[Taki Onqoy: mercury poisoning epidemic in 16TH century Huamanga]. / Taki Onqoy: epidemia de intoxicación por exposición al mercurio en Huamanga del siglo XVI.

Taki Onqoy is a syndrome that corresponds to the poisoning from exposure to mercury. It appeared as a result of the exploitation of the mercury mines of Paras and Huancavelica in Peru during the 16th century. The Cachexia mercurial, the last stage of the disease, would be associated with the idea of pishtaco. The Taki Onqoy in 16th-century Peru represents the largest epidemic of mercury poisoning known to humanity.

Taki Onqoy es un síndrome que corresponde a la intoxicación por exposición al mercurio. Apareció como consecuencia de la explotación de las minas de mercurio de Paras y Huancavelica en el Perú durante el siglo XVI. La caquexia mercurial, última etapa de la enfermedad, estaría asociada a la idea del pishtaco. El Taki Onqoy en el Perú del siglo XVI, representa la mayor epidemia por intoxicación por mercurio conocida por la humanidad.

Taki Onqoy: epidemia de intoxicación por exposición al mercurio en Huamanga del siglo XVI / Taki Onqoy: mercury poisoning epidemic in 16TH century Huamanga

RESUMEN Taki Onqoy es un síndrome que corresponde a la intoxicación por exposición al mercurio. Apareció como consecuencia de la explotación de las minas de mercurio de Paras y Huancavelica en el Perú durante el siglo XVI. La caquexia mercurial, última etapa de la enfermedad, estaría asociada a la idea del pishtaco. El Taki Onqoy en el Perú del siglo XVI, representa la mayor epidemia por intoxicación por mercurio conocida por la humanidad.

ABSTRACT Taki Onqoy is a syndrome that corresponds to the poisoning from exposure to mercury. It appeared as a result of the exploitation of the mercury mines of Paras and Huancavelica in Peru during the 16th century. The Cachexia mercurial, the last stage of the disease, would be associated with the idea of pishtaco. The Taki Onqoy in 16th-century Peru represents the largest epidemic of mercury poisoning known to humanity.

Harriet Hardy and the workers of Los Alamos: a campus-community historical investigation.

Harriet Hardy, protégé of Alice Hamilton, spent 1948 in the Health Division of Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. The contemporary campaign for federal legislation to compensate nuclear workers brought to the fore living retirees in whose cases of occupational illness Hardy had a role in diagnosis or case management. A third case is documented in archival records. Methods of participatory action research were used to better document the cases and strategize in light of the evidence, thereby assisting the workers with compensation claims. Medical and neuropsychological exams of the mercury case were conducted. Hardy's diary entries and memoirs were interpreted in light of medicolegal documentation and workers' recollections. Through these participatory research activities, Harriet Hardy's role and influence both inside and outside the atomic weapons complex have been elucidated. An important lesson learned is the ongoing need for a system of protective medical evaluations for nuclear workers with complex chemical exposures.

En el principio fue Almadén: los orígenes de la Medicina del Trabajo en España / In the Beginning was Almadén: the Origins of Occupational Medicine in Spain

El objeto de este trabajo es mostrar el papel clave que las minas de mercurio de Almadén jugaron durante el siglo XVIII para que cristalizara en nuestro país un conjunto de saberes y prácticas médicas centradas en la gestión de los problemas de enfermedad generados por la actividad productiva. Ello fue posible gracias a la confluencia del auge de las teorías mercantilistas, que otorgaron valor económico a la salud de los trabajadores, a la naturaleza nociva del proceso de obtención del mercurio y a sus implicaciones para la economía colonial española. En Almadén se produjo el nacimiento de la corriente empírica más rica y original en el estudio de la patología laboral en el mundo hispánico. Además, se posibilitó la conversión del medio laboral en un espacio de legitimación de saberes y prácticas sanitarias, dotando a los profesionales de nuevas competencias en el control de la salud de los trabajadores. Así mismo, la medicina desempeñó un papel normativo y regulador de los hábitos de vida de los trabajadores destinado a modelar valores y comportamientos acordes a los requerimientos del orden productivo. Este estudio se basa en el análisis de los principales escritos médicos españoles y en la reconstrucción de las prácticas asistenciales y preventivas desarrolladas en las minas de mercurio de Almadén (AU)

This paper explores the case of the 18th-century state-owned Almadén mercury mines as main precursor of the emergence of medical concerns with workers' health and the establishment of a systematic medical approach to work-related diseases in our country. This was largely a product of the growing influence of mercantilist theories, which assigned an increasingly important economic value to health, the unhealthy nature of mercury mining work and the extraordinarily important role played by Almadén in the overall Spanish economy. Almadén became the source of the most original empirical medical research on dangerous trades carried out in the Hispanic World. It also provided a propitious space for the legitimisation of new knowledge and practices related to the health and illness of workers, reserving new competencies for healthcare professionals. Likewise, medicine began to fulfil a normative function in the work setting, modelling the values of the workers and regulating their behaviour patterns in accordance with the requirements of the productive order. The study is based on an analysis of the main Spanish medical literature on this issue and on a reconstruction of the care and preventive practices developed in Almadén mercury mines (AU)

[Illness and death of the violin virtuoso Nicolò Paganini--interpretation based on new hair investigations]. / Krankheit und Tod des Violin-Virtuosen Nicolò Paganini--Interpretation auf Basis neuer Haaruntersuchungen.

The violin virtuoso Paganini died at Nice in 1840 after a long, severe illness. It is undisputed that Paganini was treated with mercury for suspected syphilis and lost all his teeth in 1828 because of that treatment. In the comprehensive literature published on this topic, most authors assume that the terminal complaints and his death were caused by tuberculosis. On the other hand, the hypothesis that he may have died from mercury poisoning was rejected, because there was no information available supporting this assumption. The authors performed morphological investigations using light microscopy and raster electron microscopy (REM). The examined hairs corresponded to a growth phase of > 1 year and < 3 years before death. Structural damage to the hairs indicate heavy metal intoxication in that phase of life; compatible results were supplied by the complex investigations using ICP mass spectrometry and TXRF, which revealed high concentrations of mercury. Using ICP-MS, the mean value for mercury found in the hair sample was 15.4 microg/g with a standard deviation of 0.7 microg/g. The values obtained when investigating segments of single hairs showed high dispersion, but overlapped with the values from the area investigated using ICP-MS. Information not yet considered in the literature support the diagnosis of syphilis and provide a complete and unambiguous explanation for Paganini's death on the basis of the mercury concentrations found.

Vermeer: los colores tóxicos del plomo y del mercurio / Vermeer: the toxic colours of lead and mercury

¿Qué sucede con Vermeer?, se preguntan los historiadores y amantes del arte. El enigmático pintor permaneció en la oscuridad después de su muerte hasta el siglo XIX, en donde capturaría la imaginación y el gusto estético de los tiempos modernos. Aunque han llegado a nosotros sólo treinta y seis de sus obras, su originalidad y refinamiento le colocan entre los más grandes artistas holandeses del siglo XVII. La vida de Vermeer sólo puede recompuesta a través de actas notariales y su dramático final es conocido por boca de su viuda. Nosotros pretendemos aportar un nuevo punto de vista de las razones de su muerte a causa de una intoxicación por plomo y mercurio, y las repercusiones que esta causa tuvo en su pintura (AU)

What is it about Johannes Vermeer? contemporary art lovers and historians ask. The enigmatic painter lapsed into obscurity after his death only to surface again in the 19th century and capture the imagination and esthetic taste of modern times. Even though he produced no more than 40 paintings, their originality and refinement place him among the greatest 17th-century Dutch artists. Vermeer's life story can only be patched together from public records, and the dramatic end of Vermeer`s life was told by his widow after his death.We contribute our point of view of the reason of his death because of a poisoning for lead and mercury and the repercussions that it had in his painting (AU)

Medical controversies and dilemmas in discussions about the illness and death of Mihai Eminescu (1850-1889) Romania's national poet.

Mihai Eminescu, the first great Romanian poet and a defining figure in Romanian culture, may be situated among the most important romantic bards of his times--Byron, Novalis, Holderlin, Hugo, Lamartine, and Leopardi. He was born to a family affected by tuberculosis and predisposed to mental disorders. Although Eminescu may have suffered from bipolar disorder and may have been killed by iatrogenic mercury poisoning, erysipelas, head trauma, or endocarditis, his final illness and death continue to be associated with the most stigmatized disease of those times, syphilis. This historical review addresses the pros and cons of arguments about the diseases from which Eminescu may have suffered, as well as their causes and consequences. The key question is whether syphilis was the disease that led to Eminescu's death. After reviewing medical hypotheses, we conclude that he suffered from bipolar disorder and died from mercury poisoning, an inadequate treatment administered as the result of an inaccurate diagnosis (syphilis). Hospitalized in inappropriate places and treated by incompetent physicians, he suffered not only physical, but moral, distress and died prematurely. According to a letter he sent to a friend, he rightly considered himself a sacrificed man.

[Pascal's disease in 1647]. / La maladie de Pascal en 1647.

Blaise Pascal's serious physiological disorders could be the consequence of a long exposition to mercury fumes as he was studying the first device of vacuum. Weakness headache, paralysis of the lower limbs were described by his sisters. Probably such were the causes of his bad health and of the disorders which hit him until his death.

[Mercury (and...) through the centuries]. / Z rtecia (i...) przez stulecia.

Mercury has a long history, fascinating in its many aspects. Through the centuries--from ancient times to the present day--the metal in its various forms, also known under the name "quicksilver", accompanied the man and was used for diversified purposes. Today, mercury is employed in manufacturing thermometers, barometers, vacuum pumps and explosives. It is also used in silver and gold mining processes. Mercury compounds play a significant role in dentistry, pharmaceutical industry and crop protection. The contemporary use of mercury markedly decreases, but historically speaking, the archives abound in materials that document facts and events occurring over generations and the immense intellectual effort aiming at discovering the true properties and mechanisms of mercury activity. Mercury toxicity, manifested in destruction of biological membranes and binding of the element with proteins, what disturbs biochemical processes occurring in the body, was discovered only after many centuries of the metal exerting its effect on the lives of individuals and communities. For centuries, mercury was present in the work of alchemists, who searched for the universal essence or quintessence and the so-called philosopher's stone. In the early modern era, between the 16th and 19th centuries, mercury was used to manufacture mirrors. Mercury compounds were employed as a medication against syphilis, which plagued mankind for more than four hundred years--from the Middle Ages till mid 20th century, when the discovery of penicillin became the turning point. This extremely toxic therapy resulted in much suffering, individual tragedies, chronic poisonings leading to fatalities and dramatic sudden deaths. In the last fifty years, there even occurred attempts of mentally imbalanced individuals at injecting themselves with metallic mercury, also as a performance-enhancing drug. Instances of mass mercury poisoning occurred many times in the past in consequence of eating food products poisoned with organic mercury compounds originating from the natural environment.

[About the history chemistry and potassium iodide]. / A propos d'histoire de la chimie et d'iodure de potassium: correspondance inédite de Louis Melsens (1814-1886) a Eugène Chevreul (1786-1889).

Louis Melsen was born at Louvain, he spent four years in Paris, working in Dumas's laboratory. Four letters from Melsens to Chevreul, since 1951 to 1880, are commented on. Two letters relate to Van Helmont and common interest of the two scientists in history of sciences. The others recall Melsens's proposal that potassium iodide can cure and prevent lead and mercury poisoning, and Chevreul's researches about colours seeing.

[Niccolo Paganini: medical aspects of his life and work]. / Niccolo Paganini: Aspectos médicos de su vida y obra.

Niccolo Paganini is the most virtuous violinist of the history of music. He even received the nick name of "the violinist of the evil" for his outstanding skills on stage performance. It has been suggested that he had syphilis and tuberculosis, the commonest diseases of that time, but this hypothesis remains speculative. There are suggestions that he was the victim of iatrogenic mercurial poisoning. Furthermore, his body build suggests the presence of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome which could give him special anatomical conditions allowing him to achieve an amazing level of vírtuousness in his art. We herein review the medical aspects of this brilliant musician's life.

Niccolo Paganini: aspectos médicos de su vida y obra / Niccolo Paganini: medical aspects of his Ufe and work

Niccolo Paganini is the most virtuos violinist of the history of music. He even received the nick name of "the violinist of the evil" for his outstanding skills on stage performance. It has been suggested that he had syphilis and tuberculosis, the commonest diseases of that time, but this hypothesis remains speculative. There are suggestions that he was the victim of iatrogenic mercurial poisoning. Furthermore, his body build suggests the presence of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome which could give him special anatomical conditions allowing him to achieve an amazing level of vírtuousness in his art. We herein review the medical aspects ofthis brilliant musician's life.