On Kidney and Bladder Diseases in Nuzhat al-adhhan fi islah al-abdan by Physician Dawud b. 'Umar al-Antaki.

OBJECTIVES: Dawud b. 'Umar al-Antaki, known as the Avicenna of his time, was an Ottoman physician and scholar who wrote medical texts in Arabic in the 16th century. He was taught by an Iranian medical scholar, Muhammad Sharif, in the fields of logic, physical sciences, Greek, and medicine. After leaving Antioch, he traveled to Lebanon and then to Damascus, where he began writing his work, Tadhkiratu uli l-albab wa l-jami' li l-'ajab al-'ujab. Dawud b. 'Umar al-Antaki settled in Egypt, where he taught at the Zahiriyya Madrasa and practiced medicine before dying in Mecca in 1599. Here, we examined al-Antaki's writings on kidney and bladder diseases in his work Nuzhat al-adhhan fi islah al-abdan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We translated sections on kidney and bladder diseases into English and compared Ilter Uzel's copy of Nuzhat al-adhhan fi islah al-abdan with a printed copy. We compared the relevant sections of Nuzhat al-adhhan fi islah al-abdan with the relevant sections of other important works of al-Antaki, al-Nuzhat al-mubhija fi tashhidh al-adhhan wa ta'dil al-amzija, and Tadhkiratu uli l-albab wa l-jami' li l-'ajab al-'ujab. The similarities and differences between these works were revealed. RESULTS: Kidney and bladder diseases are briefly discussed in Nuzhat al-adhhan fi islah al-abdan under the headings "amrad al-kula wa l-mathana," "al-hisa," and "harqan al-bawl wa taqtiruhu." CONCLUSIONS: Issues concerning kidney and bladder diseases are addressed more briefly in Nuzhat al-adhhan fi islah al-abdan than in al-Nuzhat al-mubhija fi tashhidh al-adhhan wa ta'dil al-amzija. Tadhkiratu uli l-albab wa l-jami' li l-'ajab al-'ujab consists solely of kidney and bladder stones. When these works are combined, the information in them complements each other.

A Legacy of Scientific Racism: William Osler's "An Alabama Student".

William Osler's essay "An Alabama Student" made John Young Bassett (1804-1851) a widely admired avatar of idealism in medicine. However, Bassett fiercely attacked the idea that all humans are members of the same species (known as monogenesis) and asserted that Black inferiority was a justification for slavery. Antebellum physician-anthropologists bequeathed a legacy of scientific racism that in subtler forms still runs deep in American society, including in the field of medicine.

Legacy of Syriac-Aramaic Scholars in Transmitting Neurosurgical Knowledge Between Antiquity and the Middle Ages.

The link between ancient Greek medicine and the Arabic translation period in the 9th century cannot be understood without studying the contributions of Syriac scholars. With their mastery of Greek and the related Semitic languages of Syriac and Arabic, they initiated a scientific translation process with methods that prevail to this day. In this paper, we reviewed Hunayn Ibn Isshaq's Ten Treatises on the Eye to elucidate the original contributions of the Syriac physicians to the field of neurologic surgery. We analyzed the oldest known diagram of orbital anatomy along with Hunayn's genuine ideas on the optic nerve anatomy and pathology, optic chiasm, afferent pupillary reflex, and papilledema and venous congestion. We also reviewed the neurosurgical elements found in the Syriac Book of Medicines including the thought process in localizing neurologic deficits based on clinical experience and anatomic dissections and the earliest recorded description of brachial plexus pathology.

Kraepelin's Final Views on Dementia Praecox.

In 1921, at the age of 65, 6 years after completing the final edition of his textbook, 22 years after first proposing the concept of dementia praecox (DP), and 1 year before retiring from clinical work, Emil Kraepelin completed the last edition of his "Introduction to Clinical Psychiatry," which contained a mini-textbook for students, 10 pages of which were devoted to DP. This work also included a series of new detailed case histories, 3 of which examined DP. This neglected text represents a distillation of what Kraepelin judged, near the end of his long career, to be the essential features of DP. The relevant text and case histories are translated into English for the first time. Kraepelin did not define DP solely by its chronic course and poor prognosis, acknowledging that remissions and even full recovery might be possible. His clinical description emphasized the frequency of bizarre delusions and passivity symptoms. He recognized the heterogeneity of the clinical presentations, outlining 6 subtypes of DP, including dementia simplex, depressive and stuporous dementia, and an agitated and circular DP. Kraepelin's original concept of DP was not impervious to change and expanded somewhat, especially with the inclusion of Diem's concept of simple DP. He also reviews several contributions of Bleuler, including his concept "latent schizophrenia." He writes poignantly of the psychological consequences of DP. His 3 DP cases, for advanced students, included simple DP, "periodic catatonic," and "speech confusion."

De la razón moral a la de experto: discursos y prácticas sobre la salud en los manuales escolares del franquismo (1936-1975) / Da razão moral à especializada: discursos e práticas sobre saúde nos livros escolares de Franco (1936-1975) / From moral reason to expert reason: discourses and practices on health in Franco's school textbooks (1936-1975)

El propósito del presente trabajo es analizar la cultura de la salud promovida en las escuelas primarias españolas bajo el ideario del régimen franquista (1936-1975). Para ello, hemos indagado en los manuales escolares del periodo, recursos fundamentales en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, con los que se trató de modificar la conducta de la población en relación con la salud y la enfermedad. Desde un enfoque etnográfico hemos analizado tanto el discurso sobre las prácticas infantiles, como el ideario de cuerpo y salud promovido. Si bien, disciplina y control social propios del régimen dejaron su impronta en la salud enseñada, las transformaciones sociales y políticas lo fueron modulando hacia una noción de salud menos moralizadora pero más deudora del discurso experto. (AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a cultura da saúde promovida nas escolas primárias espanholas sob a ideologia do regime franquista (1936-1975). Para este fim, investigamos os livros escolares do período, recursos fundamentais no processo ensino-aprendizagem, que foram utilizados para tentar modificar o comportamento da população em relação à saúde e à doença. A partir de uma abordagem etnográfica, analisamos tanto o discurso sobre as práticas das crianças quanto à ideologia do corpo e da saúde promovida. Embora a disciplina e o controle social do regime tenham deixado sua marca na saúde ensinada, as transformações sociais e políticas o modulavam no sentido de uma noção menos moralizadora de saúde, mas mais endividada com o discurso dos especialistas. (AU)

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the culture of health promoted in Spanish primary schools under the ideology of the Franco regime (1936-1975). To this end, we have investigated the school textbooks of the period, fundamental resources in the teaching-learning process, which were used to try to modify the behaviour of the population in relation to health and illness. From an ethnographic approach, we have analysed both the discourse on children's practices and the ideology of body and health promoted. Although the regime's own discipline and social control left their mark on the health taught, social and political transformations gradually modulated it towards a less moralising notion of health that was more indebted to expert discourse. (AU)

El cólera-morbo asiático y sus interrogantes: Recomendaciones que en materia de cuidados Mateo Seoane envió desde su exilio (1832-1833) / The cholera-morbo Asian and its questions: Recommendations that in matters of care Mateo Seoane sent from his exile (1832-1833) / O cólera-morbo asiático e suas questões: Recomendações que em matéria de cuidado Mateo Seoane enviou de seu exílio (1832-1833)

OBJETIVO: Se ha pretendido profundizar en los cuidados que se recomendaron por parte del autor durante la primera pandemia de cólera. MÉTODO: Se trata de un estudio histórico-social utilizándose para el desarrollo del mismo como "fuentes etnográficas" tres libros de Mateo Seoane. RESULTADOS: Se presenta al autor y su obra, su sensación subjetiva hacia la nueva enfermedad, el miedo al contagio por parte de los cuidadores, se describe la cama del enfermo y otros utensilios del cuidado, explica la sintomatología a cuidar en el enfermo de cólera, la sangría y otros elementos de la terapéutica, la utilización del baño dentro de los cuidados, así en qué consistían éstos durante la convalecencia. CONCLUSIONES: Se ha mostrado la enfermedad y principalmente sus cuidados, a través de los ojos de un cronista, testigo directo que la vivió y estudió. Presenta una enfermedad de fácil transmisión y diseminación, es decir, condiciones tales que le van a permitir expandirse de manera epidémica y pandémica. Puedo decir que he indagado en la cultura sanitaria en una época de crisis

OBJECTIVE: It has been tried to deepen the care that was recommended by the author during the first cholera pandemic. Method. This is a socio-historical study, using for its development as "ethnographic sources" three books by Mateo Seoane. RESULTS: The author and his work are presented, his subjective feeling towards the new disease, the fear of contagion on the part of the caregivers, the patient's bed and other care tools are described, explains the symptomatology to take care of in the cholera patient, the bleeding and other elements of the therapy, the use of the bathroom inside the cares, as well as what they consisted during the convalescence. CONCLUSIONS: The disease and mainly its care has been shown, through the eyes of a chronicler, a direct witness who lived and studied it. It presents a disease of easy transmission and dissemination, that is, conditions that will allow it to expand in an epidemic and pandemic manner. I can say that I have investigated health culture in a time of crisis

OBJETIVO: Foi tentado aprofundar o cuidado que foi recomendado pelo autor durante a primeira pandemia de cólera. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo sócio-histórico, utilizando para seu desenvolvimento como "fontes etnográficas" três livros de Mateo Seoane. RESULTADOS: O autor e seu trabalho são apresentados, seu sentimento subjetivo em relação à nova doença, o medo de contágio por parte dos cuidadores, o leito do paciente e outras ferramentas de cuidado são descritas, explica a sintomatologia para cuidar no paciente de cólera , o sangramento e outros elementos da terapia, o uso do banheiro dentro dos cuidados, bem como o que eles consistiram durante a convalescença. CONCLUSÕES: A doença e principalmente o seu cuidado demonstraram, através dos olhos de um cronista, uma testemunha direta que a viveu e estudou. Apresenta uma doença de fácil transmissão e disseminação, ou seja, condições que permitirão sua expansão de maneira epidêmica e pandêmica. Posso dizer que investiguei a cultura da saúde em tempos de crise

The Development of Kraepelin's Concept of Dementia Praecox: A Close Reading of Relevant Texts.

In 1893 and 1896, in his fourth and fifth textbook editions, Emil Kraepelin brought together 3 syndromes to form the first and second of his 2 prequels to dementia praecox (DP), a definitive version of which he would propose in his 1899 sixth textbook edition. These syndromes, which would become hebephrenic DP, catatonic DP, and paranoid DP, each had distinct histories. Hebephrenic DP was derived from syndromes first proposed by Hecker, and catatonic DP was derived from syndromes first proposed by Kahlbaum, and then both were substantially revised. Kraepelin created paranoid DP de novo from a division of his early broad delusional syndrome Verrücktheit, distinguishing it from paranoia. Two of these syndromes (catatonic DP and paranoid DP) were present in different forms in his earlier textbook editions, and 1 syndrome (hebephrenic DP) was not. In his 2 prequels, the 3 syndromes were listed together with a brief preface. In the sixth textbook edition, they became "clinical forms" of DP with a lengthy integrative introduction. Much more than in his prequels, in his sixth edition, Kraepelin stitched these 3 syndromes together, emphasizing their shared signs, symptoms, and course. Hebephrenia was the core of Kraepelin's DP concept, while the paranoid subtype fitted least comfortably within his framework. His term dementia was meant in a broad sense consistent with both short-term and rare long-term recoveries. Kraepelin was a pragmatist, not a purist, in his nosologic work and focused both on clinical features and course and outcome. He experimented with various nosologic categories, willing to revise earlier formulations in the light of new data. He was more tentative about his conclusions than many who followed him.

National Socialist Medical Literature and the Censorship Practices in the Soviet Occupation Zone and Early East German State.

This study examines how medical discourse and culture were affected by the denazification policies of the Soviet occupation authorities in East Germany. Examining medical textbooks in particular, it reveals how the production and dissemination of medical knowledge was subject to a complex process of negotiation among authors, publishers, and censorship officials. Drawing on primary-source material produced by censorship authorities that has not been rigorously examined to date, it reveals how knowledge production processes were structured by broader ideological and political imperatives. It thus sheds new light on a unique chapter in the history of censorship.

Skin and Disease in Early Modern Medicine: Jan Jessen's De cute, et cutaneis affectibus (1601).

This article examines skin and disease in early modern medicine through the writings of the little-known Bohemian physician Jan Jessen (1566-1621). In 1601, Jessen published De cute, et cutaneis affectibus, a set of twenty-one theses dedicated to the question of whether skin disease existed. In considering Jessen and his relationship to a broader world of writing, this article makes three arguments. First, it suggests that, contrary to existing historiography, the question of skin disease was a common sixteenth-century concern. Second, it posits a professional channel for this concern, which arose from surgery and disease, rather than from anatomy and physiology. Finally, rather than positioning Jessen at the forefront of discovery, I suggest his text functions as a representative case study. It allows us to see material change in medicine within a stable Galenic framework.

When and why was the phrenicoabdominal branch of the left phrenic nerve placed into the esophageal hiatus in German textbooks of anatomy? An anatomical study on 400 specimens reevaluating its course through the diaphragm.

BACKGROUND: The phrenicoabdominal branch of the left phrenic nerve passes between muscle fiber bundles within the costal part of the diaphragm near the pericardium. In most German textbooks of anatomy, however, its passage is described to be found in the esophageal hiatus. The aim of this study was to reevaluate its topography relative to the diaphragm in a multicentric study and to identify the initiation of this description. METHODS: In this multicentric study, the most dorsomedial branch of the left phrenic nerve was identified as the phrenicoabdominal branch in 400 embalmed anatomic specimens of Caucasian origin. The distance between its passage and the apex of the pericardium, the left border of the esophageal hiatus, and the inner aspect of the left sixth rib was measured on the cranial aspect of the diaphragm. Textbooks on human anatomy published in German language between 1700 and 2018 were reviewed for their description of the passage of the left phrenicoabdominal branch through the diaphragm. RESULTS: The first statement on the passage of the left phrenicoabdominal branch through the esophageal hiatus was given in 1791 by Sömmering. Since then, in German textbooks of anatomy, a duality in the description of the passage of the left phrenicoabdominal branch persists. In none of the individuals examined in this study, the left phrenicoabdominal branch passed through the esophageal hiatus. In 99.5% of all cases, it pierced the costal part of the diaphragm dorsal to or at the same level as the apex of the pericardium. The mean distances (standard deviations) were 3.4 (±1.5) cm to the apex of the pericardium, 5.8 (±2.2) cm to the esophageal hiatus, and 5.5 (±1.6) cm to the inner aspect of the left sixth rib. CONCLUSION: The findings on the position of the left phrenicoabdominal branch relative to the diaphragm help to improve topographical knowledge and prevent inadvertent nerve injury during surgical interventions on or near the diaphragm. Further to this, these results may form a substantial basis to adopt the correct description of the passage of the left phrenicoabdominal branch to anatomical textbook knowledge.

Fundamentos epistemológicos del cuidado de la persona en la obra El pedagogode Clemente de Alejandría / Epistemological foundations of the care of the person in the work The pedagogue of Clement of Alexandria / Fundamentos epistemológicos do cuidado da pessoa na obra O pedagogo de Clemente de Alexandria

INTRODUCCIÓN: El método de investigación histórico debe verse como una autorreflexión disciplinar de la conducta valorativa, teórica, práctica, que permite identificar el origen, la estructura, los métodos, la validez del conocimiento, y lo más importante, identifica la filosofía como la posibilidad más apropiada para conocercómo se genera el conocimiento: la epistemología. OBJETIVO PRINCIPAL: Interpretar los fundamentos epistemológicos del cuidado de la persona en la obra El pedagogo de Clemente de Alejandría. METODOLOGÍA: Método histórico-social de Thomás Samuel Kuhn; filosofía hermenéutica analógica como metodología para la interpretación por semejanzas semántica, etimológica, significación fenomenológica y metafórica. RESULTADOS PRINCIPALES: El cuidado de la persona en El pedagogo de Clemente de Alejandría se interpreta en una clasificación de tres dimensiones, distinguidas en los siguientes fundamentos epistemológicos: la enseñanza de un maestro como necesidad para la adquisición del cuidado; una naturaleza del ser del cuidado que coloca al fenómeno como concepto filosófico a partir de una idea de la preocupación de sí; tercero, principios de valor con forzosa tendencia hacia el bien. CONCLUSIÓN PRINCIPAL: De las dimensiones clasificadas subyacen tres premisas epistémicas: primero, una pedagogía del cuidado; segundo, el ser del cuidado en la preocupación de sí; tercero, la ética del cuidado de la persona con el cuidado de sí

INTRODUCTION: The historical research method must be a self-reflection discipline of the theoretical, practical, evaluative behavior that allows to identify the origin, the structure, the methods, the duration of the knowledge, and most importantly, to identify the philosophy as the possibility more appropriate to know how knowledge is generated: epistemology. MAIN OBJECTIVE: To interpret the epistemological foundations of the care of the person in the work The pedagogue of Clemente de Alejandría. METHODOLOGY: Historical - social method of Thomas Samuel Kuhn; Analogous hermeneutic philosophy as a methodology for interpretation by semantic, etymological, phenomenological and metaphorical meanings. MAIN RESULTS: The care of the person in The pedagogue of Clement of Alexandria It is interpreted in a classification of three dimensions, are distinguished in the following epistemological foundations: the teaching of a teacher as a need for the acquisition of care; a nature of the being of care that places the phenomenon as a philosophical concept based on an idea of self-concern; Third, principles of value with a forced tendency towards good. MAIN CONCLUSION: From the classified dimensions, three epistemic premises lie: first, a pedagogy of care; second, the being of care in self-concern; The ethics of caring for the person with self-care

INTRODUÇÃO: O método de pesquisa histórica deve ser visto como uma auto-reflexão disciplinar do comportamento teórico, prático e avaliativo que permite identificar a origem, estrutura, métodos, validade do conhecimento e, mais importante, identifica a filosofia como a possibilidade mais apropriado saber como o conhecimento é gerado: epistemologia. OBJETICO PRINCIPAL: Interpretar os fundamentos epistemológicos do cuidado da pessoa na obra O pedagogo de Clemente de Alejandría. METODOLOGIA: Método histórico-social de Thomas Samuel Kuhn; Filosofia hermenêutica analógica como metodologia de interpretação por significados semânticos, etimológicos, fenomenológicos e metafóricos. PRINCIPAIS RESULTADOS: O cuidado da pessoa no Pedagogo de Clemente de Alexandria é interpretado em uma classificação de três dimensões, distinguida nos seguintes fundamentos epistemológicos: o ensino de um professor como umanecessidade para a aquisição do cuidado;uma natureza de ser de cuidado que coloca ofenômeno como um conceito filosóficobaseado em uma ideia de auto-preocupação;terceiro, princípios de valor com umatendência forçada para o bem. CONCLUSÃO PRINCIPAL: Das dimensões classificadas, trêspremissas epistêmicas residem: primeiro,uma pedagogia do cuidado; segundo, o serde cuidado em auto-preocupação; terceiro, aética de cuidar da pessoa com autocuidado

Osler Centenary Papers: Osler, inscribed.

BACKGROUND: As the centenary of Sir William Osler's death approaches on 29 December 2019, it is worth pausing to reflect on the relationship between the Osler Library of the History of Medicine at McGill University and the image of William Osler, for the two are arguably inextricable. When Osler died he had not yet completed his library, yet his donation to McGill included nearly 8000 volumes that represented the foundations of western medicine. The Osler Library now boasts over 100 000 titles and is recognised globally as a centre for the study of medical history. METHODS: The approach taken here was to examine inscriptions in the books that William Osler bequeathed to the McGill Medical Facultyin order to learn more about William Osler, the man. RESULTS: By examining inscriptions William Osler and others made in his books, it was possible to learn more about how Osler interacted with his friends, his patients, and also his books. CONCLUSION: It is argued that these inscriptions are as instructive as they are enriching. They reveal information about Osler's priorities and his personal and professional relationships; future scholars will likely find it useful to examine inscriptions more broadly, to gain insight into such topics as the book trade and world events.

Osler Centenary Papers: William Osler in medical education.

William Osler combined many excellent characteristics of a clinical educator being a scientific scholar, a motivational speaker and writer and a proficient physician. As we celebrate his life a century on, many of his educational ideals are as pertinent today as they were in those Victorian times. Osler's contributions to modern medicine go beyond his legacy of quotable aphorisms to a doctor, educator and leader whose proponent use of bedside teaching, careful clinical methods, and clinicopathological correlation was a great inspiration for students and junior doctors. He was also a great advocate of patient-centred care-listening to and closely observing his patients, an important message for modern medicine as the reliance on investigations strains modern healthcare systems. This review of Osler's contribution to medical education summarises his development as an educator and provides reflection on his influences to modern clinical education.

Maligned for mathematics: Sir Thomas Urquhart and his Trissotetras.

Thomas Urquhart (1611-1660), celebrated for his English translation of Rabelais' Gargantua et Pantagruel, has earned some notoriety for his eccentric, putatively incomprehensible early book on trigonometry The Trissotetras (1645). The Trissotetras was too impractical to succeed in its own day as a textbook, since it lacked both trigonometric tables and sample calculations. But its current bad reputation is based on literary authors' amplifications of the verdict prefaced to its 19th century reprinting by one mathematician, William Wallace, who lacked the background to appreciate the book's historical context. Considering that context (including seventeenth century 'copious' prose, and medieval logic and 'art of memory'), the bad reputation is undeserved: the book is mathematically clear, clever (e.g. in superimposing 16 problems into one diagram), and complete. The Trissotetras may thus be viewed as simply one more of Urquhart's polymathic projects and involvements - which included education, rise of the middle class, religious and class conflicts, development of science and mathematics, search for patronage, universal language construction, and development of English prose - which serve to make him a lively and instructive intellectual Everyman for his time.