Experimental evidence for recovery of mercury-contaminated fish populations.

Anthropogenic releases of mercury (Hg)1-3 are a human health issue4 because the potent toxicant methylmercury (MeHg), formed primarily by microbial methylation of inorganic Hg in aquatic ecosystems, bioaccumulates to high concentrations in fish consumed by humans5,6. Predicting the efficacy of Hg pollution controls on fish MeHg concentrations is complex because many factors influence the production and bioaccumulation of MeHg7-9. Here we conducted a 15-year whole-ecosystem, single-factor experiment to determine the magnitude and timing of reductions in fish MeHg concentrations following reductions in Hg additions to a boreal lake and its watershed. During the seven-year addition phase, we applied enriched Hg isotopes to increase local Hg wet deposition rates fivefold. The Hg isotopes became increasingly incorporated into the food web as MeHg, predominantly from additions to the lake because most of those in the watershed remained there. Thereafter, isotopic additions were stopped, resulting in an approximately 100% reduction in Hg loading to the lake. The concentration of labelled MeHg quickly decreased by up to 91% in lower trophic level organisms, initiating rapid decreases of 38-76% of MeHg concentration in large-bodied fish populations in eight years. Although Hg loading from watersheds may not decline in step with lowering deposition rates, this experiment clearly demonstrates that any reduction in Hg loadings to lakes, whether from direct deposition or runoff, will have immediate benefits to fish consumers.

Determination of Total Mercury and Methylmercury Concentrations in Commercial Canine Diets.

Methylmercury is an organic form of mercury that is well recognized for its bioaccumulation in aquatic species. Consumption of fish contaminated with methylmercury poses a toxicological health risk to both humans and animals. Salmon is an increasingly common ingredient in commercial pet foods because of manufacturers' interest in unconventional protein sources and inclusion of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Previous studies have measured total mercury, but not methylmercury, in commercial pet foods. The purpose of this study was to evaluate total mercury and methylmercury concentrations in commercially available salmon-containing and nonsalmon-containing canine diets and to estimate risk of chronic exposure in dogs fed these diets long term. Total mercury was detected in 3 of 24 diets evaluated (12.5%), 2 of which did not contain any ingredients from fish. The single salmon-containing diet that contained total mercury was the lowest of the 3 but was also the only sample positive for methylmercury. None of the 3 mercury-containing diets contained fish oil. Concentrations of total mercury were similar to most data previously reported for pet foods. Using expected calorie intake for dogs of 2 body weights, the mercury concentrations determined in this study were applied to theoretical chronic exposure calculations to assess risk of toxicosis to dogs. Total mercury and methylmercury were uncommonly identified in the commercially available canine diets sampled in this study and were found in concentrations unlikely to pose risk to healthy adult dogs. Common sources of mercury in pet foods remain unknown and are not reliably of seafood origin.

Avaliação da concentração de mercúrio em rações caninas comercializadas em Niterói, Rio de Janeiro / Evaluation of the mercury concentration in canine feeds sold in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro

Dentre os metais pesados de maior preocupação para saúde humana e animal, tem-se o mercúrio, cuja forma orgânica é a mais agressiva aos sistemas. A fonte mais comum de adquirir tal metal é através do consumo de pescado e seus derivados, sendo que para os pets (animais de companhia) a ingestão é via rações formuladas com tal matriz alimentar. Logo, foram feitas análises através do DMA 80 de tal elemento em distintas rações comerciais no município de Niterói para avaliar a qualidade do produto ofertado. Os resultados para as rações úmidas de peixe apresentaram 80% em desacordo com a legislação vigente para alimentos humanos, sendo necessário mais estudos e uma legislação específica para mercúrio para alimentação animal.

Contaminação mercurial em tucunaré (Cichla spp. ) de uma comunidade do Amazonas / Mercurial contamination in tucunaré (Cichla spp. ) from an Amazonas state community, Brazil

O mercúrio é um dos principais contaminantes ambientais, sendo a ação antrópica, tanto industrial quanto de garimpo de ouro no Norte do país, responsável por uma parcela expressiva desta contaminação. Extremamente tóxico, o mercúrio pode acometer o sistema nervoso central e levar a óbito. O consumo de peixes contaminados é umas das principais fontes de exposição humana. Foram analisadas 15 amostras de tecido muscular de tucunarés, capturados no reservatório de Balbina (Presidente Figueiredo), no analisador direto de mercúrio (DMA - 80®). Todas apresentaram contaminação mercurial acima do permitido pela legislação (1mg/Kg de mercúrio total). Os valores mínimo e máximo encontrados foram, respectivamente, 1,08mg/Kg e 6,79mg/Kg. Não foi constatada correlação entre peso e comprimento dos peixes com a concentração de mercúrio total dos mesmos.

Lead poisoning and other human-related factors cause significant mortality in white-tailed eagles.

The white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) suffered a severe population decline due to environmental pollutants in the Baltic Sea area ca. 50 years ago but has since been recovering. The main threats for the white-tailed eagle in Finland are now often related to human activities. We examined the human impact on the white-tailed eagle by determining mortality factors of 123 carcasses collected during 2000-2014. Routine necropsy with chemical analyses for lead and mercury were done on all carcasses. We found human-related factors accounting for 60% of the causes of death. The most important of these was lead poisoning (31% of all cases) followed by human-related accidents (e.g. electric power lines and traffic) (24%). The temporal and regional patterns of occurrence of lead poisonings suggested spent lead ammunition as the source. Lead shot was found in the gizzards of some lead-poisoned birds. Scavenging behaviour exposes the white-tailed eagle to lead from spent ammunition.

Mercury exposure and source tracking in distinct marine-caged fish farm in southern China.

Coasts of South China have experienced an unprecedented growth in its marine-caged fish industry. We analyzed mercury concentrations and stable mercury isotope ratios in fourteen fish species from two cage-cultured farms in Southern China. Total mercury concentrations of all species were lower than the human health screening values, but the human exposures through consumption of several carnivorous fish exceeded the USEPA's reference dose. Isotopic compositions in the sediment (δ202Hg: -1.45‰ to -1.23‰; Δ199Hg: -0.04‰ to -0.01‰) suggested that mercury in these farms were from coal combustion and industrial inputs. Commercial food pellets and fresh fish viscera provided the major sources of methylmercury to the farmed fish and dominated their mercury isotopic signatures. Non-carnivorous fish presented lower δ202Hg and Δ199Hg values than the carnivorous fish. Using a mixing model, we demonstrated that the majority of mercury in non-carnivorous species came from pellets and in carnivorous fish came from combined diets of pellets and viscera. Meanwhile, methylmercury concentrations and % methylmercury in the fish were positively correlated with δ202Hg values but not with Δ199Hg values, mainly because fish eating similar feeds maintained similar Δ199Hg values. Environmental influences of cage farming such as fish feces and uneaten viscera that continuously provide organic mercury to the environments need to be considered.

Mercury induced haemocyte alterations in the terrestrial snail Cantareus apertus as novel biomarker.

The aim of the present work was to study the response of a suite of cellular and biochemical markers in the terrestrial snail Cantareus apertus exposed to mercury in view of future use as sensitive tool suitable for mercury polluted soil monitoring and assessment. Besides standardized biomarkers (metallothionein, acetylcholinesterase, and lysosomal membrane stability) novel cellular biomarkers on haemolymph cells were analyzed, including changes in the spread cells/round cells ratio and haemocyte morphometric alterations. The animals were exposed for 14 days to Lactuca sativa soaked for 1h in HgCl2 solutions (0.5 e 1 µM). The temporal dynamics of the responses were assessed by measurements at 3, 7 and 14 days. Following exposure to HgCl2 a significant alteration in the relative frequencies of round cells and spread cells was evident, with a time and dose-dependent increase of the frequencies of round cells with respect to spread cells. These changes were accompanied by cellular morphometric alterations. Concomitantly, a high correspondence between these cellular responses and metallothionein tissutal concentration, lysosomal membrane stability and inhibition of AChE was evident. The study highlights the usefulness of the terrestrial snail C. apertus as bioindicator organism for mercury pollution biomonitoring and, in particular, the use of haemocyte alterations as a suitable biomarker of pollutant effect to be included in a multibiomarker strategy.

Contaminação por metais pesados em peixes e água da bacia do rio Cassiporé, Estado do Amapá, Brasil / Heavy metal contamination in fish and water from Cassiporé River basin, State of Amapá, Brazil

A participação dos metais pesados nas reações químicas do metabolismo dos peixes tornou esses elementos um dos principais focos nos estudos de contaminação. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar as concentrações dos metais Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn e Hg no tecido muscular de peixes da bacia do rio Cassiporé (Estado do Amapá) e ambiente, visando avaliar os riscos de contaminação. As concentrações de Cd em Plagioscion squamosissimus (1,061 µg g-1) e Pb em Poptella compressa (4,280 µg g-1) apresentaram valores que ultrapassam os limites estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira. As concentrações de Cr em P. compressa (0,937 ± 0,5 µg g-1), Pimelodella cristata (0,463 ± 0,03 µg g-1) e Cyphocharax gouldingi (0,364 ± 0,12 µg g-1), bem como de Hg em P. squamosissimus (0,670 µg g-1), Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (0,630 µg g-1), Hoplias malabaricus (0,570 µg g-1 e Serrasalmus rhombeus (0,548 µg g-1) foram acima do limite legal. A coluna d'água apresentou altas concentrações de metais pesados em todos os pontos analisados, mostrando uma contaminação dessa bacia. Portanto, essas elevadas concentrações de metais pesados no ambiente e tecido muscular dos peixes indicam um elevado grau de contaminação na bacia do rio Cassiporé e risco a saúde do homem.

Heavy metals participate in chemical reactions of fish metabolism, which makes these elements a major focus on contamination studies. The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of heavy metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn and Hg in muscle tissue of fish of Cassiporé River Basin (State of Amapá) and environment, aiming at assessing the risk of contamination. The concentrations of Cd in Plagioscion squamosissimus (1.061 µg g-1) and Pb in Poptella compressa (4.280 µg g-1) had values that exceed the boundaries established by Brazilian law. The Cr concentration in P. compressa (0.937 ± 0.5 µg g-1), Pimelodella cristata (0.463 ± 0.03 µg g-1) and Cyphocharax gouldingi (0.364 ± 0.12 µg g-1) and Hg in P. squamosissimus (0.670 µg g-1), Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (0.630 µg g-1), Hoplias malabaricus (0.570 µg g-1 e Serrasalmus rhombeus (0.548 µg g-1) were above the legal limit. The water column showed high concentrations of heavy metals in all analyzed points, showing a contamination of this river basin. Therefore, the high concentrations of heavy metals in the environment and muscle tissue of fish indicate a high degree of contamination in the Cassiporé river basin and risk to human health.

Mercury and stable isotopes (delta-15N and delta-13C) as tracers during the ontogeny of Trichiurus lepturus

This study applies total mercury (THg) concentration and stable isotope signature (δ15N and δ13C) to evaluate the trophic status and feeding ground of Trichiurus lepturus during its ontogeny in northern Rio de Janeiro, south-eastern Brazil. The trophic position of T. lepturus is detected well by THg and δ15N as the sub-adult planktivorous specimens are distinct from the adult carnivorous specimens. The δ13C signatures suggest a feeding ground associated with marine coastal waters that are shared by fish in different ontogenetic phases. The diet tracers indicated that the fish feeding habits do not vary along seasons of the year, probably reflecting the prey availability in the study area. This fish has economic importance and the concentration of THg was compared to World Health Organization limit, showing that the adult specimens of T. lepturus are very close to the tolerable limit for safe regular ingestion. .

Este estudo utilizou a concentração de mercúrio total (THg) e a assinatura isotópica (δ15N e δ13C) para avaliar a posição trófica e a área de alimentação de Trichiurus lepturus durante sua ontogenia no norte do Rio de Janeiro, sudeste do Brasil. A posição trófica de T. lepturus foi bem detectada pelo THg e δ15N com os espécimes sub-adultos planctívoros distintos dos espécimes adultos carnívoros. As assinaturas de δ13C sugerem uma área de alimentação associada a águas marinhas costeiras que são compartilhadas por peixes em diferentes fases ontogenéticas. Os traçadores de dieta indicaram que os hábitos alimentares desse peixe não variam ao longo das estações do ano, refletindo provavelmente a disponibilidade de presas na área de estudo. Esse peixe tem importância econômica e a concentração de THg foi comparada com o limite estabelecido pela Organização Mundial de Saúde, demonstrando que os espécimes adultos de T. lepturus estão bem próximos do limite tolerável para uma ingestão regular segura.

Lactational transfer of mercury and polychlorinated biphenyls in polar bears.

We examined concentrations of total mercury (tHg, inorganic and methylated forms) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in blood and milk from free-ranging Southern Beaufort-Chukchi Sea polar bears (Ursus maritimus) to assess maternal transfer of contaminants during lactation and the potential health risk to nursing young. Concentrations of contaminants in the blood of dependent and juvenile animals (ages 1-5 years) ranged from 35.9 to 52.2 µg kg(-1) ww for tHg and 13.9 to 52.2 µg kg(-1) ww (3255.81-11067.79 µg kg(-1) lw) for ΣPCB(7)s, similar to those of adult females, but greater than adult males. Contaminant concentrations in milk ranged from 5.7 to 71.8 µg tHg kg(-1)ww and 160 to 690 µg ΣPCB(11)s kg(-1) ww (547-5190 µg kg(-1) lw). The daily intake levels for tHg by milk consumption estimated for dependent young were below the tolerable daily intake level (TDIL) of tHg established for adult humans. Although the daily intake levels of PCBs through milk consumption for cubs of the year exceeded the TDIL thresholds, calculated dioxin equivalents for PCBs in milk were below adverse physiological thresholds for aquatic mammals. Relatively high concentrations of non-dioxin like PCBs in polar bear milk and blood could impact endocrine function of Southern Beaufort-Chukchi Sea polar bears, but this is uncertain. Transfer of contaminants during mid to late lactation likely limits bioaccumulation of dietary contaminants in female polar bears during spring. As polar bears respond to changes in their arctic sea ice habitat, the adverse health impacts associated with nutritional stress may be exacerbated by tHg and PCBs exposure, especially in ecologically and toxicologically sensitive polar bear cohorts such as reproductive females and young.

Toxicokinetics of mercury in blood compartments and hair of fish-fed sled dogs.

BACKGROUND: Understanding mercury (Hg) distribution in blood and the importance of hair as an excretory pathway is critical for evaluating risk from long term dietary Hg exposure. The major objective of this study was to characterize changes in total Hg concentrations in specific blood compartments and hair over time due to long term piscivory. METHODS: Eight sled dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) were fed either a fish and kibble diet (n = 4), or a fish-free control diet (n = 4) for 12 weeks. Concentrations of Hg were monitored throughout the exposure period, and for 10 weeks post exposure, until Hg concentrations in all blood compartments of one of the exposed dogs dropped below detection limit. Additionally, foreleg hair was sampled during acclimation and weeks 0 and 12. RESULTS: Hg was detected primarily in whole blood and packed cells, although it was sporadically detected at low concentrations in plasma and serum in two of the fish fed dogs. Dogs ingested an estimated average of 13.4 ± 0.58 µg Hg per kg body weight per day. Hg was detectable in whole blood and packed cells within a week of exposure. Detected concentrations continued to rise until plateauing at approximately 3-6 weeks of exposure at a mean of 9.2 ± 1.97 ng/g (ppb) in whole blood. Hg concentration decreased post exposure following 1st order elimination. The mean half-life (t1/2) in whole blood for Hg was 7 weeks. Mean Hg in hair for the fish-fed dogs at week 12 was 540 ± 111 ppb and was significantly greater (about 7-fold) than the Hg hair concentration for the control dogs. The hair to blood ratio for Hg in fish-fed dogs was 59.0 ± 7.6:1. CONCLUSIONS: This study found the sled dog model to be an effective method for investigating and characterizing blood Hg distribution (whole blood, serum, plasma, packed cells) and toxicokinetics associated with a piscivorous diet, especially for Hg-exposed fur bearing mammals (such as polar bears). Although hair excretion and hair to blood Hg ratios were not similar to human concentrations and ratios, the sled dog toxicokinetics of Hg in blood, was more similar to that of humans than traditional laboratory animals (such as the rat).

Mercury poisoning in a free-living northern river otter (Lontra canadensis).

A moribund 5-year-old female northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) was found on the bank of a river known to be extensively contaminated with mercury. It exhibited severe ataxia and scleral injection, made no attempt to flee, and died shortly thereafter of drowning. Tissue mercury levels were among the highest ever reported for a free-living terrestrial mammal: kidney, 353 microg/g; liver, 221 microg/g; muscle, 121 microg/g; brain (three replicates from cerebellum), 142, 151, 151 microg/g (all dry weights); and fur, 183 ug/g (fresh weight). Histopathologic findings including severe, diffuse, chronic glomerulosclerosis and moderate interstitial fibrosis were the presumptive cause of clinical signs and death. This is one of a few reports to document the death of a free-living mammal from presumed mercury poisoning.

Mercury immune toxicity in harbour seals: links to in vitro toxicity.

BACKGROUND: Mercury is known to bioaccumulate and to magnify in marine mammals, which is a cause of great concern in terms of their general health. In particular, the immune system is known to be susceptible to long-term mercury exposure. The aims of the present study were (1) to determine the mercury level in the blood of free-ranging harbour seals from the North Sea and (2) to examine the link between methylmercury in vitro exposure and immune functions using seal and human mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (T-lymphocytes). METHODS: Total mercury was analysed in the blood of 22 harbour seals. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from seals (n = 11) and from humans (n = 9). Stimulated lymphocytes of both species were exposed to functional tests (proliferation, metabolic activity, radioactive precursor incorporation) under increasing doses of methylmercury (0.1 to 10 microM). The expression of cytokines (IL-2, IL-4 and TGF-beta) was investigated in seal lymphocytes by RT-PCR and by real time quantitative PCR (n = 5) at methylmercury concentrations of 0.2 and 1 microM. Finally, proteomics analysis was attempted on human lymphocytes (cytoplasmic fraction) in order to identify biochemical pathways of toxicity at concentration of 1 microM (n = 3). RESULTS: The results showed that the number of seal lymphocytes, viability, metabolic activity, DNA and RNA synthesis were reduced in vitro, suggesting deleterious effects of methylmercury concentrations naturally encountered in free-ranging seals. Similar results were found for human lymphocytes. Functional tests showed that a 1 microM concentration was the critical concentration above which lymphocyte activity, proliferation and survival were compromised. The expression of IL-2 and TGF-beta mRNA was weaker in exposed seal lymphocytes compared to control cells (0.2 and 1 microM). Proteomics showed some variation in the protein expression profile (e.g. vimentin). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that seal and human PBMCs react in a comparable way to MeHg in vitro exposure with, however, larger inter-individual variations. MeHg could be an additional cofactor in the immunosuppressive pollutant cocktail generally described in the blood of seals and this therefore raises the possibility of additional additive effects in the marine mammal immune system.

Total mercury in sharks along the southern Brazilian Coast / Mercúrio total em tubarões capturados na costa brasileira

Pesquisou-se a concentração de mercúrio total na porção muscular de 39 exemplares de tubarões de três diferentes espécies Prionace glauca, Isurus oxyrhynchus, Sphyrna zygaena, capturados na costa sul do Brasil, Santa Catarina. O teor de mercúrio foi determinado por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica por vapor frio. Observou-se ampla variação na concentração de mercúrio total com valor individual máximo excedendo o limite estabelecido pela legislação brasileira, de 1.0µg.g-1 em um exemplar fêmea de P. glauca. Nessa espécie, a concentração de Hg-total aumentou proporcionalmente ao comprimento total (r=0,62; P<0,0001). Não foi evidenciada diferença estatisticamente significativa entre exemplares fêmeas e machos

Toxic effects seen in a herd of beef cattle following exposure to ash residues contaminated by lead and mercury.

Lead poisoning was diagnosed in three cattle along with increased mercury levels in the liver and kidney tissues of two of these animals. The clinical signs were different in each case and included salivation, anorexia, delayed menace response, delayed withdrawal reflex, head pressing, localized muscle fasciculation, reduced tongue tone, ataxia, rumen atony and seizures. Blood lead concentration was increased in all three cases to 0.76, 0.37 and 0.454ppm. Post mortem changes characteristic of lead poisoning were only recognized in one case and included cerebro-cortical oedema, cortical neuronal necrosis and endothelial proliferation, especially at the tips of the cerebral gyri. The animals were poisoned by ingestion of lead-contaminated ash residues from a bonfire. The abnormal levels of mercury in the liver and kidney tissues of two animals may also be at least partly attributable to the intake of the metal in the ash residues. The levels of mercury in the three samples from the ash residue were relatively low (1.31, 0.7 and 2.1ppm).

Contaminação mercurial em pescado capturado na lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas – Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Mercuric contamination of the fish inside Rodrigo de Freitas lagoon – Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o grau de contaminação mercurial em alguns representantes da biota aquática desteecossistema. Foram analisados 24 exemplares de acará (Geophagus brasiliensis), 18 de tainha (Mugil sp.), 18 de robalo(Centropomus sp.), 10 de siris (Callinectes sp.) e 10 pools de cracas (Balanus sp.). Para a determinação da concentração demercúrio total, utilizou-se o analisador Bacharach Coleman, modelo MAS-50 B, baseado na técnica de espectrofotometria deabsorção atômica por arraste de vapor a frio. O tratamento constou de uma análise descritiva simples e comparação dasmédias de concentração de Hg Total obtidos em cada porção estudada por análise de variância e pelo teste não-paramétricode Friedman, com objetivo de comparar a magnitude das variações. Outra análise estatística utilizada para interpretação dosresultados foi o Coeficiente de Correlação de Pearson, onde foi medido o grau de correlação entre duas variáveis. Os teoresmédios encontrados foram 0,015 mg.g-1 (0,001-0,105) nos exemplares de acará; 0,011 mg.g-1 (0,002-0,063) nas tainhas; 0,025mg.g-1 (0,015-0,041) nos robalos; 0,023 mg.g-1 (0,012-0,056) nos siris; e 0,057 mg.g-1 (0,042-0,075) nas cracas. Não foi encontradacorrelação entre o teor de Hg e tamanho e/ou peso das amostras em nenhum organismo estudado. Embora os valoresobtidos estejam abaixo do limite máximo permitido pela legislação brasileira, de 0,5 ppm e 1,0 ppm para predadores, é deextrema importância a monitorização dos teores de Hg na lagoa. Desta forma, os resultados servem de subsídios para umaação dos órgãos da saúde pública quanto à liberação ou não do consumo de pescado deste ecossistema.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the degree of mercury contamination in some organisms from this ecosystem. Assampling, it had been used 24 units of “acarᔠ(Geophagus brasiliensis), 18 of “tainha” (Mugil sp.), 18 of “robalo” (Centropomussp.), 10 of crabs (Callinectes sp.) and 10 pools of barnacles (Balanus sp.). The analytical methodology for the determination ofthe total mercury concentration was using Bacharach Coleman Model MAS-50B employing cold vapor atomic absorptionspectrometry, which results are presented in micrograms of mercury per grams of sample (µg.g-1). The statistical treatment ofthe results consisted of a simple descriptive analysis and comparison of concentration of Total Hg in each portion studied byanalysis of variance and by Friedman test with objective of compare the magnitude of the variations. The coefficient of correlationbetween the variables was measured as well. The mean values obtained were 0.015mg.g-1 (0.001-0.105) in “acará”; 0.011mg.g-1(0.002-0.063) in “tainha”; 0.025 mg.g-1 (0.015-0.041) in “robalo”; 0.023 mg.g-1 (0.012-0.056) in crabs; and 0.057 mg.g-1 (0.042-0.075) in barnacle. There was not correlation between size/weight and the mercury concentration in neither studied organisms.Although the total mercury determined was bellow the allowed limit for human consumption established by Brazilian legislation,of 0,5 mg.g-1and 1,0 mg.g-1 to predators fish it is so much important to monitoring mercury values in the studied lagoon.Consequently, the results can supply an action of the public health agencies related to eating or not fishes from this ecosystem.

Mercury and persistent organic pollutant concentrations in African fish eagles, marabou storks, and Nile tilapia in Uganda.

The purpose of this research was to evaluate persistent organic pollutant (POP) and mercury concentrations in tissues of African fish eagles (Haliaeetus vocifer) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from Lake Victoria near Entebbe and Lake Mburo, Uganda. Marabou stork (Leptoptilos crumeniferus) nestlings from urban Kampala (40 km from Entebbe) also were sampled for POPs and mercury. Total mercury was measured in the breast feathers of eight nestling and 10 adult African fish eagles from Lake Mburo, 10 nestling and five adult African fish eagles from Lake Victoria near Entebbe, and 20 nestling marabou storks from Kampala from June 2002 through January 2003. Mercury concentrations in all samples were below levels associated with adverse effects in similar species. Mercury concentrations were significantly higher in eagle adults and nestlings from Entebbe than in adults and nestlings from Lake Mburo (P< or =0.05). No significant differences (P> or =0.05) were found in mercury concentrations between sexes or between the entire fish eagle population sampled at Entebbe and marabou stork nestlings sampled at nearby Kampala. Plasma samples from the same birds were analyzed for 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane, aldrin, hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH), dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor and their metabolites, as well as total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Nile tilapia whole-body cross sections collected from Lake Mburo (n=3) and Lake Victoria near Entebbe (n=8) also were analyzed for these POPs and mercury. No samples contained POPs or PCBs at the limits of detection except for 4,4'-1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene in five adult eagle plasma samples (0.0026+/-0.0015 ppm wet weight) and five Nile tilapia samples (0.002+/-0.001 ppm wet weight) from Entebbe.

Retrospective study of mercury in raccoons (Procyon lotor) in south Florida.

Museum and recent collections of raccoon hair were used to assess whether temporal or spatial trends existed in MMHg distributions in south Florida. The hypothesis that MMHg in raccoon hair had remained the same since 1947 could not be rejected. Some sampling regions showed increases while others did not. However, large differences existed between sites, amounting to a factor of 20 for raccoons collected during 2000 and during the period prior to 1960 (museum samples). Raccoon feeding behavior and the production of MMHg most probably accounted for the spatial differences. Large differences in MMHg concentrations existed in different tissues ranging in order of hair, liver, kidney, muscle, heart, brain, and blood in their respective ratios to blood: 96:10:6:5:4:2.5:1. Liver Hg is 7% MMHg, while hair Hg is 99% MMHg. These associations appear largely regulated by metabolic processes. Speciation of Hg is very important for gaining an understanding of ecosystem and organism Hg dynamics. Further work is needed to establish whether Se plays a role in Hg sequestration and whether hair Hg is a good surrogate for estimating Hg concentrations in other tissues in south Florida raccoon populations.