Las relaciones anatómicas involucradas en la administración de medicamentos por vía intramuscular: un campo de estudio de la enfermera / The anatomic relationship involved in the administration of medication via the intramuscular route: a field of study of nurses

Objetivos: Seleccionar los estudios que relacionan las descripciones anatómicas de los principales músculos que se utilizan en la práctica clínica para la elección de la región de la administración de fármacos y estudios que establecen las relaciones anatómicas entre las estructuras vasculares, nerviosas y músculo esquelético en el proceso de administración de medicamentos por vía intramuscular. Metodología: Se trata de una revisión sistemática guiada por ocho pasos construidos por el autor que indicaron las fases cubiertas en la selección de los manuscritos para hacer frente a las preguntas de investigación. Resultados: Dos estudios traían informaciones de la región deltoides sobre la lesión del nervio axilar y su relación con la arteria circunfleja posterior del húmero. En cuanto a la región ventro-glútea se abordaron los dos modelos de localización anatómica más adecuada para la punción de tal manera que no lesionara el nervio glúteo superior y la arteria glútea superior. En relación la región dorsoglútea, los debates se limitan a la conformación entre el nervio ciático y el músculo glúteo mayor, que se distribuye ampliamente en la literatura clásica. La parte lateral de la coxa lleva a una reflexión sobre la relación con el nervio cutáneo lateral del músculo. Conclusión: El estudio presenta de manera sistemática las principales relaciones anatómicas que interferen en el desarrollo de la técnica de la administración de medicamentos por vía intramuscular realizada por la enfermera, que debe adaptarse a las diferentes áreas del conocimiento a la individualidad del cliente(AU)

Aim: to select the studies that link the anatomical descriptions of the major muscles used in clinical practice for the election of the region of drug delivery and to review key studies that establish the anatomical relationships between the vascular-nervous structures and skeletal striated muscle in the process of administering intramuscular medication. Methodology: this is a systematic review guided by eight steps constructed by the author that indicated the covered phases in the selection of manuscripts to address the research questions. Results: Two studies gave information of the deltoid region about the injury to the axillary nerve and its relationship to the posterior humeral circumflex artery. As for the ventral-gluteal region, the two most suitable models of anatomical site most suitable for puncture in such a way that does not injure the superior gluteal nerve and superior gluteal artery were studied. With regard to the region back-gluteal, discussions were limited to the conformation between the sciatic nerve and the major gluteus muscle, which is widely distributed in the various classical literatures. The lateral thigh leads us to a reflection on the relationship with the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh. Conclusion: the review presents in a systematic way the main anatomical relationships that underlie the development of the technique of administering intramuscular medication performed by nurses, which should suit the different areas of knowledge to the individuality of the client(AU)

Vitamin B12 intramuscular injections versus oral supplements: a budget impact analysis.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to adverse health effects such as anemia and, in some cases, permanent neurologic damage. In Canada, patients with vitamin B12 deficiency are typically given intramuscular injections, which incur considerable cost and inconvenience. The clinical evidence-based analysis has found that oral supplementation is as effective as intramuscular injections. OBJECTIVES: This economic analysis aimed to estimate the cost savings of switching from intramuscular injections to high-dose oral supplements for patients aged 18 years and older with confirmed vitamin B12 deficiency. DATA SOURCES: Population-based administrative databases for Ontario were used to identify patients receiving vitamin B12 intramuscular injections in any fiscal year between 2006 and 2011. The Ontario Drug Benefit (ODB) database was used to identify patients who were prescribed vitamin B12 injections, and the Ontario Health Insurance Plan database was used to identify all physician claims for intramuscular injections as well as laboratory tests assessing vitamin B12 levels. The Registered Physicians Database was used to identify the type of physician; the analysis was restricted to family physicians and internists. REVIEW METHODS: Two cohorts of patients were identified. For cohort 1, the ODB database was used to identify patients who were prescribed vitamin B12 injections. Those covered under the ODB are 65 years of age or older and are economically deprived. A second cohort was created to capture those 18 to 64 years of age receiving injections. Cohort 2 consisted of patients (not in cohort 1) who received 6 or more intramuscular injections within 1 year and had a laboratory test 2 months before the intramuscular injection claim. Physician experts were consulted to estimate the resources and costs of converting patients to oral supplements. The Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care perspective was taken, and all costs are expressed in 2013 Canadian dollars. RESULTS: The budget impact analysis demonstrated costs of $2.8 million to the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care in the first year of conversion; however, in subsequent years there are savings of $4.2 million per year. The cumulative 5-year budget impact demonstrates savings of $14.2 million to the health care system. LIMITATIONS: This analysis represents the cost of conversion for those currently receiving intramuscular injections. There are no conversion costs for those who are prescribed oral supplements as an initial therapy, and so the savings could be even greater than reported. As well, an underlying assumption of this analysis is that patients will comply with oral supplementation. CONCLUSIONS: Over 5 years, there are savings of $14.2 million to the health care system from switching to vitamin B12 oral supplements. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Vitamin B12 deficiency has long been thought to be associated with dementia and other neurocognitive disorders. In a separate report, Health Quality Ontario (HQO) reviewed the published research on this issue and found only weak evidence that vitamin B12 deficiency is associated with the onset of dementia. That review also found moderate evidence that treatment with vitamin B12 does not improve dementia and that oral supplements are as effective as injections of vitamin B12. In 2010, more than 2.9 million serum vitamin B12 tests were performed in Ontario at a cost of $40 million. Each year, approximately 110,000 residents receive vitamin B12 injections to boost their levels of vitamin B12. HQO commissioned an economic analysis to estimate the cost savings of switching from vitamin B12 injections to high-dose oral supplements for patients aged 18 years and older with confirmed B12 deficiency. This study concluded that the Ontario health care system could save $14.5 million in 5 years by switching to oral supplements, assuming that patients took the oral supplements as required.

Educação em serviço por meio de vídeoconferência: aplicação de injetáveis via intramuscular na região ventroglútea

Realizou-se um treinament o sobre o conteúdo de administração de injetáv eis pela via intramuscular na região v entroglútea entre auxiliares de enf erm agem de um hos pital escola do interiordo estado de São Paulo, com o propósito de incentivar a utilização da região citada. Utilizou-se tecnologia de videoc onferência, interligando o laboratório de ensino de uma esc ola de enfermagemestadual com o hospital, para ministrar aulas sobre o conteúdo e realizar t reinamento em situação simulada. Os 30 auxiliares de enf ermagem foram avaliados quanto a aquisição de habilidade intelectual e motora, bem com o avaliaram a utilização da videoconferência como ferramenta para o ensino em serviço. A m aioria dos auxiliares de enfermagem obtiveram bom desem penho na realização do procedimento em situação sim ulada e apontaram a videoconf erência c omo um bom meio para a realização de educaç ão em serviço.

Injection site safety.

Practice profiles are reflective pieces written by nurses in practice and based on continuing professional development articles. This week Nicola Soanes discusses injection sites. Article no. 498. Workman B (1999) Safe injection techniques.