Acaricidal activity of the essential oils from Leptospermum scoparium, Origanum vulgare and Litsea cubeba on Rhipicephalus microplus: Influence of the solvents and search for fractions with higher bioactivity.

The use of natural products in research on tick control for Rhipicephalus microplus is increasing year by year, with promising results. In this regard, the aim of the present study was to phytochemically characterize the essential oils (EOs) of Leptospermum scoparium, Origanum vulgare and Litsea cubeba, and to evaluate the acaricidal activity of these EOs in solutions prepared using ethanol, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and Tween 80 on larvae and females of R. microplus. In addition, three L. scoparium fractions were also isolated and their acaricidal activity on these larvae and adult females was tested. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry results showed that cis-calamenene (29.82 %), carvacrol (64.85 %) and geranial (42.44 %) were the majority compounds of L. scoparium, O. vulgare and L. cubeba, respectively. Three fractions were isolated from L. scoparium: A1, rich in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, and A2 and A3, rich in ß-triketones. Bioassays on unfed larvae (immersion test) were performed using all the EOs at concentrations from 2.5 to 10.0 mg/mL; and using the three fractions obtained from L. scoparium EO at concentrations from 0.625 to 10 mg/mL. We observed 100 % mortality of larvae in all treatments with L. scoparium EO at all concentrations (diluted both in DMSO and in ethanol), and in treatments with O. vulgare EO diluted in DMSO. However, L. cubeba EO only gave rise to more than 99 % mortality at a concentration of 10 mg/mL, using the same solvents. For engorged females, the immersion test was performed at concentrations from 2.5 to 10.0 mg/mL. Percentage control greater than 90 % was observed only at the highest concentrations of L. scoparium and O. vulgare EOs diluted in DMSO and ethanol, while L. cubeba EO did not reach 90 % control in any of the treatments. In tests on L. scoparium fractions, larval mortality in the fractions rich in ß-triketones (A2 and A3) was above 97 % at a concentration of 2.5 mg/mL, while in the A1 fraction, rich in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, at the same concentration (2.5 mg/mL), mortality did not reach 22 %. In the adult immersion test, the percentage control was higher than 98 % at the lowest concentration (2.5 mg/mL) of the A1 fraction, while in the treatments with the fractions A2 and A3, the control levels were 16 and 50 %, respectively. Thus, we can conclude that the EOs of L. scoparium, O. vulgare and L. cubeba have acaricidal activity on R. microplus, as also do the fractions derived from L. scoparium EO.

Comparison of Manuka honey (Manuka Nd, G) and etacridine lactate (Rivanol) applications in the treatment of infected wounds in cat

Background: Ethacridine lactate (Rivanol) has been used as an antibacterial drug in the treatment of infected wounds formany years. Although Manuka honey has been used in the treatment of burns, ulcers and infected wounds in human medicine for many years, its use in veterinary medicine is new. Manuka honey has been found to provide rapid cicatrizationand lower chronic pain levels, to prevent bad odor, and has antibacterial properties. The aim of this study was to comparethe effects of Etacridine lactate and Manuka honey in the treatment of infected wounds in cats.Materials, Methods & Results: In this study, 32 cats, with infected wounds in different areas on their body, were used.Cats were divided into two groups. The Rivanol group (n = 16) consisted of 6 female and 10 male cats aged 4 ± 3 yearsfrom different breeds and in several weights. Manuka group (n = 16) consisted of 7 male and 9 female cats of differentbreeds and weight and aged 4 ± 2 years. Rivanol was applied to the first group and Manuka honey (Manuka Nd, G) wasapplied to the second group. First measurements were recorded after the surgical debridement of the wound area. Fourmeasurements were made every 3 days. The size (length - width) of the wounds was measured and recorded. ParenteralMarbofloxacin was administered orally in all cases. In order to prevent the contact of the cases with the dressing, the collar was worn. In the Rivanol group, when the first measurement values (length: 4.29 ± 2.78 cm, width: 2.13 ± 0.58 cm)and the 4th measurement values (length: 2.21 ± 1.37 cm, width: 1.06 ± 0.41 cm) were compared, there was a decrease inthe wound size. In the Manuka group, when the first measurement values (length 2.84 ± 1.51 cm, width: 2.01 ± 1.03cm)and the 4th measurement values (length: 1.42 ± 1.10 cm, width: 0.90 ± 0.72cm) were compared, the wound sizes werediminished as in the Rivanol group. In all measurement...(AU)

Comparison of Manuka honey (Manuka Nd, G) and etacridine lactate (Rivanol) applications in the treatment of infected wounds in cat

Background: Ethacridine lactate (Rivanol) has been used as an antibacterial drug in the treatment of infected wounds formany years. Although Manuka honey has been used in the treatment of burns, ulcers and infected wounds in human medicine for many years, its use in veterinary medicine is new. Manuka honey has been found to provide rapid cicatrizationand lower chronic pain levels, to prevent bad odor, and has antibacterial properties. The aim of this study was to comparethe effects of Etacridine lactate and Manuka honey in the treatment of infected wounds in cats.Materials, Methods & Results: In this study, 32 cats, with infected wounds in different areas on their body, were used.Cats were divided into two groups. The Rivanol group (n = 16) consisted of 6 female and 10 male cats aged 4 ± 3 yearsfrom different breeds and in several weights. Manuka group (n = 16) consisted of 7 male and 9 female cats of differentbreeds and weight and aged 4 ± 2 years. Rivanol was applied to the first group and Manuka honey (Manuka Nd, G) wasapplied to the second group. First measurements were recorded after the surgical debridement of the wound area. Fourmeasurements were made every 3 days. The size (length - width) of the wounds was measured and recorded. ParenteralMarbofloxacin was administered orally in all cases. In order to prevent the contact of the cases with the dressing, the collar was worn. In the Rivanol group, when the first measurement values (length: 4.29 ± 2.78 cm, width: 2.13 ± 0.58 cm)and the 4th measurement values (length: 2.21 ± 1.37 cm, width: 1.06 ± 0.41 cm) were compared, there was a decrease inthe wound size. In the Manuka group, when the first measurement values (length 2.84 ± 1.51 cm, width: 2.01 ± 1.03cm)and the 4th measurement values (length: 1.42 ± 1.10 cm, width: 0.90 ± 0.72cm) were compared, the wound sizes werediminished as in the Rivanol group. In all measurement...

Uso da técnica dos “Três L’s” no tratamento de ferida cutânea / “Three-L” technique on the treatment of skin injuries in horses / Tecnica de “los tres L” en el tratamiento de heridas cutáneas en caballos

Os ferimentos de pele são frequentes no atendimento clínico de equinos e, com isso, encontram- se na literatura vários protocolos terapêuticos referentes ao seu tratamento. No entanto, em busca de técnicas que acelerem o reparo celular e que ainda promovam uma cicatrização de qualidade, a fisioterapia aliada ao manejo clínico tem apresentado grandes vantagens. O caso descrito neste trabalho relata a utilização da técnica dos “Três L's”, que representa a associação de um curativo de baixa fricção à aplicação da pomada à base de Leptospermum scoparium, seguida da laserterapia, em uma ferida de grande extensão na face de uma potra Quarto de Milha. O metilglioxal, componente da pomada, tem potente propriedade anti-inflamatória e antibacteriaria, além de promover um ambiente adequado para a cicatrização. Já a fotobioestimulação promovida pelo LASER tem relação direta com a síntese de ATP celular, na redução da fase inflamatória e estimulação da fase proliferativa. A associação destes métodos apresentou bom resultado no caso relatado.

Skin injuries are often present on the equine medicine routine, and several therapeutic protocols aiming their treatment are described in literature. However, new techniques able to accelerate tissue repair and improve healing quality are under constant investigation. Thus, physical therapy has been proven as an ally on multiple clinical approaches, resulting in many advantageous outcomes. This case report describes the use of the "three-L technique" on an extensive face wound of a Quarter Horse filly. This technique consists on associating, within a daily wound-dressing protocol, a low frequency ointment friction (with Leptospermum scoparium in its composition), followed by laser therapy. Methylglyoxal, one of the main components of the ointment used, has potent anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, added to its capability in promoting a proper healing environment. Photobiostimulation provided by LASER directly affects cellular ATP synthesis, also reducing the inflammatory phase and aiding in the proliferative phase stimulation. Association of the aforementioned methods presented positive outcomes on the present case report.

Heridas cutáneas son constantes en la rutina clínica en la medicina equina y diversos tratamientos son descritos en la literatura. Sin embargo, nuevas técnicas que puedan acelerar la reparación de tejidos y mejorar la cualidad de cicatrización son constantemente investigadas. De esta forma, la fisioterapia es un poderoso aliado en el enfoque clínico, con resultados provechosos. Este informe de caso describe el uso de la técnica de “los tres L” en el tratamiento de una herida muy grande en la cara de una potra Cuarto de Milla. La técnica consiste en la asociación de una fricción de baja frecuencia con pomada a base de Leptospermum scoparium, con consecutiva aplicación de laserterapia. El metilglioxal, componente de la pomada, ejerce un potente efecto anti-inflamatorio e anti-bacteriano, además de promocionar un entorno favorable por la cicatrización. La fotobioestimulación fomentada por elLASER afecta directamente la síntesis de ATp, con la reducción de la fase inflamatoria y la estimulación de la fase proliferativa. La asociación de los métodos supra mencionados tuviera resultados positivos en el presente informe de caso.

Uso da técnica dos “Três Ls” no tratamento de ferida cutânea / “Three-L” technique on the treatment of skin injuries in horses / Tecnica de “los tres L” en el tratamiento de heridas cutáneas en caballos

Os ferimentos de pele são frequentes no atendimento clínico de equinos e, com isso, encontram- se na literatura vários protocolos terapêuticos referentes ao seu tratamento. No entanto, em busca de técnicas que acelerem o reparo celular e que ainda promovam uma cicatrização de qualidade, a fisioterapia aliada ao manejo clínico tem apresentado grandes vantagens. O caso descrito neste trabalho relata a utilização da técnica dos “Três L's”, que representa a associação de um curativo de baixa fricção à aplicação da pomada à base de Leptospermum scoparium, seguida da laserterapia, em uma ferida de grande extensão na face de uma potra Quarto de Milha. O metilglioxal, componente da pomada, tem potente propriedade anti-inflamatória e antibacteriaria, além de promover um ambiente adequado para a cicatrização. Já a fotobioestimulação promovida pelo LASER tem relação direta com a síntese de ATP celular, na redução da fase inflamatória e estimulação da fase proliferativa. A associação destes métodos apresentou bom resultado no caso relatado.(AU)

Skin injuries are often present on the equine medicine routine, and several therapeutic protocols aiming their treatment are described in literature. However, new techniques able to accelerate tissue repair and improve healing quality are under constant investigation. Thus, physical therapy has been proven as an ally on multiple clinical approaches, resulting in many advantageous outcomes. This case report describes the use of the "three-L technique" on an extensive face wound of a Quarter Horse filly. This technique consists on associating, within a daily wound-dressing protocol, a low frequency ointment friction (with Leptospermum scoparium in its composition), followed by laser therapy. Methylglyoxal, one of the main components of the ointment used, has potent anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, added to its capability in promoting a proper healing environment. Photobiostimulation provided by LASER directly affects cellular ATP synthesis, also reducing the inflammatory phase and aiding in the proliferative phase stimulation. Association of the aforementioned methods presented positive outcomes on the present case report.(AU)

Heridas cutáneas son constantes en la rutina clínica en la medicina equina y diversos tratamientos son descritos en la literatura. Sin embargo, nuevas técnicas que puedan acelerar la reparación de tejidos y mejorar la cualidad de cicatrización son constantemente investigadas. De esta forma, la fisioterapia es un poderoso aliado en el enfoque clínico, con resultados provechosos. Este informe de caso describe el uso de la técnica de “los tres L” en el tratamiento de una herida muy grande en la cara de una potra Cuarto de Milla. La técnica consiste en la asociación de una fricción de baja frecuencia con pomada a base de Leptospermum scoparium, con consecutiva aplicación de laserterapia. El metilglioxal, componente de la pomada, ejerce un potente efecto anti-inflamatorio e anti-bacteriano, además de promocionar un entorno favorable por la cicatrización. La fotobioestimulación fomentada por elLASER afecta directamente la síntesis de ATp, con la reducción de la fase inflamatoria y la estimulación de la fase proliferativa. La asociación de los métodos supra mencionados tuviera resultados positivos en el presente informe de caso.(AU)

Manuka honey protects middle-aged rats from oxidative damage.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the effect of manuka honey on the oxidative status of middle-aged rats. METHOD: Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into young (2 months) and middle-aged (9 months) groups. They were further divided into two groups each, which were either fed with plain water (control) or supplemented with 2.5 g/kg body weight of manuka honey for 30 days. The DNA damage level was determined via the comet assay, the plasma malondialdehyde level was determined using high performance liquid chromatography, and the antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase) were determined spectrophotometrically in the erythrocytes and liver. The antioxidant activities were measured using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and ferric reducing/antioxidant power assays, and the total phenolic content of the manuka was analyzed using UV spectrophotometry and the Folin-Ciocalteu method, respectively. RESULTS: Supplementation with manuka honey reduced the level of DNA damage, the malondialdehyde level and the glutathione peroxidase activity in the liver of both the young and middle-aged groups. However, the glutathione peroxidase activity was increased in the erythrocytes of middle-aged rats given manuka honey supplementation. The catalase activity was reduced in the liver and erythrocytes of both young and middle-aged rats given supplementation. Manuka honey was found to have antioxidant activity and to have a high total phenolic content. These findings showed a strong correlation between the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. CONCLUSIONS: Manuka honey reduces oxidative damage in young and middle-aged rats; this effect could be mediated through the modulation of its antioxidant enzyme activities and its high total phenolic content. Manuka honey can be used as an alternative supplement at an early age to improve the oxidative status.

Manuka honey protects middle-aged rats from oxidative damage

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the effect of manuka honey on the oxidative status of middle-aged rats. METHOD: Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into young (2 months) and middle-aged (9 months) groups. They were further divided into two groups each, which were either fed with plain water (control) or supplemented with 2.5 g/kg body weight of manuka honey for 30 days. The DNA damage level was determined via the comet assay, the plasma malondialdehyde level was determined using high performance liquid chromatography, and the antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase) were determined spectrophotometrically in the erythrocytes and liver. The antioxidant activities were measured using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and ferric reducing/antioxidant power assays, and the total phenolic content of the manuka was analyzed using UV spectrophotometry and the Folin-Ciocalteu method, respectively. RESULTS: Supplementation with manuka honey reduced the level of DNA damage, the malondialdehyde level and the glutathione peroxidase activity in the liver of both the young and middle-aged groups. However, the glutathione peroxidase activity was increased in the erythrocytes of middle-aged rats given manuka honey supplementation. The catalase activity was reduced in the liver and erythrocytes of both young and middle-aged rats given supplementation. Manuka honey was found to have antioxidant activity and to have a high total phenolic content. These findings showed a strong correlation between the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. CONCLUSIONS: Manuka honey reduces oxidative damage in young and middle-aged rats; this effect could be mediated through the modulation of its antioxidant enzyme activities and its high total phenolic content. Manuka honey can be used as an alternative supplement at an early age to improve the oxidative status. .

Seasonal variation in the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of volatile oils of three species of Leptospermum (Myrtaceae) grown in Brazil.

This study investigates the seasonal variation of three species of Leptospermum (Myrtaceae) grown in Brazil. The chemical composition of the volatile oils of L. flavescens and L. petersonii did not show any significant seasonal variation in the major components, while for Leptospermum madidum subsp. sativum the levels of major constituents of the volatile oils varied with the harvest season. Major fluctuations in the composition of L. madidum subsp. sativum oil included α-pinene (0-15.2%), ß-pinene (0.3-18.5%), α-humulene (0.8-30%), 1,8-cineole (0.4-7.1%) and E-caryophyllene (0.4-11.9%). Levels of ß-pinene (0.3-5.6%), terpinen-4-ol (4.7-7.2%) and nerolidol (55.1-67.6%) fluctuated seasonally in the L. flavescens oil. In L. petersonii, changes were noted for geranial (29.8-32.8%), citronellal (26.5-33.9%) and neral (22.7-23.5%). The activity of the volatile oils against the tested bacteria differed, depending on season the oils were obtained. In general, the volatile oils were more active against Gram-positive bacteria.