Factors influencing pregnancy rate and loss after laparoscopic artificial insemination with frozen-thawed semen in Lohi sheep under sub-tropical conditions.

This study evaluates factors influencing pregnancy rates per artificial insemination (P/AI) and pregnancy loss in Lohi ewes undergoing laparoscopic AI with frozen-thawed semen under sub-tropical conditions. Data from three experiments comprising ewes (n = 358) of mixed parity (nulliparous; NP and parous; P), various body condition score (BCS) and assigned to long-term (LTP, 11 days) and short-term (STP, 5 days) oestrus synchronization regimen across high breeding season (HBS) and low breeding season (LBS) were analysed. Laparoscopic insemination was conducted 54 h post-sponge removal. Pregnancy diagnosis and loss were evaluated on days 35 and 90 post-insemination via ultrasonography. Results showed parity significantly influenced P/AI, with nulliparous ewes achieving higher pregnancy ratios than parous ewes (p = .001). BCS significantly influenced P/AI (p < .05), with a quadratic relationship observed between BCS and season (BCS*BCS*Season; p = .07). Progestin treatment did not significantly influence the ratio of pregnant ewes (p = .07). Pregnancy losses were significantly higher during LBS than HBS (p < .05), irrespective of progestin treatment. In conclusion, parity and BCS significantly influenced P/AI, with BCS demonstrating a quadratic association with season. Ewes bred during LBS experienced higher pregnancy losses than HBS, irrespective of progestin treatment.

Uterine tone influences fertility of Merino ewes following laparoscopic artificial insemination.

Artificial insemination (AI) plays a critical role in facilitating rapid genetic and production gains within the sheep industry. However, variable rates of AI success remain a concern for the industry and a barrier to adoption. Furthermore, the degree to which female factors influence the success of intrauterine laparoscopic AI rather than natural mating remains unknown. As such, this study investigates the effect of several factors collected during the time of AI, on the success of intrauterine laparoscopic AI. Data was generously donated by artificial breeding companies and stud breeders during routine commercial AI operations. AI data was collected over 3 breeding seasons during commercial AI programs (N = 24 programs) using Merino ewes (N = 24,700). Sire ID (N = 253), time of AI following progesterone removal (approx. 43-59 h post removal), uterine tone and intra-abdominal fat (both scored 1-5) as well as age of the ewe were all recorded at the time of AI. Transcutaneous ultrasound subsequently determined pregnancy rate approximately 55 days post-AI. A multivariate regression analysis was performed and revealed pregnancy success to increase when semen was inseminated into a ewe with a uterine tone score of 4 or 5 (P < 0.001). The remaining factors fell short of significance within the multivariate model. An interclass coefficient variation matrix was also used to determine the proportion of variation contributed to AI success by random factors allocated in the model; site, sire, AI date and breeding season (45.99 %, 29.94 %, 15.15 % and 8.92 %, respectively). These results highlight the influence of uterine tone on ewe fertility following laparoscopic AI, but also that program location and the sire used can further modify this influence on pregnancy rate. These factors must now be considered in combination with semen factors per individual sire used during AI to ascertain the contribution of several factors to the success of laparoscopic AI in Australia.

A comparative analysis of opioid-free and opioid-sparing anaesthesia techniques for laparoscopic ovariectomy in healthy dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the perioperative analgesic effects of an opioid-free (OFA) and an opioid-sparing (OSA) anaesthetic protocol in dogs undergoing laparoscopic ovariectomy. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, blinded, clinical trial. ANIMALS: A group of 28 client-owned dogs. METHODS: Dogs were allocated to one of two groups. The OFA group was administered intramuscular (IM) dexmedetomidine 5 µg kg-1 and ketamine 1 mg kg-1, followed by two intraoperative constant rate infusions (CRIs) of dexmedetomidine (3 µg kg-1 hour-1) and lidocaine (1 mg kg-1 loading dose, 2 mg kg-1 hour-1). The OSA group was administered IM dexmedetomidine 5 µg kg-1, ketamine 1 mg kg-1 and methadone 0.2 mg kg-1, followed by two intraoperative saline CRIs. In both groups, anaesthesia was induced with intravenous (IV) propofol 2 mg kg-1 and diazepam 0.2 mg kg-1 and maintained with isoflurane. Rescue dexmedetomidine (0.5 µg kg-1) was administered IV if there was a 20% increase in cardiovascular variables compared with pre-stimulation values. Ketorolac (0.5 mg kg-1) was administered IV when the surgery ended. Postoperative analgesia was evaluated using the Short Form-Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale and methadone (0.2 mg kg-1) was administered IM if the pain score was ≥ 6/24. Statistical analysis included mixed analysis of variance, Chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the intraoperative monitored variables between groups. The OFA group showed a significantly lower intraoperative rescue analgesia requirement (p = 0.016) and lower postoperative pain scores at 3 (p =0.001) and 6 (p < 0.001) hours. No dogs were administered rescue methadone postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although both groups achieved acceptable postoperative pain scores with no need for further intervention, the analgesic efficacy of the OFA protocol was significantly superior to that of the OSA protocol presented and was associated with a lower intraoperative rescue analgesia requirement and early postoperative pain scores.

Factors affecting the success of laparoscopic artificial insemination in sheep.

Successful artificial breeding underpins rapid genetic and production gains in animal agriculture. In sheep, artificial insemination with frozen semen is performed via intrauterine laparoscopy as frozen-thawed spermatozoa do not traverse the cervix in sufficient numbers for high fertility and transcervical insemination is anatomically impossible in most ewes. Historically, laparoscopic artificial insemination has always been considered reasonably successful, but recent anecdotal reports of poor fertility place it at risk of warning adoption. Understanding the male, female and environmental factors that influence the fertility of sheep is warranted if the success of artificial insemination is to be improved and genetic progress maximised for the sheep industry. This review details the current practice of laparoscopic AI in sheep. It explores the effects of semen quantity and quality, the ewe, her preparation, and environmental conditions, on the fertility obtained following laparoscopic artificial insemination.

Prospective, randomized, clinical trial on the effects of laparoscopic insufflation pressures on portal pressures in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: The adverse effects of intra-abdominal pressure from capnoperitoneum on cardiovascular and pulmonary systems have been well documented, but the effects on portal pressures in dogs with various insufflation pressures is poorly defined. The aim of the present study was to measure the effect of a range of insufflation pressures on the portal pressure, using direct pressure measurements in patients undergoing laparoscopy. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical randomized prospective study. ANIMALS: Nine client-owned dogs undergoing routine laparoscopy. METHODS: Two rounds of direct portal pressure assessments were performed, at insufflation pressures of 0, 6, 10, and 14 mmHg in a predetermined randomized sequence. The data were analyzed for effects of insufflation pressure, hemodynamic alterations, and round. A best-fit exponential model of the relationship between portal pressure and insufflation pressure was created. RESULTS: Portal pressure increased by 38% at 6 mmHg, 95% at 10 mmHg, and 175% at 14 mmHg compared to baseline. Portal pressure increased at an average rate of 7.45% per mmHg of insufflation pressure. Effects of weight, weight/insufflation pressure interaction, and round of insufflation were not statistically significant. No systemic hemodynamic adverse events were observed. CONCLUSION: Portal pressure increased as insufflation pressure increased. There was no clinically significant difference in baseline portal pressure between rounds of insufflation. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: This exponential model of portal pressure supports the use of the minimum insufflation pressure to allow visualization during laparoscopy. The return of portal pressure to baseline following desufflation supports the comparison of portal pressure measurements before and after laparoscopic shunt attenuation.

Minimally invasive splenectomy is associated with a low perioperative complication rate and short operative time in cats.

OBJECTIVE: To report the perioperative outcome and complications in cats undergoing minimally invasive splenectomy. ANIMALS: 17 client-owned cats. METHODS: Perioperative data were collected from cats undergoing minimally invasive splenectomy from September 2010 to June 2023. Data included history, signalment, preoperative examination and diagnostic testing results, operative technique and time, perioperative outcomes, complications, hospitalization duration, histopathological diagnosis, and outcome. RESULTS: 13 spayed females and 4 neutered males were included, with a median age of 144 months (48 to 196 months). Seven cats underwent total laparoscopic splenectomy (TLS), with 1 cat requiring conversion from TLS to laparoscopic-assisted splenectomy (LAS) due to splenomegaly and an additional cat requiring conversion from TLS to open splenectomy due to uncontrollable splenic capsular hemorrhage. Ten cats underwent LAS, with 1 cat requiring conversion to open splenectomy due to splenomegaly. Additional procedures were performed in 13 cats, with the most common being liver biopsy in 10 cats. Median operative times were 50 minutes (45 to 90 minutes) for TLS and 35 minutes (25 to 80 minutes) for LAS. An intraoperative complication occurred in 1 cat. All but 1 cat survived to discharge. Median follow-up time was 234 days (18 to 1,761 days), with 15 of 16 cats confirmed alive at 30 days and 9 of 16 cats alive at 180 days postoperatively. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Minimally invasive splenectomy in this cohort of cats was associated with short operative times and a low perioperative complication rate. Veterinary surgeons may consider minimally invasive splenectomy as an efficient and feasible technique in the treatment of splenomegaly or modestly sized splenic masses for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in cats.

Effect of preoperative ondansetron on postoperative nausea in healthy dogs undergoing laparoscopic gastropexy and castration.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate if preoperative ondansetron reduces postoperative nausea associated with laparoscopic gastropexy and castration in dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. ANIMALS: Twenty client-owned, healthy male dogs. METHODS: Dogs were premedicated with dexmedetomidine (2-5 mcg kg-1) and methadone (0.2-0.5 mg kg-1) intramuscularly. General anesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with an inhalant anesthetic agent. Dogs were randomized into group S (saline 0.1 mL kg-1, intravenously) or group O (ondansetron 0.2 mg kg-1, intravenously). Plasma and serum were collected before premedication and 3 hours postextubation to measure arginine vasopressin (AVP) and cortisol concentrations. Nausea scoring occurred before and 10 minutes after premedication, immediately after extubation, and at 1, 2 and 3 hours postextubation. Data were analyzed by mixed and split-plot anova with Bonferroni adjustment for the number of group comparisons. Significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Nausea scores increased over time at 1 (p = 0.01) and 2 (p < 0.001) hours postextubation in both groups compared with before premedication. Median nausea score (0-100 mm) for groups S and O before premedication were 2.5 and 0.5 mm, respectively. At 1 and 2 hours postextubation, group S scored 7.5 and 4.0 mm and group O scored 6.0 and 5.0 mm, respectively. No significant differences in nausea scores within or between groups were observed before premedication and 3 hours postextubation. Cortisol concentrations increased significantly 3 hours postextubation in both groups (p < 0.001) compared with before premedication, with no differences between groups. AVP concentrations showed no significant differences within or between groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Preoperative intravenous administration of ondansetron (0.2 mg kg-1) did not impact postoperative nausea after laparoscopic gastropexy and castration. Investigation of higher doses of ondansetron on the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting in dogs after surgery is warranted.

Retrospective study of perioperative antimicrobial use in horses undergoing elective laparoscopy at a single institution.

Antimicrobial stewardship has shown significant development in recent years. Perioperative prophylaxis accounts for a substantial volume of antimicrobial use and is a field in which improvements can likely be made. The objective of this study was to evaluate practices associated with perioperative antimicrobial use in equine elective laparoscopy at a single institution over a 21-year period and to determine whether antimicrobial therapy influenced the occurrence of postoperative complications. Medical records of horses that underwent elective laparoscopy at a teaching hospital from January 2000 to September 2021 were reviewed. Data obtained included signalment, surgeon, type and duration of procedure, perioperative antimicrobial use, and intraoperative and postoperative complications. Exact univariate logistic regression was used to explore the association between possible risk factors and occurrence of postoperative complications, as well as the association between year of presentation and time of antimicrobial administration. Duration of surgery was log-transformed to meet assumption of normality, followed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare mean surgery time per procedure and postoperative complications. Significance was set at P < 0.05. Sixty horses met the inclusion criteria. All horses received antimicrobial prophylaxis, but none received intraoperative redosing. Only 13 horses (26%) received antimicrobials within 60 min of the first incision. Time of administration improved with each year of the study (P = 0.005). Only 17 horses (28%) received antimicrobials for less than 24 h, but median duration of antimicrobial therapy was 1.25 d (range: 0.25 to 10 d). Antimicrobial use practices at this institution differed from general recommendations for optimal perioperative prophylaxis, which suggests that intervention is required.

L'antibiogouvernance a connu un développement significatif ces dernières années. La prophylaxie peropératoire représente un volume important d'utilisation d'antimicrobiens et constitue un domaine dans lequel des améliorations peuvent probablement être apportées. L'objectif de cette étude était d'évaluer les pratiques associées à l'utilisation peropératoire d'antimicrobiens en laparoscopie élective équine dans un seul établissement sur une période de 21 ans et de déterminer si le traitement antimicrobien influençait la survenue de complications postopératoires. Les dossiers médicaux des chevaux ayant subi une laparoscopie élective dans un centre hospitalier universitaire de janvier 2000 à septembre 2021 ont été examinés. Les données obtenues comprenaient le signalement, le chirurgien, le type et la durée de la procédure, l'utilisation d'antimicrobiens peropératoires et les complications intra-opératoires et postopératoires. Une régression logistique univariée exacte a été utilisée pour explorer l'association entre les facteurs de risque possibles et la survenue de complications postopératoires, ainsi que l'association entre l'année de présentation et le moment de l'administration des antimicrobiens. La durée de la chirurgie a été transformée en log pour répondre à l'hypothèse de normalité, suivie d'une analyse de variance (ANOVA) pour comparer la durée moyenne de la chirurgie par procédure et les complications postopératoires. La signification a été fixée à P < 0,05. Soixante chevaux répondaient aux critères d'inclusion. Tous les chevaux ont reçu une prophylaxie antimicrobienne, mais aucun n'a reçu de dose supplémentaire durant la chirurgie. Seuls 13 chevaux (26 %) ont reçu des antimicrobiens dans les 60 minutes suivant la première incision. Le temps d'administration s'est amélioré avec chaque année d'étude (P = 0,005). Seulement 17 chevaux (28 %) ont reçu des antimicrobiens pendant moins de 24 heures, mais la durée médiane du traitement antimicrobien était de 1,25 jour (plage : 0,25 à 10 jours). Les pratiques d'utilisation des antimicrobiens dans cet établissement différaient des recommandations générales pour une prophylaxie peropératoire optimale, ce qui suggère qu'une intervention est nécessaire.(Traduit par Docteur Serge Messier).

Advantages of laparoscopic-assisted ovariohysterectomy versus open ovariohysterectomy for dogs with pyometra not detected in randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare results for surgery time, perioperative pain, need for rescue analgesia, variables, serum C-reactive protein concentration, and postoperative complications for dogs with pyometra treated with laparoscopic-assisted ovariohysterectomy (LaOVH) versus open-surgery (OS) ovariohysterectomy. ANIMALS: 12 client-owned dogs with pyometra between June 1, 2016, and December 31, 2019. METHODS: Dogs enrolled in this prospective single-center randomized clinical trial had pyometra confirmed by history, physical examination, ultrasonography, and blood work and were randomly assigned to treatment group LaOVH or OS. Differences in results for variables of interest were compared between groups using the Mann-Whitney U test, except the number of dogs requiring rescue analgesia was analyzed using the Fisher exact test. Values of P ≤ .05 were considered significant. RESULTS: 6 dogs were recruited in each group; results for 1 dog in the LaOVH group were excluded from further analysis due to free abdominal fluid detected during surgery. Median surgery time was significantly shorter and median total incision length was longer for the OS group (23 minutes; 106 mm), compared to the LaOVH group (37 minutes; 38 mm). No other results differed significantly between groups. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although fewer patients in the LaOVH group required rescue analgesia, this was not statistically significant. Therefore, our results could not prove previously suggested advantages of LaOVH (eg, less perioperative pain or faster recovery) in dogs with pyometra. Additionally, for the LaOVH group, the median surgical time was approximately 50% longer, an assistant was needed, and specialized equipment was required.

Laparoscopic surgical treatment for sliding hiatal hernia is associated with an owner-perceived improvement in clinical outcome in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To report perioperative complications and client-perceived outcome following laparoscopic surgical treatment for sliding hiatal hernia (SHH) in dogs. ANIMALS: Client-owned dogs (n = 9). METHODS: Medical records were reviewed and perioperative data collected including preoperative diagnostic imaging, operative details, complications, and need for conversion to open celiotomy. A single-incision, multicannulated port was inserted in the subumbilical region followed by placement of an additional 2 or 3 instrument portals. Hiatal plication, esophagopexy, and left-sided gastropexy were performed laparoscopically. Follow-up information was collected with telephone interview with the owners and/or referring veterinarian. A standardized questionnaire was completed by dog owners postoperatively. RESULTS: Intraoperative pneumothorax occurred in 5 of 9 (55.6%) dogs and resulted in conversion to open celiotomy in 2 (22.2%) dogs. In 4 dogs, pneumothorax was suspected to be the result of progressive leakage of capnoperitoneum through the suture bite holes of the esophageal hiatal plication sutures. Hiatal plication was performed using intracorporeal simple interrupted sutures (n = 4) or a simple continuous pattern with barbed suture (4). Esophagopexy was performed using barbed suture in all dogs. Gastropexy was performed using a total laparoscopic technique (n = 4) or laparoscopic-assisted technique (3). Using a standardized questionnaire, dog owners perceived a postoperative improvement in regurgitation after eating and regurgitation after excitement/increased activity. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Laparoscopic treatment of SHH resulted in owner-perceived improvement in clinical signs. Intraoperative pneumothorax occurred in a high proportion of dogs but did not result in long-term sequelae.

Single-port laparoscopic-assisted abdominal cryptorchidectomy in 14 dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a modified laparoscopic-assisted cryptorchidectomy technique in dogs using a single-port endoscope and evaluate clinical outcome in abdominal cryptorchid dogs that underwent the procedure. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective case series. ANIMALS: A total of 14 client-owned dogs (19 abdominal cryptorchid testes). METHODS: Dogs scheduled for laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy between January 2019 and April 2022 were enrolled in the study. The dogs underwent single-port laparoscopic-assisted cryptorchidectomy (SP-LAC) performed by a single surgeon using a 10-mm single-port endoscope placed in the midline immediately cranial to the prepuce. The abdominal testis was endoscopically located and grasped, the cannula was retracted, the capnoperitoneum was reversed to allow exteriorization of the testis, and the spermatic cord was ligated extracorporeally. RESULTS: Median age was 13 months (range, 7-29 months) and median bodyweight was 23.0 kg (range, 2.2-55.0 kg). Nine of 14 dogs had unilateral abdominal cryptorchidism (7 right-sided and 2 left-sided) and 5/14 dogs had bilateral abdominal cryptorchidism. Median surgical time for unilateral abdominal cryptorchidectomy was 17 min (range, 14-21 min) and for bilateral abdominal cryptorchidectomy 27 min (range, 23-55 min). Ten dogs had additional surgical procedures performed concurrently with SP-LAC. One major intraoperative complication (testicular artery hemorrhage) occurred that required emergency conversion and two minor entry-related complications were observed. CONCLUSION: The SP-LAC procedure enabled removal of abdominal testes and was associated with a low morbidity. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The SP-LAC procedure can be performed by a single surgeon and represents a less invasive alternative to multi-port laparoscopic-assisted or single-port multi-access laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy techniques.

Variables affecting surgeons' use of, and preferences for, instrumentation in veterinary laparoscopy.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the impact of variables on use and preference of common laparoscopic instruments. STUDY DESIGN: Online survey. SAMPLE POPULATION: Surgeons (n = 140) with 3 years or more laparoscopic experience. METHODS: Electronic survey distributed via specialty group LISTSERVEs and Facebook groups. Responses collected included surgeon attributes, preferences, and surgical practice data. Statistical analysis was performed using Fishers exact, ANOVA, Tukey Kramer honestly significant difference (HSD) test, linear regression, and logistic regression. RESULTS: Ninety-eight of 140 respondents answered instrument-related questions and the completion rate of these questions was 76%: 48% of females and 49% of males responded to the survey. The median glove size of respondents was size 7 (range, 5.5 to 8.5). Closing laparoscopic Babcock forceps (p = .018), rotating cup biopsy forceps (p = .003), and manipulating endoscopic staplers (p < .001) were more difficult for surgeons with smaller glove sizes. The median difficulty score for the endoscopic stapler was 4/10 and the median percentage of time this was found difficult was 25%. Reusable instruments were preferred over disposable single-use instruments. The pistol grip was preferred for grasping and retracting (54/98, 55%) and fine dissection (46/96, 48%), while the axial grip was preferred for suturing and knot tying (61/98, 62%). CONCLUSION: Surgeons with smaller glove sizes (<6.5) experience more difficulty when using common laparoscopic instruments. The endoscopic stapler was the most difficult to use. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: When purchasing laparoscopic instrumentation, surgeons should review all available options in handle size and design to improve ergonomics during minimally invasive procedures.

Laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy using a resorbable self-locking loop device in dorsally recumbent horses.

OBJECTIVE: To report the use and feasibility of a self-locking resorbable loop device for cryptorchidectomy. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical prospective study. POPULATION: Twenty horses. METHODS: Horses suspected to have an abdominal testicle/s after admission work-up were enrolled. Horses were anesthetized in dorsal recumbency and a standard laparoscopic technique was performed. The looped device was inserted into the abdomen, glided around the testis/cord and tightened. Then, the spermatic cord was transected prior testis removal. Surgical procedure details and remarks, perioperative complications and total surgical time were recorded. Short- (>3 weeks) and long-term (>6 months) follow-ups were obtained by telephone questionnaire. RESULTS: Median total surgical time was 67 min (range: 43-189 min) and significantly shortened after the first four horses. The loop device was easily glided around 13/20 abdominal testes and required more time and technical skills around larger testes (≥3 years). Excellent intraoperative hemostasis was achieved in 17 horses. Three horses demonstrated mild intraoperative bleeding that required retightening, device replacement or adding a second device, respectively. Three horses developed mild postoperative hemoabdomen identified ultrasonographically and were successfully managed medically. Follow-up revealed no significant complications related to the procedure. One horse was euthanized for colic 4 months after surgery and one died of hemolytic shock 17 months postoperatively. CONCLUSION: This device represents another method to perform equine cryptorchidectomy that requires minimal training and laparoscopic expertise but demands knowledge of the device and application to prevent complications. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy using this device is an alternative technique for horses <3 years.

Feasibility of laparoscopic stapled partial cystectomy in canine cadavers.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a technique for laparoscopic partial cystectomy and evaluate sealing of canine urinary bladder tissue with an endoscopic stapler. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, cadaveric study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Eleven canine cadavers. METHODS: Laparoscopic partial cystectomy was performed with an endoscopic gastrointestinal anastomosis (GIA) stapler. Leak testing and urodynamic evaluation was performed to measure intravesical pressure at initial leakage and catastrophic failure or the maximum pressure at which intravesical pressure plateaued. Surgical time, complications, and site of leakage were also recorded. RESULTS: Laparoscopic partial cystectomy was successfully performed in 10 of 11 cadavers. Median procedure time was 13.6 min (10.1-15.2 min). Median intravesical pressure at initial leakage was 31 mmHg (28-56 mmHg) with a median increase from initial pressure of 15 mmHg (11-37 mmHg). No catastrophic failure of the cystectomy site was observed during leak testing. Intravesical pressure plateaued at a median of 52 mmHg (39-73 mmHg), which was a median of 13 mmHg (8-23 mmHg) higher than intravesical pressure at initial leakage. The median total volume infused at the time of plateau of intravesical pressure was 89 mL (58-133 mL). CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic stapled partial cystectomy was feasible in canine cadavers. Endoscopic GIA staplers appear to seal the canine urinary bladder with minimal leakage. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Use of an endoscopic GIA stapler may provide a minimally invasive option for partial cystectomy in dogs. Further evaluation for application to clinical cases is warranted.

Field outcomes of laparoscopic ovum pick-up combined with in vitro embryo production in sheep: Effects of long-acting recombinant ovine FSH pre-stimulation, collection frequency, and donor breed.

Laparoscopic ovum pick-up (LOPU) combined with in vitro embryo production (IVEP) is a technology platform that improves the utilization rate of the elite ewe's ovarian oocytes and increases the number of obtained offspring. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of FSH pre-stimulation, serial oocyte collection, and breed on LOPU-IVEP under field conditions. Donors were randomly assigned to five groups (group A: decreasing doses of pituitary FSH (p-FSH); group B: constant doses of p-FSH; group C: two doses of long-acting recombinant ovine FSH (ro-FSH); group D: single administration of a long-acting ro-FSH in; group E: no FSH stimulation). Oocyte yield following LOPU (average recovered oocytes: 20.9 ± 0.5; average viable oocytes: 17.2 ± 0.4) and oocyte developmental competence (average blastocysts: 7.0 ± 0.2) in group C were significantly better than these of group D and group E, and similar to these of groups A and B. Meanwhile, there were no differences in oocyte yield and developmental capacity using repeated LOPU session at 1-, 2-, and 3-month intervals (p > 0.05). Finally, we compared LOPU-IVEP outcomes among five sheep breeds. The results indicated that East Friesian × Chinese Mongolian crossbred sheep and purebred East Friesian sheep had the more recovered oocytes and viable oocytes compared with the Suffolk, Dorper, and Texel breeds, and average number of blastocysts in East Friesian × Chinese Mongolian sheep group was also highest among the groups (8.1 ±0.3, p < 0.05). In summary, the results of this study indicate long-acting ro-FSH pre-stimulation combined with 12 times LOPU sessions over one year maximizes embryo production of elite donor ewes under field conditions.

Laparoscopic partial pancreatectomy of the left limb using a harmonic scalpel in nine cats.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a laparoscopic technique and outcome for partial pancreatectomy in cats. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. ANIMALS: Nine cats. METHODS: Laparoscopic pancreatectomy was performed using a single incision laparoscopic surgery port and an additional 5.5 mm port. The left pancreatic limb was dissected, sealed and divided at the level of the splenic vein insertion to the portal vein using a harmonic device. Surgical time and complications were recorded. The weight and length of the resected pancreatic limb was recorded. Pre- and postoperative trypsin-like immunoreactivity (TLI), pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (PLI), and hemoglobin A1C were documented. RESULTS: Laparoscopic partial pancreatectomy was performed successfully in all cats. One grade 1 intraoperative complication occurred (1/9; 11%) resulting in minor hemorrhage from a caudal splenic vein branch. A grade 2 postoperative complication occurred within 3 days after surgery in one cat (1/9; 11%), involving localized, sterile peritonitis in the region of the pancreatic angle. Signs resolved with conservative management. No cats exhibited signs of pancreatitis postoperatively. Long-term, mean TLI decreased by 37% ± 38% (p = .03) following partial pancreatectomy, while PLI and A1C were unchanged. All cats were alive and clinically well at last follow-up 250 to 446 days following surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic partial pancreatectomy using a harmonic device is effective in cats, and offers a minimally-invasive alternative to open surgical pancreatectomy techniques. Laparoscopic pancreatectomy of the left limb results in adequate exocrine and endocrine function in the long-term.

Comparison of the diagnostic yield of 3 and 5 mm laparoscopic liver biopsy forceps in cats.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether 3 and 5 mm laparoscopic cup biopsy forceps provide samples of equivalent diagnostic quality in cats. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental study. ANIMALS: Twelve colony cats undergoing a concurrent nutrition study. METHODS: Two biopsy forceps (3 and 5 mm) and three biopsy techniques (twist, pull, and twist + pull) were used to collect 68 laparoscopic liver samples. Biopsies were performed consecutively with the 3 and 5 mm biopsy sites adjacent to each other. Data analyzed included the number of portal triads and hepatic lobules, tissue crush and fragmentation, overall sample area (mm2 ), sample weight, and agreement regarding morphologic diagnosis. RESULTS: The 5 mm forceps provided more hepatic lobules, portal triads, and a larger tissue weight and histologic area (mm2 ) (p < .01). The twist and pull techniques provide more hepatic lobules and portal triads compared to the twist + pull technique while the twist + pull technique resulted in greater tissue crush compared to the twist technique (p = .0097). There was good agreement for morphological diagnosis between the 3 and 5 mm samples using the twist + pull technique but not for the twist or pull techniques. CONCLUSION: Liver samples can be safely collected with 3 or 5 mm laparoscopic biopsy forceps and provide sufficient tissue for histopathology analysis in cats, with minimal artifact. The diagnostic accuracy of 3 mm samples remains unknown. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Although 3 mm laparoscopic cup biopsy forceps provided samples of sufficient diagnostic quality for histopathologic interpretation in cats, further studies are required to assess their diagnostic accuracy.

Comparison of two advanced bipolar tissue sealer/dividers for laparoscopic ovariectomy in dogs: articulating enseal G2 versus Ligasure Maryland device.

BACKGROUND: Advanced bipolar tissue sealer/dividers provide the most reliable and efficient means of tissue dissection and blood vessel sealing in laparoscopic surgery and the techniques are continuously improved. In veterinary practice, cost-effectiveness is of major impact, leading to re-use of instruments designed and sold for single use. Two high-end devices were evaluated and compared in a highly standardized laparoscopic ovariectomy procedure in dogs: The new generation Ligasure Maryland Sealer/Divider (LMSD) with improved atraumatic curved jaw shape for delicate tissue handling and dissection and non-stick nanocoating, and the new-generation Articulating Enseal G2 (AENG2) with several proclaimed features improving surgical performance, including articulation of the forceps tip; improved tissue compression during sealing; unique offset electrode configuration; and specific nanoparticle coating minimizing thermal spread and tissue sticking. Twenty-one client-owned dogs admitted for elective laparoscopic ovariectomy were randomly assigned to one of two groups: ovariectomy using AENG2 on the left ovary and LMSD in the right ovary or vice-versa. Procedural video recordings were used to assess ovarian ligament fat score, smoke formation, occurrence of bleeding, and excision duration. Excised tissues were examined histopathologically and collateral thermal damage was scored in three anatomic zones: suspensory ligament, vascular pedicle, and uterine junction. Tissue sealers were used repeatedly following standardized cleaning protocol with instrument washing machine and ethylene oxide gas sterilization and the number of uses until device failure was recorded. RESULTS: Excision times were significantly increased for AENG2 (median 01:35 min) compared to LMSD (median 01:00 min). Minor hemorrhage from incomplete sealing occurred in 3 sites in 2 patients (2x AENG2, 1x LMSD) and was not significantly different between groups. Smoke production as scored on videos and thermal tissue damage scores on histopathology also did not differ between AENG2 and LMSD. Both vessel sealers could be re-used repeatedly. CONCLUSION: AENG2 provides a good alternative to LMSD in laparoscopic ovariectomy, with only minor differences in measured variables. Subjectively, the articulating feature of AENG2 did not improve surgical performance in laparoscopic ovariectomy and the use of LMSD appeared more straight-forward for this specific procedure. However, differences in operating these devices may be subject to personal preference.

A protocol for creating endometriosis in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).

BACKGROUND: Endometriosis is the presence of endometrium-like tissue outside the uterine cavity. An experimental model of endometriosis has been created in the baboon by the transcervical collection and laparoscopic inoculation of menstrual endometrium. Macaques are the preferred model for pharmaceutical development, but the complex anatomy of the macaque cervix makes the baboon method impractical. In this work, we sought to validate a surgical approach for creating endometriosis in macaques. METHODS: Menstrual endometrium was collected via laparoscopic intrauterine puncture and transferred to the peritoneal cavity. We repeated this procedure during three menstruations. Endometriotic tissue was identified during laparoscopy, collected, and characterized by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Sham surgery-treated animals (n = 3) failed to develop endometriosis. We identified red, powder burnt, and white lesions in 13/14 of the treated animals; the stroma of the red lesions stained positive for ovarian steroid receptors. CONCLUSION: This surgical technique can reliably create hormone-responsive endometriosis in macaques for therapeutic studies.

Gastric perforation secondary to incarcerated para-esophageal hiatal hernia in a French bulldog.

A 6-month-old, intact female, French bulldog was presented to the Emergency Department for evaluation of vomiting and diarrhea over the preceding week which had not responded to supportive medical therapy. Imaging studies identified an incarcerated para-esophageal hernia with peritoneal effusion and gas consistent with gastrointestinal perforation. Following stabilization, the dog underwent an exploratory laparotomy which confirmed an incarcerated hiatal hernia and gastric perforation. A gastrectomy was performed to repair the defect, and to prevent recurrence both a herniorrhaphy and esophagopexy were performed. Post-operative care required treatment for septic shock including vasopressor and hydrocortisone infusions and plasma transfusions for colloidal support. The patient was successfully discharged 4 days after surgery. The histopathology results identified spiral bacteria consistent with Helicobacter spp. which was subsequently treated with oral antibiotics and a proton pump inhibitor. The dog has had no further gastrointestinal signs in the 90 days since surgery. Gastric perforation and peritonitis can occur secondary to an incarcerated esophageal hiatal hernia, and if treated promptly can result in a successful outcome. This case demonstrates a novel etiology of gastric perforation which may be associated with brachycephalic breeds.

Une femelle bouledogue français intacte de 6 mois a été présentée au service des urgences pour une évaluation des vomissements et de la diarrhée au cours de la semaine précédente qui n'avaient pas répondu à un traitement médical de soutien. Les études par imagerie ont identifié une hernie para-œsophagienne incarcérée avec un épanchement péritonéal et des gaz compatibles avec une perforation gastro-intestinale. Après stabilisation, la chienne a subi une laparotomie exploratoire qui a confirmé une hernie hiatale incarcérée et une perforation gastrique. Une gastrectomie a été réalisée pour réparer le défaut et pour prévenir les récidives, une herniorraphie et une œsophagopexie ont été réalisées. Les soins postopératoires ont nécessité un traitement pour choc septique comprenant des perfusions de vasopresseurs et d'hydrocortisone et des transfusions de plasma pour le soutien colloïdal. La patiente a obtenu son congé avec succès 4 jours après la chirurgie. Les résultats d'histopathologie ont identifié des bactéries en spirale compatibles avec Helicobacter spp. qui a ensuite été traité avec des antibiotiques oraux et un inhibiteur de la pompe à protons. La chienne n'a plus eu de signes gastro-intestinaux dans les 90 jours qui ont suivi la chirurgie.Une perforation gastrique et une péritonite peuvent survenir à la suite d'une hernie hiatale oesophagienne incarcérée et, si elles sont traitées rapidement, peuvent donner un résultat positif. Ce cas démontre une nouvelle étiologie de perforation gastrique qui peut être associée aux races brachycéphales.(Traduit par Docteur Serge Messier).