RESUMEN
Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar as práticas educativas maternas em crianças e adolescentes intoxicados por chumbo, bem como sua correlação com problemas de comportamento nos filhos. Foi utilizada uma versão reduzida do IEP para avaliar as práticas maternas e o SSRS-BR, versão professor, para problemas de comportamento. Participaram 155 estudantes, com idade média de 13 anos, pertencentes a três grupos: alta plumbemia (GAP), baixa plumbemia (GBP) e grupo de comparação (GC) e suas respectivas mães e professores. Os resultados indicaram que as mães das crianças do grupo GBP utilizavam mais práticas indutivas, menos coerção e mais negligência que os outros dois grupos. A análise de correlação indicou também que estratégias parentais inconsistentes estão associadas a maior probabilidade de emissão de problemas de comportamento pelos filhos. Os resultados sugerem uma associação entre as práticas educativas adotadas pelas mães e as condições de contaminação por chumbo dos filhos.
This study aimed to investigate childrearing practices as related to children and adolescents poisoned by lead, and their correlation with behavioral problems. The authors used a reduced version of the Inventory of Parental Styles (IEP) to assess parenting practices and the SSRS-BR for behavioral problems. Participants included 155 children and adolescents with an average age of 13 years who belonged to three groups: high blood-lead (GAP), low blood-lead (GBP) and a comparison group (GC); and their respective mothers and teachers. The results show GBP's mothers used more inductive practices, less coercion and more neglect than the other two groups. The correlation analysis also indicated that inconsistent parenting strategies are associated with higher probability of emission of behavioral problems in the children. The results suggest an association between the childrearing practices adopted by mothers and lead contamination conditions of the children.
El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar prácticas parentales con niños intoxicados por plomo y su correlación con los trastornos de conducta. Se utilizó una versión reducida del IEP (Inventario de Estilos Parentales) para evaluar las prácticas maternas y la versión maestro del SSRS-BR (Sistema de evaluación de habilidades sociales) para evaluar trastornos de conducta. Participaron 155 estudiantes, con edad media de 13 años y junto a sus madres y maestros, pertenecientes a tres grupos: plomo elevado en la sangre (GAP), bajos niveles de plomo (GBP) y grupos de comparación (GC). Los resultados indicaron que las madres de GBP utilizan prácticas más inductivas, con menos coacción y más negligentes que en los otros grupos. El análisis de correlación también indica que las prácticas parentales inconsistentes se asocian con una mayor probabilidad de emisión de los niños trastornos de conducta. Los resultados sugieren una asociación entre las prácticas adoptadas por las madres y las condiciones de contaminación de plomo de los niños.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Niño , Adolescente , Intoxicación por Plomo/psicología , Conducta Infantil/psicología , Conducta del Adolescente/psicología , Relaciones Padres-HijoRESUMEN
Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar as práticas educativas maternas em crianças e adolescentes intoxicados por chumbo, bem como sua correlação com problemas de comportamento nos filhos. Foi utilizada uma versão reduzida do IEP para avaliar as práticas maternas e o SSRS-BR, versão professor, para problemas de comportamento. Participaram 155 estudantes, com idade média de 13 anos, pertencentes a três grupos: alta plumbemia (GAP), baixa plumbemia (GBP) e grupo de comparação (GC) e suas respectivas mães e professores. Os resultados indicaram que as mães das crianças do grupo GBP utilizavam mais práticas indutivas, menos coerção e mais negligência que os outros dois grupos. A análise de correlação indicou também que estratégias parentais inconsistentes estão associadas a maior probabilidade de emissão de problemas de comportamento pelos filhos. Os resultados sugerem uma associação entre as práticas educativas adotadas pelas mães e as condições de contaminação por chumbo dos filhos.
This study aimed to investigate childrearing practices as related to children and adolescents poisoned by lead, and their correlation with behavioral problems. The authors used a reduced version of the Inventory of Parental Styles (IEP) to assess parenting practices and the SSRS-BR for behavioral problems. Participants included 155 children and adolescents with an average age of 13 years who belonged to three groups: high blood-lead (GAP), low blood-lead (GBP) and a comparison group (GC); and their respective mothers and teachers. The results show GBPs mothers used more inductive practices, less coercion and more neglect than the other two groups. The correlation analysis also indicated that inconsistent parenting strategies are associated with higher probability of emission of behavioral problems in the children. The results suggest an association between the childrearing practices adopted by mothers and lead contamination conditions of the children.
El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar prácticas parentales con niños intoxicados por plomo y su correlación con los trastornos de conducta. Se utilizó una versión reducida del IEP (Inventario de Estilos Parentales) para evaluar las prácticas maternas y la versión maestro del SSRS-BR (Sistema de evaluación de habilidades sociales) para evaluar trastornos de conducta. Participaron 155 estudiantes, con edad media de 13 años y junto a sus madres y maestros, pertenecientes a tres grupos: plomo elevado en la sangre (GAP), bajos niveles de plomo (GBP) y grupos de comparación (GC). Los resultados indicaron que las madres de GBP utilizan prácticas más inductivas, con menos coacción y más negligentes que en los otros grupos. El análisis de correlación también indica que las prácticas parentales inconsistentes se asocian con una mayor probabilidad de emisión de los niños trastornos de conducta. Los resultados sugieren una asociación entre las prácticas adoptadas por las madres y las condiciones de contaminación de plomo de los niños.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Niño , Adolescente , Relaciones Padres-Hijo , Conducta Infantil/psicología , Conducta del Adolescente/psicología , Intoxicación por Plomo/psicologíaRESUMEN
High levels of waterborne manganese have been associated with problematic behavior in school-aged children, however to date this has not been reported for children exposed to airborne manganese. The objective of the present study was to examine behavioral traits among children with exposure to airborne manganese from a ferro-manganese alloy plant, located in the metropolitan region of Salvador, Brazil. The study included 34 boys and 36 girls, aged 7-12 years, living in two communities within a 3-km radius from the plant. For each child, hair manganese levels (MnH) and blood lead (PbB) levels were analyzed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The Children's Behavior Check List (CBCL) (Portuguese version validated in Brazil) was administered to parents or caregivers, providing scale scores of internalizing (withdrawn, somatic complaints, and anxious/depressed scales), externalizing (disruptive and aggressive) behaviors and a separate scale for attention problems. Median and range for MnH and PbB were 11.48 µg/g (range: 0.52-55.74); 1.1 µg/dL (range: 0.5-6.1), respectively. Spearman correlation analyses showed that several behavioral indices were significantly correlated with MnH levels for girls, but not for boys: total externalizing behavior (rho=0.484 vs rho=0.041) and attention problem scores (rho=0.542 vs rho=0.003) coefficients were significantly at p<0.001 level, respectively for girls and boys. No significant correlation was observed with any of the internalizing sub-scales. A linear regression model was fitted with the total externalizing behavior, inattention and total CBCL scores as dependent variables, with log transformed MnH stratified by sex, adjusting for age and maternal IQ. Total externalizing behaviors and attention problem scores were significantly associated with girls' MnH levels but not with boys'. Adjusting for maternal IQ, the ß-coefficients for LogMnH associations with total externalizing and attention problems are 8.85 (95%CI 2.44-15.24) and 4.03 (95%CI 1.50-6.56) for girls. For boys, after adjusting for age, the ß-coefficients are 0.08 (95%CI 11.51-11.66) and -0.05 (95%CI 4.34-4.25), respectively. The findings of this study suggest a positive association between elevated Mn exposure and externalizing behavioral problems and inattention, with girls presenting more pronounced effects. Future studies on Mn exposure in children should attempt to further elucidate sex and/or gender differences in Mn exposed populations.
Asunto(s)
Conducta Infantil/efectos de los fármacos , Exposición por Inhalación/análisis , Intoxicación por Manganeso/sangre , Intoxicación por Manganeso/psicología , Agresión/efectos de los fármacos , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/sangre , Atención/efectos de los fármacos , Brasil , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Hierro , Intoxicación por Plomo/sangre , Intoxicación por Plomo/psicología , Masculino , Manganeso , Factores SexualesRESUMEN
Lead-induced neurotoxicity acquired by low-level long-term exposure has special relevance for children. A plethora of recent reports has demonstrated a direct link between low-level lead exposure and deficits in the neurobehavioral-cognitive performance manifested from childhood through adolescence. In many studies, aggressiveness and delinquency have also been suggested as symptoms of lead poisoning. Several environmental, occupational and domestic sources of contaminant lead and consequent health risks are largely identified and understood, but the occurrences of lead poisoning remain numerous. There is an urgent need for public health policies to prevent lead poisoning so as to reduce individual and societal damages and losses. In this paper we describe unsuspected sources of contaminant lead, discuss the economic losses and urban violence possibly associated with lead contamination and review the molecular basis of lead-induced neurotoxicity, emphasizing its effects on the social behavior, delinquency and IQ of children and adolescents.
La neurotoxicidad adquirida inducida por la exposición prolongada a bajos niveles de plomo tiene una importancia especial en los niños. Una plétora de publicaciones recientes ha demostrado el vínculo directo existente entre la exposición a bajos niveles de plomo y el déficit en el desempeño neuroconductual-cognitivo manifestado desde la infancia hasta el final de la adolescencia. En numerosos estudios, la agresividad y la delincuencia juvenil también se han considerado síntomas de la intoxicación por plomo. Se han identificado y explicado ampliamente varias fuentes ambientales, laborales y domésticas de contaminación por plomo y los riesgos resultantes para la salud, pero aún son numerosos los casos de intoxicación por plomo. Se necesitan urgentes políticas de salud pública para prevenir la intoxicación por plomo de manera de reducir los daños y las pérdidas, tanto individuales como para la sociedad. En este artículo se describen algunas fuentes no sospechadas de contaminación por plomo y se discuten las pérdidas económicas y la violencia urbana posiblemente asociada con este tipo de contaminación. Además, se hace una revisión de las bases moleculares de la neurotoxicidad inducida por plomo, con énfasis en sus efectos sobre el comportamiento social, la delincuencia juvenil y el coeficiente intelectual de los niños y los adolescentes.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Niño , Adolescente , Agresión/efectos de los fármacos , Intoxicación del Sistema Nervioso por Plomo en la Infancia/etiología , Conducta Infantil/efectos de los fármacos , Intoxicación por Plomo/complicaciones , Intoxicación por Plomo/psicología , Salud PúblicaRESUMEN
Uma fábrica de baterias chumbo-ácidas contaminou bairros populares em Bauru - Estado de São Paulo, afetando 314 crianças, conforme inquérito epidemiológico. Nesse estudo, foram avaliadas 50 crianças contaminadas por chumbo, com índices sanguíneos superiores a 10 μgPb/dl sangue e 50 crianças com níveis inferiores ao do grupo exposto (d 0,5 μgPb/dl sangue), de ambos os sexos, de 6 a 12 anos e 11 meses de idade, por meio do Teste da Figura Humana (DFH) de Koppitz, que avalia os conflitos e motivações subjetivas dos indicadores emocionais infantis, fornecendo dados objetivos e subjetivos. Por meio do teste estatístico Qui-quadrado, não se encontrou diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos na freqüência de indicadores de comprometimento emocional, ou na análise intra-grupos, quanto aos índices de contaminação, indicadores emocionais, sexo e faixa etária. Porém, o indicador 7, um dos critérios de prognóstico de problemática emocional, capaz de diferenciar grupos clínicos e controles quando acima de 16%, apareceu em 18% no grupo de crianças contaminadas, sugerindo sinais de conflitos nesse grupo. Indica-se a realização de pesquisas transversais com o uso do DFH, outros instrumentos e maior controle de outras variáveis, além de estudos longitudinais com crianças contaminadas por chumbo com utilização de instrumentos diagnósticos complementares.
Some years ago, certain popular suburban areas in the city of Bauru, SP (Brazil) were contaminated by a leakage from a lead battery factory. According to data from an epidemiological inquiry, the incident affected 314 children. In this study, two groups of children were evaluated: 50 lead-contaminated children with blood indices above 10 μgPb/dl, and 50 children with indices below the exposed group (d 0.5 μgPb/dl). They were both male and female, ranging from 6 to 12 years old and 11 months old. The evaluation was performed by the Koppitzs Human Figure Drawing Test (HFDT), which assesses the subjective conflicts and motivations of the infant emotional indicators, thus providing objective and subjective data as well. According to the Chi-square test, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups regarding the frequency of the emotional impairment indicators. Also, there were no significant differences in the intragroup analysis, regarding the contamination indices, emotional indicators, sex and age range. However, the indicator 7 - one of the emotional prognostic criteria which differs clinic from control groups when higher than 16% - appearedin 18% of the contaminated children group, suggesting conflict signs herein. Cross-sectional research using HFDT, other instruments, a greater control on other variables in addition to longitudinal research with lead-contaminated children and the utilization of complementary diagnostic instruments are all further indicated practices.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Niño , Intoxicación por Plomo/psicología , Síntomas Afectivos/psicología , Técnicas Proyectivas/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
Lead-induced neurotoxicity acquired by low-level long-term exposure has special relevance for children. A plethora of recent reports has demonstrated a direct link between low-level lead exposure and deficits in the neurobehavioral-cognitive performance manifested from childhood through adolescence. In many studies, aggressiveness and delinquency have also been suggested as symptoms of lead poisoning. Several environmental, occupational and domestic sources of contaminant lead and consequent health risks are largely identified and understood, but the occurrences of lead poisoning remain numerous. There is an urgent need for public health policies to prevent lead poisoning so as to reduce individual and societal damages and losses. In this paper we describe unsuspected sources of contaminant lead, discuss the economic losses and urban violence possibly associated with lead contamination and review the molecular basis of lead-induced neurotoxicity, emphasizing its effects on the social behavior, delinquency and IQ of children and adolescents.
Asunto(s)
Agresión/efectos de los fármacos , Intoxicación del Sistema Nervioso por Plomo en la Infancia/etiología , Adolescente , Niño , Conducta Infantil/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Intoxicación por Plomo/complicaciones , Intoxicación por Plomo/psicología , Salud PúblicaRESUMEN
Lead paint is one source of exposure for lead poisoning; however, recent Latino and other immigrant populations are also at risk of exposure through ceramic cooking pots with lead glaze, some imported candies, and certain stomach ailment home remedies. Public health agencies and practitioners acknowledge that Latino families should be educated about lead poisoning prevention but report barriers to conducting outreach and education in Latino communities. This study reports findings from focus groups and interviews with the local Latino immigrant community and professionals on (1) current knowledge and beliefs about lead poisoning and (2) recommendations of culturally appropriate educational strategies.
Asunto(s)
Emigración e Inmigración , Educación en Salud/organización & administración , Hispánicos o Latinos/educación , Intoxicación por Plomo/psicología , Adulto , Características Culturales , Femenino , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Humanos , Masculino , Tamizaje Masivo/organización & administración , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevención PrimariaRESUMEN
Acoustic analysis of infants crying, a sensitive and selective index for measuring the effect of pre and perinatal lead exposure, may provide an early marker for central nervous system damage produced by the toxic. The present study evaluated the effects of exposure to low lead levels during perinatal and early postnatal periods on ultrasonic vocalization (USV), an early behavior of rat pups essential to their development. Non-sexually experienced females were gavaged daily with 8, 16 or 24 mg/kg of lead acetate or the control solution (1 ml/kg) for 30 days prior to breeding and until their pups were weaned. After crossover of dams, pups had been exposed to lead during pregnancy+lactation, pregnancy or lactation. The physiological variables measured on postnatal days 7 or 14 were USV, locomotion, rectal temperature, body weight and blood lead levels. Lead exposition during pregnancy+lactation, pregnancy or lactation induced a significant dose-dependent decrease of USV of 7-day-old pups. On the contrary, lead exposition during the different phases of pregnancy induced a significant dose-dependent increase of USV in 14-day-old rat pups. Blood lead levels varied from 5.7 to 36.5 microg/dl in pups. Body weight and temperature were not influenced by lead exposition. Lead-exposed 14-day-old pups were significantly more active. This study provides evidence of developmental changes in USV emission in rat pups exposed with low lead levels.
Asunto(s)
Animales Recién Nacidos/fisiología , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Intoxicación por Plomo/psicología , Animales , Temperatura Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Femenino , Lactancia/fisiología , Plomo/sangre , Plomo/farmacocinética , Modelos Lineales , Actividad Motora/efectos de los fármacos , Embarazo , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Vocalización Animal/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Background: Lactating children are specially susceptible to lead toxicity due to their underdeveloped nervous system, lower body mass, higher intestinal absorption and lower elimination rates. Aim: To determine the effects of lead exposure, comparing Chilean lactating children residing in rural areas with low lead exposure, and in urban areas with high lead exposure. Material and methods: Newborns from public maternity hospitals of the rural locality of San Felipe and from Metropolitan Santiago, were recruited for the study. On admission to the study, umbilical cord and maternal blood samples were obtained and an inquiry about perinatal, sociohereditary and lead exposure history was done. Children were followed every 6 months until 24 months of age, measuring blood parameters and neurobehavioral development using Bayley scales. Results: Three hundred twelve children from Santiago and 113 from San Felipe were studied. Maternal and children blood lead levels were higher in Santiago, but lower than those reported in other international studies. At 24 months of age, 4.5 percent of children from Santiago and 0.7 percent of children from San Felipe had levels over 10 µg/dl. No differences in neurobehavioral development were observed between children of both cities. At 24 months, scores of MDI scales were 91 in Santiago and 97 in San Felipe. The figures for PDI scale were 93 in Santiago and 93 in San Felipe. Main risk factors for a retarded neurobehavioral development were socioeconomic level with a mean Odds ratio of 3.5 (0.99-12.4), male sex with an Odds ratio of 2.3 (1.09-5.07) and stimulation at home with an Odds ratio of 0.7 (0.53-0.82. Conclusions: In this cohort of children, no effect of lead levels on neurobehavioral development was found
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Intoxicación por Plomo/diagnóstico , Desempeño Psicomotor , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/efectos adversos , Desarrollo Infantil/efectos de los fármacos , Tamizaje Neonatal , Plomo/sangre , Intoxicación por Plomo/psicología , Intoxicación por Plomo/sangre , Factores Socioeconómicos , Población Rural , Población UrbanaRESUMEN
Lead (Pb) intoxication in children has been associated with neurodevelopmental disabilities which may result in motor and cognitive impairment. We conducted blood lead (PbB) measurements, neurological examinations and cognitive tests on children living in Ecuadorian villages where Pb is used extensively in the glazing of ceramics. Group I consisted of 55 children with a mean PbB level of 48.0 microg/dl (SD: 26.4, range: 9.2-119.1 microg/dl) who received PbB tests and complete neurological examinations. An appreciable number of the children with elevated PbB levels were normal on specific components of the neurological examination. Among the children who showed neurological deficits, higher PbB levels were associated with abnormal tendon reflexes, finger tapping, visual pursuit, size discrimination, draw-a-person, and math calculation skills. Group II consisted of 41 children with a mean PbB level of 47.4 microg/dl (SD: 22.0, range: 6.6-84.7 microg/dl) who were administered Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices (RCPM) non-verbal reasoning test. Performance on RCPM was abnormal in 22 (53.7%) of 41 children. Children with abnormal RCPM scores had higher PbB levels (t-test: P=0.030). There was a significant inverse correlation between RCPM scores and PbB levels for children ages 9 years and older (r=-0.618, P=0.011). Males had higher mean PbB levels as a function of age than females (t-test: P=0.037), and more males showed neurocognitive deficits. The results demonstrate a range of neurological responses in children with chronically elevated PbB levels from apparent exceptional neuro-physiological tolerance of PbB intoxication, to some fine motor and cognitive deficits.
Asunto(s)
Trastornos del Conocimiento/inducido químicamente , Intoxicación por Plomo/psicología , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso/inducido químicamente , Cerámica , Niño , Preescolar , Trastornos del Conocimiento/diagnóstico , Trastornos del Conocimiento/epidemiología , Ecuador/epidemiología , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Femenino , Humanos , Industrias , Plomo/sangre , Intoxicación por Plomo/epidemiología , Masculino , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso/diagnóstico , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso/epidemiología , Examen Neurológico , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas , Exposición Profesional , Desempeño PsicomotorRESUMEN
Gestation age and ability of the baby to self-quiet and to be consoled during the first 30 days of life decrease when mother's blood lead levels rise from 36 weeks of pregnancy to birth of child. These effects appear to be independent of the absolute lead levels of mother and child (N = 42). Since pre- and perinatal stress predicts higher maternal birth lead, further work could determine the relative contributions of undetected stress during pregnancy and elevated lead levels upon subsequent development. Several cases, not included in the statistical analyses, showed associations between cord leads greatly elevated over maternal leads and poor outcome.
Asunto(s)
Recién Nacido/fisiología , Intoxicación por Plomo/fisiopatología , Plomo/sangre , Intercambio Materno-Fetal , Adulto , Dieta , Femenino , Humanos , Intoxicación por Plomo/psicología , México , Embarazo , Fumar , Población UrbanaAsunto(s)
Inteligencia , Intoxicación por Plomo/psicología , Adulto , Niño , Humanos , Madres , Análisis de RegresiónRESUMEN
Forty-seven children treated for lead poisoning (PbB 50 to 365 microgram/dl) were compared to siblings next in age (PbB less than 40 microgram/dl) by a battery of psychologic tests. Symptoms were present in 18 but none had frank encephalopathy. Physical and neurologic examinations revealed no residual damage. Mean psychologic test scores showed no significant difference between patients and controls except in the arithmetic subtest, in which patients' scores were not related to lead concentration. Intelligence tests failed to distinguish children successfully treated from their sibling controls.