective observational cohort study. All adult patients acutely admitted to the ICU between March 26, 2019, and July 10, 2019, were included. Facial appearance was assessed within three hours of ICU admission using predefined pictograms. The SOFA score was serially measured each day for the first seven days after ICU admission. The association between the extent of eye-opening and facial skin colour with longitudinal Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores was investigated using generalized estimation equations. RESULTS: SOFA scores were measured in 228 patients. Facial appearance scored by the extent of eye-opening was associated with a higher SOFA score at admission and follow-up (unadjusted 0.7 points per step (95%CI 0.5 to 0.9)). There was no association between facial skin colour and a worse SOFA score over time. However, patients with half-open or closed eyes along with flushed skin had a lower SOFA score than patients with a pale or normal facial skin colour (P-interaction < 0.1). CONCLUSIONS: The scoring of patients' facial cues, primarily the extent of eye-opening and facial colour, provided valuable insights into the disease state and progression of the disease of critically ill patients. The utilization of advanced monitoring techniques that incorporate facial appearance holds promise for enhancing future intensive care support.

Proteome characterization of liver-kidney comorbidity after microbial sepsis.

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body responds to an infection but subsequently triggers widespread inflammation and impaired blood flow. These pathologic responses can rapidly cause multiple organ dysfunction or failure either one by one or simultaneously. The fundamental common mechanisms involved in sepsis-induced multiple organ dysfunction remain unclear. Here, employing quantitative global and phosphoproteomics, we examine the liver's temporal proteome and phosphoproteome changes after moderate sepsis induced by cecum ligation and puncture. In total, 4593 global proteins and 1186 phosphoproteins according to 3275 phosphosites were identified. To characterize the liver-kidney comorbidity after sepsis, we developed a mathematical model and performed cross-analyses of liver and kidney proteome data obtained from the same set of mice. Beyond immune response, we showed the commonly disturbed pathways and key regulators of the liver-kidney comorbidity are linked to energy metabolism and consumption. Our data provide open resources to understand the communication between the liver and kidney as they work to fight infection and maintain homeostasis.

Hepatic portal venous gas initially manifesting as severe shock: a case series.

Hepatic portal venous gas is often referred to as the "sign of death" because it signifies a very poor prognosis if appropriate treatments are not promptly administered. The etiologies of hepatic portal venous gas are diverse and include severe complex abdominal infections, mesenteric ischemia, diving, and complications of endoscopic surgery, and the clinical manifestations are inconsistent among individual patients. Thus, whether emergency surgery should be performed remains controversial. In this report, we present three cases of hepatic portal venous gas. The patients initially exhibited symptoms consistent with severe shock of unknown etiology and were treated in the intensive care unit upon admission. We rapidly identified the cause of each individual patient's condition and selected problem-directed intervention measures based on active organ support, antishock support, and anti-infection treatments. Two patients recovered and were discharged without sequelae, whereas one patient died of refractory infection and multiple organ failure. We hope that this report will serve as a valuable reference for decision-making when critical care physicians encounter similar patients.

Clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with COVID-19 on mechanical ventilation undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has significantly strained global healthcare, particularly in the management of patients requiring mechanical ventilation (MV) and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). This study investigated the characteristics and prognoses of these patients. METHODS: This multicenter retrospective cohort study gathered data from patients with COVID-19 across 26 medical centers. Logistic analysis was used to identify the factors associated with CRRT implementation. RESULTS: Of the 640 patients with COVID-19 who required MV, 123 (19.2%) underwent CRRT. Compared to the non-CRRT group, the CRRT group was older and exhibited higher sequential organ failure assessment scores. The incidence of hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic neurological disease, and chronic kidney disease was also higher in the CRRT group. Moreover, the CRRT group had higher intensive care unit (ICU) (75.6% vs. 26.9%, p < 0.001) and in-hospital (79.7% vs. 29.6%, p < 0.001) mortality rates. CRRT implementation was identified as an independent risk factor for both ICU mortality (hazard ratio [HR]:1.833, 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.342-2.505, p < 0.001) and in-hospital mortality (HR: 2.228, 95% CI: 1.648-3.014, p < 0.001). Refractory respiratory failure (n = 99, 19.1%) was the most common cause of death in the non-CRRT death group, and shock with multi-organ failure (n = 50, 40.7%) was the most common cause of death in the CRRT death group. Shock with multi-organ failure and cardiac death were significantly more common in the CRRT death group, compared to non-CRRT death group. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that CRRT is associated with higher ICU and in-hospital mortality rates in patients with COVID-19 who require MV. Notably, the primary cause of death in the CRRT group was shock with multi-organ failure, emphasizing the severe clinical course for these patients, while refractory respiratory failure was most common in non-CRRT patients.

The physiology of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation - A comprehensive clinical perspective.

Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) has become a standard of care for severe cardiogenic shock, refractory cardiac arrest and related impending multiorgan failure. The widespread clinical use of this complex temporary circulatory support modality is still contrasted by a lack of formal scientific evidence in the current literature. This might at least in part be attributable to VA ECMO related complications, which may significantly impact on clinical outcome. In order to limit adverse effects of VA ECMO as much as possible an indepth understanding of the complex physiology during extracorporeally supported cardiogenic shock states is critically important. This review covers all relevant physiological aspects of VA ECMO interacting with the human body in detail. This, to provide a solid basis for health care professionals involved in the daily management of patients supported with VA ECMO and suffering from cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest and impending multiorgan failure for the best possible care.

Modifiability of surgical timing in postinjury multiple organ failure patients.

BACKGROUND: Postinjury multiple organ failure (MOF) is the leading cause of late trauma deaths, with primarily non-modifiable risk factors. Timing of surgery as a potentially modifiable risk factor is frequently proposed, but has not been quantified. We aimed to compare mortality, hospital length of stay (LOS), and ICU LOS between MOF patients who had surgery that preceded MOF with modifiable timings versus those with non-modifiable timings. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of an ongoing 17-year prospective cohort study of ICU polytrauma patients at-risk of MOF. Among MOF patients (Denver score>3), we identified patients who had surgery that preceded MOF, determined whether the timing of these operation(s) were modifiable(M) or non-modifiable (non-M), and evaluated the change in physiological parameters as a result of surgery. RESULTS: Of 716 polytrauma patients at-risk of MOF, 205/716 (29%) developed MOF, and 161/205 (79%) had surgery during their ICU admission. Of the surgical MOF patients, 147/161 (91%) had one or more operation(s) that preceded MOF, and 65/161 (40%) of them had operation(s) with modifiable timings. There were no differences in age (mean (SD) 52 (19) vs 53 (21)years), injury severity score (median (IQR) 34 (26-41)vs34 (25-44)), admission physiological and resuscitation parameters, between M and non-M-patients. M patients had longer ICU LOS (median (IQR) 18 (12-28)versus 11 (8-16)days, p < 0.0001) than non-M-patients, without difference in mortality (14%vs16%, p = 0.7347), or hospital LOS (median (IQR) 32 (18-52)vs27 (17-47)days, p = 0.3418). M-patients had less fluids and transfusions intraoperatively. Surgery did not compromise patient physiology. CONCLUSION: Operations preceding MOF are common in polytrauma and seem to be safe in maintaining physiology. The margin for improvement from optimizing surgical timing is modest, contrary to historical assumptions.

Inflammatory and tissue injury marker dynamics in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome.

BACKGROUNDThe molecular signature of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is poorly described, and the degree to which hyperinflammation or specific tissue injury contributes to outcomes is unknown. Therefore, we profiled inflammation and tissue injury dynamics over the first 7 days of ARDS, and associated specific biomarkers with mortality, persistent ARDS, and persistent multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS).METHODSIn a single-center prospective cohort of intubated pediatric patients with ARDS, we collected plasma on days 0, 3, and 7. Nineteen biomarkers reflecting inflammation, tissue injury, and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) were measured. We assessed the relationship between biomarkers and trajectories with mortality, persistent ARDS, or persistent MODS using multivariable mixed effect models.RESULTSIn 279 patients (64 [23%] nonsurvivors), hyperinflammatory cytokines, tissue injury markers, and DAMPs were higher in nonsurvivors. Survivors and nonsurvivors showed different biomarker trajectories. IL-1α, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1, angiopoietin 2 (ANG2), and surfactant protein D increased in nonsurvivors, while DAMPs remained persistently elevated. ANG2 and procollagen type III N-terminal peptide were associated with persistent ARDS, whereas multiple cytokines, tissue injury markers, and DAMPs were associated with persistent MODS. Corticosteroid use did not impact the association of biomarker levels or trajectory with mortality.CONCLUSIONSPediatric ARDS survivors and nonsurvivors had distinct biomarker trajectories, with cytokines, endothelial and alveolar epithelial injury, and DAMPs elevated in nonsurvivors. Mortality markers overlapped with markers associated with persistent MODS, rather than persistent ARDS.FUNDINGNIH (K23HL-136688, R01-HL148054).

Does Ileus Represent the Forgotten End Organ Failure in Critical Illness?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review evaluates the current literature on ileus, impaired gastrointestinal transit (IGT), and acute gastrointestinal injury (AGI) and its impact on multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. RECENT FINDINGS: Ileus is often under recognized in critically ill patients and is associated with significant morbidity and is potentially a marker of disease severity as seen in other organs like kidneys (ATN).

Perforation of barium sulfate enterography in an infant: A case report.

RATIONALE: Barium peritonitis is an inflammatory response that occurs when barium accidentally enters the abdominal cavity during a barium test. In extreme circumstances, it has the potential to harm various organs and even result in death. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 3-month-old infant was diagnosed with multiple organ failure after severe barium peritonitis. DIAGNOSIS: Multiple organ dysfunction is associated with barium peritonitis. INTERVENTIONS: The infant underwent surgical intervention and received ventilator support, anti-infection therapy, myocardial nutrition, liver and kidney protection, rehydration, circulation stabilization, and other symptomatic supportive care. OUTCOMES: The patient experienced clinical death after treatment and resuscitation was unsuccessful. LESSONS: Barium enema perforation complications are uncommon, but can lead to fatal injuries with a high mortality rate. This case highlights the importance of raising awareness among clinicians about the risks of gastroenterography in infants and children and actively preventing and avoiding similar serious complications. The mortality rate can be reduced by timely multidisciplinary consultation and joint management once a perforation occurs.