Enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos en Villa Clara / Foodborne diseases in Villa Clara

Introducción: las enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos constituyen, según la Organización Mundial de la Salud, uno de los problemas más extendidos en el mundo actual y una causa importante de disminución de la productividad para países, empresas, familias e individuos. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo de las enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos en Villa Clara en el período del 2004 al 2008, con el propósito de caracterizarlas. Se trabajó con los 371 brotes reportados y toda la información se obtuvo a través de la vigilancia epidemiológica. Las variables utilizadas fueron: incidencia de brotes, tipo de brotes, lugar de ocurrencia, alimento implicado y agente causal. Los métodos utilizados fueron frecuencias absolutas, porcentajes, tasas de incidencia y chi cuadrado. Resultados: los brotes más frecuentes fueron los causados por alimentos, y se identificaron como principales causantes los cárnicos y los embutidos. La vivienda fue el lugar donde ocurrieron con mayor frecuencia. Predominó la procedencia estatal. Conclusiones: el principal agente causal de las enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos fue el Estafilococo aureus(AU)

Introduction: foodborne diseases are, according to the World Health Organization, one of the most widespread problems in the present world and an important cause for the decrease in productivity in countries, enterprises, families and individuals. Methods: a retrospective descriptive observational study of foodborne diseases in Villa Clara was conducted for the period 2004 2008 in order to characterize them. 371 reported outbreaks were processed and all the information was obtained thorough epidemiological surveillance. The variables used were: incidence of outbreaks, type of outbreaks, place of occurrence, implicated food and causative agent. The methods used were absolute frequencies, percentages, incidence rates and chi-square. Results: the most frequent outbreaks were the ones caused by food and meat and sausage were identified as the main causative agents. The houses were the places where they most frequently occurred. State origin predominated. Conclusions: the main causative agent of foodborne diseases was the Staphylococcus aureus(AU)

Brotes por Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus y Listeria monocytogenes asociados al consumo de pollo / Outbreaks of Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes associated with poultry consumption. Systematic review.

Introducción. Las enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos son un serio problema de salud pública y, el pollo, uno de los alimentos asociados con ellas. Objetivo. Determinar la distribución y frecuencia de brotes alimentarios asociados al consumo de pollo contaminado por Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes y Staphylococus aureus, mediante una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica. Materiales y métodos. Se buscaron los estudios de brotes asociados a Salmonella spp., S. aureus y L. monocytogenes, en las bases de datos Medline, Pubmed, Science Direct,SciELO,Librería Cochrane (CCRT),Biblioteca Virtual en Salud (BVS), Highwire,HINARI y MedicLatina. Se obtuvieron los datos para el cálculo de odds ratios (OR) mediante la elaboración de tablas de contingencia en el programa RevMan5™. Resultados. Siete artículos cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y no se encontraron reportes de L. monocytogenes. El OR global fue de 3,01 (IC95% 2,37-3,81), lo que se interpreta como una asociación significativa entre el consumo de pollo contaminado y la infección alimentaria. Se presentó heterogeneidad en los estudios incluidos (p=0,03), por lo que fue necesario un análisis por subgrupos de microorganismos; para el caso de Salmonella spp., el OR fue de 2,67 (IC95% 2,09-3,41). No se hizo análisis para S. aureus por reportarse un solo artículo. Conclusiones. Se encontró un OR de 2,61, lo que indica que hay una fuerte asociación entre el consumo de pollo y la adquisición de salmonelosis. El principal factor de riesgo para adquirir salmonelosis es el consumo de pollo de asadero en los restaurantes.

Introduction. Food borne diseases are a serious public health problem. Poultry are often associated with these outbreaks. Objective. A systematic review of the literature is provided concerning the distribution and frequency of food borne outbreaks associated with consumption of chicken contaminated with Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. Materials and methods. The search for studies of outbreaks associated with Salmonella, S. aureus and L. monocytogenes was conducted in Medline, Pubmed, Science Direct, Scielo, Cochrane Library (CCRT), Virtual Health Library (VHL), Highwire, HINARI and MedicLatina. Data were obtained for the calculation of odds ratio (OR) by preparing contingency tables using the RevMan5 program. Results. Seven articles met the inclusion criteria; however, no reports of L. monocytogenes were obtained. The overall OR was 3.01 (95% CI: 2.37, 3.81); this was interpreted as a significant association between the consumption of contaminated chicken and food poisoning. In the included studies heterogeneity (p= 0.03) was presented, so it took a subgroup analysis of microorganisms, in the case of Salmonella OR was 2.67 (95% CI: 2.09 -3.41). No analysis was made for S. aureus reported a single article. Conclusions. The OR indicated a strong association between chicken consumption and acquisition of salmonellosis. The main risk factor for acquiring salmonellosis is the consumption of chicken from grill restaurants.

[Outbreaks of Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes associated with poultry consumption. Systematic review]. / Brotes por Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus y Listeria monocytogenes asociados al consumo de pollo.

INTRODUCTION: Food borne diseases are a serious public health problem. Poultry are often associated with these outbreaks. OBJECTIVE: A systematic review of the literature is provided concerning the distribution and frequency of food borne outbreaks associated with consumption of chicken contaminated with Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The search for studies of outbreaks associated with Salmonella, S. aureus and L. monocytogenes was conducted in Medline, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, Cochrane Library (CCRT), Virtual Health Library (VHL), Highwire, HINARI and MedicLatina. Data were obtained for the calculation of odds ratio (OR) by preparing contingency tables using the RevMan5 program. RESULTS: Seven articles met the inclusion criteria; however, no reports of L. monocytogenes were obtained. The overall OR was 3.01 (95% CI: 2.37, 3.81); this was interpreted as a significant association between the consumption of contaminated chicken and food poisoning. In the included studies heterogeneity (p= 0.03) was presented, so it took a subgroup analysis of microorganisms, in the case of Salmonella OR was 2.67 (95% CI: 2.09 -3.41). No analysis was made for S. aureus reported a single article. CONCLUSIONS: The OR indicated a strong association between chicken consumption and acquisition of salmonellosis. The main risk factor for acquiring salmonellosis is the consumption of chicken from grill restaurants.

Production of staphylococcal enterotoxin A in cream-filled cake.

Cakes were baked with normal ingredients and filled with cream, inoculated with different size enterotoxigenic-staphylococcal inocula. Samples of the cakes were incubated at room temperature and put in the refrigerator. Samples of cake and filling were taken at different times and analyzed for staphylococcal count and presence of enterotoxin. The smaller the inoculum, the longer the time required for sufficient growth (10(6)) to occur for production of detectable enterotoxin. Enterotoxin added to the cake dough before baking (210 degrees C, 45 min) did not survive the baking. The presence of enterotoxin in the contaminated cream filling indicated this as the cause of staphylococcal food poisoning from cream-filled cakes. Refrigeration of the cakes prevented the growth of the staphylococci.

Enterotoxigenic staphylococci from food handlers working in an industrial kitchen in Belo Horizonte, MG (Brazil)

Cinquenta e cinco indivíduos säos, manipuladores de alimentos de uma cozinha industrial em Belo Horizonte, MG, foram examinados quanto a presença de estafilococos enterotoxigênicos. Trinta e dois (58,2 por cento) apresentaram-se portadores de S. aureus e 17 (30,9 por cento) de S. aureus enterotoxigênico, estes, assim distribuídos: 8 nasais, 9 de cavidade orofaríngea e 7 de leito subungueal. Onze manipuladores carrearam linhagens enterotoxigênicas em apenas um dos 3 sítios e um carreou linhagem produtora de enterotoxina B, concomitantemente em todos 3 sítios pesquisados. Quatro cepas se mostraram produtoras de enterotoxina A, 10 de enterotoxina B, 4 de enterotoxina C e 6 de enterotoxina A e B. Considerando-se que, 30,9 por cento dos manipuladores de cozinha industrial que produzia em 1992, em Belo Horizonte, 80.000 refeiçöes/dia, caracterizaram portadores de S. aureus enterotoxigênico, o resultado obtido pode ser considerado significativamente elevado

Production of staphylococcal enterotoxin a in white cheese

Queijo Minas tem sido um alimento envolvido em muitos surtos de toxinfecçäo alimentar em Minas Gerais. Foram conduzidos experimentos para determinar em qual estágio da fabricaçäo do Queijo Minas Frescal a enterotoxina que cause este tipo de intoxicaçäo produzida. Leite pasteurizado utilizado na fabricaçäo do queijo foi inoculado com 10 e 10(4ª) U.F.C./ml de uma linhagem de Staphylococcus aureus produtora de enterotoxina A e incubado a 26-27ºC por variados períodos de tempo, antes do preparo dos queijos. Amostras do leite do coágulo e do queijo foram utilizados para determinar a contagem de S. aureus e a presença da de enterotoxina A. A enterotoxina näo foi detectada no queijo preparado com leite que tinha sido inoculado com 10 (4ª) U.F.C./ml após ter sido mantido por 5 horas a 27ºC e estava presente em todas amostras de queijo

Production of staphylococcal enterotoxin D in foods by low-enterotoxin-producing staphylococci.

The goal of this investigation was to determine whether staphylococcal strains producing enterotoxins at nanogram levels per milliliter in laboratory medium, not detectable by gel diffusion methods, could produce sufficient enterotoxin in foods to result in food poisoning. Three low-enterotoxin D (SED)-producing strains were selected for this research because this enterotoxin is produced in smaller amounts than the other enterotoxins. The foods used were cream pie and cooked ham, divided into two portions, sterile and non-sterile. Each portion was inoculated with known concentrations of the staphylococcal strains under study and incubated for 48 h at 25, 30, and 37 degrees C. Samples were taken after 24 and 48 h. Enterotoxin was detectable in both sterilized and unsterilized cream and ham after 24 h at 37 degrees C with an inoculum of 10(3)/g. Some strains produced detectable amounts of enterotoxin in the sterilized foods after 24 h at 30 degrees C and some produced detectable amounts of enterotoxin in the sterilized foods after 24 h at 25 degrees C with inocula of 10(4)/g. It can be concluded that staphylococcal strains producing enterotoxin at ng/ml levels in laboratory medium, not detectable by gel diffusion methods, can produce sufficient enterotoxin (ng/g) in foods to cause food poisoning.

Intoxicaçäo por Staphylococcus aureus provocada por carne de peru defumada / Staphylococcus aureus infections caused by smoked meat of turkey

Carne de peru defumada preparada numa confeitaria do bairro de Laranjeiras, RJ, apresentado 4,0 x 10**7 Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxigênico/g, provocou intoxicaçäo em 4 pessoas de mesma família