The Place of Religiosity and Spirituality in Frankl's Logotherapy: Distinguishing Salvific and Hygienic Objectives.

The relationship between psychology and religion has been widely debated in the field of psychology from its foundation as an empirical science to the present day. One author who was interested in the relationship between psychology and religion, the place of the latter in human nature, and its role in psychotherapy was the Viennese neurologist, psychiatrist, and philosopher Viktor Emil Frankl (1905-1997), the founder of logotherapy. This paper presents Frankl's main ideas about religion, the religious nature of the human being, and the relationship between religiosity, psychotherapy, and logotherapy, as well as a review of the main criticisms he has received in this regard. Frankl always defended the differences and limits between religion and psychotherapy, between the priestly cure of souls and the medical cure of souls, and between the salvific objective of religion and the hygienic objective of psychotherapy. In our opinion, critical authors have failed to appreciate Frankl's efforts to expose this distinction.

Aphasia improvement without logotherapy during motor neurorehabilitation of post-stroke hemiparesis using virtual reality or modified constraint-induced movement therapy: A retrospective cohort.

BACKGROUND: Some research suggests that post-stroke aphasia can recover "on its own", however, there is evidence of a common neural substrate for motor and language systems. We hypothesize, that motor neurorehabilitation of hemiparesis could be related to simultaneous improvement in aphasia. OBJECTIVE: To measure changes in post-stroke aphasia and its relation with hemiparesis treated with different therapies. METHODS: Database information (n = 32) on post-stroke hemiparesis (Fugl-Meyer Scale evaluated) managed with virtual reality (VR) versus modified constraint-induced movement therapy (mCIMT) or regular therapy (rPT/OT) was analyzed. None received logotherapy (LT) by appointment at four months. INCLUSION CRITERIA: < 3 months after the stroke, aphasia severe (Boston Aphasia Intensity Scale), and all three evaluations. RESULTS: Twenty-one patient records met inclusion criteria (71,4% women and mean age 66,67±3,13 years) who received VR, mCIMT, or rPT/OT (n = 6, 8, and 7, respectively). There was continuous intra-groups improvement in aphasia (p < 0.05), but inter-groups the greater aphasia recovery (p = 0.05) and hemiparesis (p = 0.02) were in VR, with a high correlation in evolution between them (r = 0.73; p = 0.047). CONCLUSION: High clinical correlation between aphasia, without LT, and hemiparesis evolution during motor neurorehabilitation would support common neural connections stimulation. We will conduct a clinical trial, with a larger sample size to contrast our hypothesis.

The effect of mobile-based logotherapy on depression, suicidal ideation, and hopelessness in patients with major depressive disorder: a mixed-methods study.

Major depressive disorder is one of the most common psychiatric disorders in the world. It is essential to study and use effective, available, and affordable psychotherapy methods along with drug therapy to manage the symptoms of this disease. Therefore, the current study aimed to determine the effect of mobile phone-based logotherapy on depression, suicidal ideation, and hopelessness in patients with major depressive disorder by using a mixed-methods approach. In the first phase of this mixed-methods study, 70 patients completed the quantitative phase (control group = 35, intervention group = 35). The intervention group received an 8-week mobile-based logotherapy program via WhatsApp (one 180-min module per week) combined with sertraline, while the control group received just sertraline plus education about pharmacotherapy. Data was collected before, immediately after the intervention, and 3 months later using the Beck depression inventory short form items (BDI-13), the Beck hopelessness scale (BHS), and the Beck scale for suicide ideation (BSSI). Then, a qualitative study on the intervention group was conducted to explain the findings of the quantitative phase. The repeated measure MANOVA revealed a significant interaction effect of time and group on the set of dependent variables (F(6,63) = 25.218, P < 0.001). Qualitative analysis confirmed the efficacy of sertraline plus mobile-based logotherapy on depression, suicidal ideation, and hopelessness in the intervention group. Three key themes extracted from the participants' experiences of mobile-based logotherapy were "efficient instruction", "user-friendly intervention" and "constructive change". Mobile-based logotherapy through WhatsApp was an effective psychotherapy method for decreasing depression, hopelessness, and suicidal ideation in patients with major depressive disorder. It is suggested that educational, institutional, and technological infrastructure for providing and using mobile-based logotheapy for patients with major depressive disorder be considered in the mental health care system.

The effect of logotherapy-based, nurse-guided meaning attribution conversations on women diagnosed with gynecologic cancer: A Turkish pilot study.

Although gynecological cancers are among the most common cancers worldwide, these diagnoses are among the most traumatic experiences in women's lives. This study aimed to examine the effects of logotherapy-based, nurse-guided meaning attribution conversations (MACs) on traumatic stress symptoms, post-traumatic growth, spiritual well-being, and life meaning attribution in gynecological cancer patients. This single-blind, randomized controlled trial consisted of face-to-face interviews with 68 women with gynecological cancer who received chemotherapy at Karadeniz Technical University Health Application And Research Center Farabi Hospital in 2019. Women in the intervention group underwent seven MAC sessions, whereas women in the control group only received routine nursing care. Data were collected using the Personal Information Form (PIF), the Traumatic Stress Symptom Scale (TSSS), the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), the Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ), and the Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS). Descriptive statistics and parametric and nonparametric tests (Mann - Whitney U-test, Friedman test, Chi-squared test, and Fisher's exact test) were used to analyze the data. The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05246462). We observed statistically significant differences in the post-intervention and follow-up mean TSSS, PTGI, and MLQ scores (p = .000) between groups. However, mean total SWBS scores were not significantly different between groups (p = .145). This study demonstrated that MACs decreased the traumatic stress symptoms of women with gynecological cancer and increased their post-traumatic growth and ability to attribute meaning to life, but did not affect their spiritual well-being.

Abordagem da espiritualidade na formação em saúde à luz da teoria de Viktor Frankl / El enfoque de la espiritualidad en la formación en salud a la luz de la teoría de Viktor Frankl / The approach to spirituality in health training in the light of Viktor Frankl's theory

Objetivo: refletir sobre a importância de agregar a espiritualidade na formação dos profissionais de saúde por meio dos aspectos basilares da teoria de Viktor Frankl. Método: trata-se de uma reflexão teórica a partir de Viktor Frankl, discutindo sobre a importância de agregar a espiritualidade na formação dos profissionais de saúde. Resultados: Frankl propõe que o homem é um ser dotado de valores criativos, vivenciais e atitudinais, os quais implicam em processos de devoção dos indivíduos a algo maior que si, especialmente, pela superação das adversidades da vida por meio da conquista de um sentido maior. A espiritualidade é característica central dessa visão, conferindo a autotranscedência, ficando claro a importância de inserir essa dimensão na formação em saúde. Conclusão: A importância de organizar a formação dos profissionais de saúde a partir da inclusão da espiritualidade, segundo os postulados teóricos de Frankl, decorre da necessidade de ir além dos estudos disciplinares e fragmentados das graduações, promovendo uma formação humana e integrativa, que inclua reflexões acerca da própria espiritualidade do profissional, bem como daqueles aos quais este assiste.

Objective: to reflect on the importance of adding spirituality in the training of health professionals through the basic aspects of Viktor Frankl's theory. Methodology: This is a theoretical reflection based on Viktor Frankl, discussing the presence of adding spirituality in the training of health professionals. Results: Frankl defines that man is a being of creative, experiential and attitudinal values, which imply, through the individual, to devote himself to something greater than himself, especially, by overcoming life in the conquest of a meaning. Spirituality is a central feature of this vision, conferring a self-transcendence, making it clear the importance of including this dimension in health education. Conclusion: The importance of organizing the training of health professionals based on the inclusion of spirituality, according to Frankl's theoretical postulates, according to the theoretical postulates of the need to go disciplinary and fragmented of the graduations, promoting a human and integrative formation, which include about of the professional's own spirituality, as well as those who assist.

Objetivo: reflexionar sobre la importancia de sumar la espiritualidad en la formación de los profesionales de la salud a través de los aspectos básicos de la teoría de Viktor Frankl. Metodología: Se trata de una reflexión teórica basada en Viktor Frankl, discutiendo la presencia de la incorporación de la espiritualidad en la formación de profesionales de la salud. Resultados: Frankl define que el hombre es un ser de valores creativos, experienciales y actitudinales, que implican, a través del individuo, entregarse a algo más grande que él mismo, especialmente, por la superación de la vida en la conquista de un sentido. La espiritualidad es un rasgo central de esta visión, confiriendo una autotrascendencia, dejando clara la importancia de incluir esta dimensión en la educación para la salud. Conclusión: La importancia de organizar la formación de los profesionales de la salud a partir de la inclusión de la espiritualidad, según los postulados teóricos de Frankl, según los postulados teóricos de la necesidad de ir disciplinado y fragmentado de las graduaciones, promoviendo una formación humana e integradora, que incluyen de la propia espiritualidad del profesional, así como de los que lo asisten.

The effects of virtual logotherapy on health-promoting lifestyle among single-parent adolescent girls during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: a randomized clinical trial.

Single-parent adolescents are vulnerable individuals and it is necessary to improve their health, particularly during epidemics. This study aimed to investigate the effects of virtual logotherapy (VL) on health-promoting lifestyle (HPL) among single-parent adolescent girls during the COVID-19 pandemic. This single-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted on 88 single-parent adolescent girls recruited from the support organization for vulnerable individuals in Tehran, Iran. They were randomly allocated to a control and an intervention group through block randomization. Participants in the intervention group received VL in three-five person groups in 90 min biweekly sessions. The Adolescent Health Promotion Short-Form was used to assess HPL. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software (v. 26.0) and through the independent-sample t, Chi-square, Fisher's exact, and Mann-Whitney U tests. There was no significant difference between the intervention and the control groups respecting the pretest mean score of HPL (73.58±16.74 vs. 72.80±9.30; P=0.085). However, the posttest mean score of HPL in the intervention group (82 with an interquartile range of 78-90) was significantly more than the control group (71.50 with an interquartile range of 63.25-84.50) (P=0.001). Moreover, after adjusting the effects of the significant between-group differences respecting pretest mean scores, the pretest-posttest differences of the mean scores of HPL and all its dimensions in the intervention group were significantly more than the control group (P<0.05). VL is effective in significantly improving HPL among single-parent adolescent girls. Healthcare authorities are recommended to use VL for health promotion among single-parent adolescents.Trial registrationThis research was registered (17/05/2020) in the www.thaiclinicaltrials.org with registration number: TCTR20200517001.

Effect of Group Logotherapy on Anxiety About Death and Existential Loneliness in Patients With Advanced Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Although logotherapy has been shown to relieve other psychological symptoms of patients with cancer, no studies have specifically investigated the effect of logotherapy on anxiety about death and existential loneliness in these patients. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of group logotherapy on anxiety about death and existential loneliness in patients with advanced cancer. METHODS: Sixty-three patients who were in the advanced stage of cancer were recruited from 2 hospital oncology services and were randomly assigned to either experimental (n = 31) or control group (n = 32). The intervention group received 10 weekly 2-hour group logotherapy. Templer's Death Anxiety Scale and ELQ were completed pre- and posttreatment. RESULTS: A 2 × 2 mixed analysis of variance was used to determine the effect of the treatment on each of the dependent variables. The analyses revealed that patients in the logotherapy group reported a significant decrease in anxiety about death and existential loneliness after (vs before) the treatment. No significant decreases were observed in the waitlist control group. CONCLUSIONS: These results have implications for treating death anxiety and feelings of existential loneliness among patients with advanced cancer. They suggest that group logotherapy is highly effective in reducing these existential concerns. Limitations and avenues for future research are discussed. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The study emphasizes that group logotherapy can be considered in oncology care programs by healthcare professionals and in educational curriculums and is suggested for use among caregivers and patients with advanced cancer.

Intervention group logotherapy and performance measures for reducing phubbing in Generation Z / Logoterapia de grupo de intervenção e medidas de desempenho para redução do phubbing na Geração Z

Objective This study aims to explore in-depth how to apply logotherapy to people with phubbing. Methods The research methodology uses with mixed methods, a sequential approach used in this study for handling the phubbing population is 110 students. Samples taken by purposive sampling with attention to the range aged 10-25 years, and the research sample obtains as many as 16 students. The sample was determined based on the scale analysis results and recommendations from the school - research data from research instruments in observation sheets and qualitative data interviews. A Phubbing scale was used to get quantitative data. Results The results of the study showed that there were better changes as evidenced by changes in phubbing scale scores before and after being given treatment. Conclusion The study's conclusion shows that Logotherapy Counseling effectively reduces phubbing in Generation Z.

Objetivo Este estudo tem como objetivo explorar em profundidade como aplicar a logoterapia a pessoas que são praticantes de phubbing. Método A metodologia da pesquisa dispõe de métodos mistos, com uma abordagem sequencial em uma população de 110 estudantes praticantes de phubbing. As amostras foram obtidas por amostragem proposital, respeitando uma faixa etária de 10 a 25 anos, resultando em 16 estudantes. A amostra foi determinada com base nos resultados da análise da escala de phubbing, usada para obtenção de dados quantitativos, e nas recomendações da escola - dados provenientes de instrumentos de pesquisa em fichas de observação e entrevistas de dados qualitativos. Resultados Os resultados do estudo mostraram que houve melhorias, como evidenciado pelas mudanças na pontuação da escala de phubbing antes e depois de receber o tratamento. Conclusão Concluímos que a Logoterapia reduz efetivamente o phubbing na Geração Z.

Autonomia em demência avançada e estados vegetativos permanentes na iminência de morte / Autonomía en demencia avanzada y estados vegetativos permanentes al borde de la muerte / Autonomy in advanced dementia and permanent vegetative states in imminent death

RESUMO. A autonomia privada existencial, como expressão da dignidade da pessoa humana, representa para o indivíduo a possibilidade de agir em conformidade com valores e significados eleitos essenciais na elaboração do seu projeto de vida. Neste estudo, seus autores, dois terapeutas ocupacionais, dois advogados e uma psicóloga, somam saberes e dialogam com intuito de demarcar a relevância da autonomia privada existencial nas condições de demência avançada, nos estados vegetativos permanentes e na iminência de morte. Na tarefa a que se propõem, os autores ponderam sobre suas experimentações e interlocuções enquanto profissionais de formação acadêmica diversificada, inclinados a ofertar espaços para comunicar vida e acolher dores. São apresentadas e discutidas as bases jurídicas da autonomia privada, assim como os pressupostos da Logoterapia de Viktor Frankl em defesa da liberdade de vontade e da dignidade no final da vida.

RESUMEN La autonomía existencial privada, como expresión de la dignidad de la persona humana, representa para el individuo la posibilidad de actuar de acuerdo con valores y significados elegidos esenciales en la elaboración de su proyecto de vida. En este estudio, sus autores, dos terapeutas ocupacionales, dos abogados y un psicólogo suman conocimiento y diálogo con el fin de demarcar la relevancia de la autonomía privada existencial en condiciones de demencia avanzada, en estados vegetativos permanentes y muerte inminente. En la tarea que proponen, los autores reflexionan sobre sus vivencias e interlocuciones como profesionales con una formación académica diversificada, inclinados a ofrecer espacios para comunicar la vida y acoger el dolor. Se presentan y discuten las bases legales de la autonomía privada, así como los supuestos de la Logoterapia de Viktor Frankl en defensa de la libertad de voluntad y dignidad al final de la vida.

ABSTRACT. Existential private autonomy, as an expression of the dignity of the human person, represents for the individual the possibility of acting in accordance with essential values and meanings for elaboration of their life project. The authors of this study, two occupational therapists, two lawyers and a psychologist gather their knowledge and dialogue to demarcate the relevance of existential private autonomy in conditions of advanced dementia, in permanent vegetative states and imminent death. In the task proposed, the authors pondered over their experiences and dialogues as professionals with a diversified academic background, inclined to provide spaces to communicate life and welcome pain. The legal bases of private autonomy are presented and discussed, as well as the assumptions of Viktor Frankl's Logotherapy in defense of freedom of will and dignity at the end of life.

Effectiveness of logotherapy and nutrition counseling on psychological status, quality of life, and dietary intake among breast cancer survivors with depressive disorder: a randomized clinical trial.

Breast cancer (BC) can negatively influence multiple facets of survivors' lives including mental health, quality of life (QoL), and dietary behavior. Logotherapy as a psycho-education program may help breast cancer survivors (BCSs) discover their meaning of life throughout distressful events. The present study aimed to determine the effects of logotherapy along with nutrition counseling on psychological status, QoL, and dietary intake among BCSs who were diagnosed with depression.This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 90 BCSs who scored ≥ 14 on Beck's depression test. Participants were randomly assigned into two groups to receive nutrition counseling plus logotherapy (n = 46) or nutrition counseling alone (n = 44) for 8 weeks. Primary outcomes (depression, anxiety, and QoL) and secondary outcomes (anthropometric indices, dietary intake, and eating disorder status) were measured at baseline and after 8 weeks.All dimensions of QoL, anthropometric measurements, and the compulsive eating scale improved significantly in both groups after 8 weeks. A combination of nutrition counseling and logotherapy resulted in a significant reduction in anxiety (P < 0.001) and depression (P < 0.001) scores compared with the nutrition counseling alone. In addition, participants who received logotherapy plus nutrition counseling significantly consumed less energy, carbohydrate, and fat intake after 8 weeks compared with the control group (P < 0.001).It can be concluded that logotherapy along with nutrition education would be an important step in improving anxiety, depression, and QoL of patients with BC who had depressive symptoms.Trial registration number: (IR.ACECR.IBCRC.REC.1396.17).

Sentido de vida e saúde mental em professores: uma revisão integrativa / Meaning in life and mental health at teachers: an integrative review / Sentido de vida y salud mental en docentes: una revisión integradora

RESUMO A presente revisão integrativa da literatura tem por objetivo investigar a relação entre sentido de vida (SV) e saúde mental em professores. As bases de dados acessadas para a busca das evidências foram: Web of Science - Coleção Principal, ERIC (ProQuest), PsycINFO, Scopus, SciELO e PePSIC. O período de publicação dos artigos abrangidos foi de janeiro de 2000 a dezembro de 2020 para responder à questão norteadora: Como a relação entre sentido de vida e a saúde mental em professores é abordada na literatura científica? Dos sete artigos recuperados, verificou-se que o sentido de vida está associado negativamente com síndrome de burnout e estresse percebido e proporciona melhores índices de funcionamento psicológico e de satisfação vital em docentes.

ABSTRACT This integrative literature review aimed to investigate the relationship between the meaning of life and mental health in teachers. The database accessed for the search for evidence was: Web of Science - Main Collection, ERIC (ProQuest), PsycINFO, SciELO, and PePSIC. The articles covered were from January 2000 to December 2020 to answer the following guiding question: How is the relationship between the meaning of life and mental health in teachers addressed in the scientific literature? Of the seven selected articles, we found that the meaning of life is negatively associated with burnout syndrome and perceived stress and provides better rates of psychological functioning and vital satisfaction at teachers.

RESUMEN La presente revisión de literatura integradora tuvo como objetivo investigar la relación entre el sentido de la vida y la salud mental en los docentes. Las bases de datos a los que se accedió para buscar evidencia fueron: Web of Science - Main Collection, ERIC (ProQuest), PsycINFO, Scopus, SciELO y PePSIC. El período de publicación de los artículos fue de enero de 2000 a diciembre de 2020 para dar respuesta a la pregunta orientadora: ¿Cómo se aborda en la literatura científica la relación entre el sentido de la vida y la salud mental en los docentes? De los siete artículos seleccionados, se encontró que el sentido de la vida está asociado negativamente con el síndrome de quemarse y el estrés percibido y proporciona mejores índices de funcionamiento psicológico y satisfacción vital en profesores.

An Islamic Form of Logotherapy in the Treatment of Depression, Anxiety and Stress Symptoms in University Students in Iran.

Previous research demonstrated that spiritually sensitive psychotherapy is an effective treatment for clients with depression or anxiety, with outcomes equivalent to secular control interventions. The goal of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of spiritually sensitive logotherapy intervention in the treatment of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms in university students in Iran. Sixty students with elevated depression symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory II, BDI-II, 22 or greater) were randomly assigned to either a twelve-session group logotherapy programme or a control group. Results showed that spiritually sensitive logotherapy significantly reduced depression, anxiety, and stress, and significantly more so than in the control group (e.g. interaction effect for BDI-II: F = 56.8, p < 0.001, with a large effect size).

In search of logotherapy.

In his authoritative and extraordinarily influential book Man's Search for Meaning, psychiatrist Viktor Frankl proposed that any individual's life task is to find meaning, that meaning cannot be obtained without suffering, and that suffering allows meaning to be identified. He also articulated his therapeutic model-logotherapy, the so-called third Viennese school of psychotherapy. This article contemplates why logotherapy currently has seemingly little salience and suggests that the most likely reasons reflect some components being taken over by other therapies and by tenets of positive psychology articulated in recent decades.

The effects of logotherapy on meaning in life, depression, hopelessness, and suicidal ideation, in patients with depression: An intervention study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of logotherapy on meaning in life, depression, hopelessness, and suicide ideation in patients with depression. DESIGN AND METHODS: A quasi-experimental approach was used and 86 participants were recruited from a psychiatric department in Taiwan. The experimental group received logotherapy for 12 weeks. The control group received depression education as usual. FINDINGS: The results revealed significant differences between and within the groups for meaning in life, depression, hopelessness, and suicide ideation. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Logotherapy was an effective method for increasing meaning in life, reducing the degree of depression, hopelessness, and suicidal ideation for patients with depression.

Narrativas de vida de estudantes universitários: uma análise do sentido existencial por meio da autobiografia / Life Narratives of university students: an analysis of existential meaning through the process of autobiography / Narraciones de vida de estudiantes universitarios: análisis del sentido existencial por medio de la autobiografía

A autobiografia é um recurso utilizado na prática da Logoterapia e análise existencial que tem por finalidade clarificar sentidos na vida por meio de histórias de vidas. Assim, a partir dos fundamentos antropológicos propostos por Viktor Frankl, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo apreender valores existenciais, e identificar núcleos de sentidos latentes em narrativas de vida de jovens universitários. Para tanto, contou com a participação de quatro estudantes universitários, de ambos os sexos, com média de idade de 23 anos. As autobiografias foram submetidas individualmente a uma análise de similitude com o auxílio do software Iramuteq, o que permitiu identificar núcleos de sentidos. Os resultados foram discutidos à luz da Logoterapia e Análise Existencial.

Autobiography is a resource used in clinical practice of Logotherapy and existential analysis with the purpose of clarifying meanings in life through histories of life. Therefore, based on Viktor Frankl's anthropological foundations, this research aims to apprehend existential values as well as to identify nuclei of meanings that are latent in the narratives of life of university students. For this purpose, this study had the participation of four undergraduate students, of both genders, with a 23 year old average age. The autobiographies were submitted to an individual analysis of similitude that counted with the help of software named Iramuteq, which allowed the identification of the so called nuclei of meanings. The results were discussed through the light of logotherapy and existential analysis.

La autobiografía es un recurso utilizado en la práctica de la Logoterapia y análisis existencial, que tiene por finalidad clarificar los sentidos en la vida por medio de historias de vida. Así, a partir de los fundamentos antropológicos propuestos por Viktor Frankl, la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo aprehender los valores existenciales e identificar los núcleos de sentidos latentes en narraciones de vida de jóvenes universitarios. Para ese propósito, contó con la participación de cuatro estudiantes universitarios, de ambos sexos, com una media de edad de 23 años. Las autobiografías fueron sometidas individualmente a un análisis de similitud con la ayuda del software Iramuteq, lo que permitió identificar núcleos de sentidos. Los resultados fueron discutidos desde el punto de vista de la logoterapia y análisis existencial.

Logotherapy to improve parent-child relationship among mothers of autistic children: a randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: Autism spectrum disorders are characterized by three characteristics: impairment in the quality of social relationships, severe impairment in communication, and restricted, repetitive behavioral patterns. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of logotherapy on the parent-child relationship among mothers of autistic children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This research is a clinical trial with pre-test, post-test design, and control group. Forty mothers were selected and randomly assigned into two groups of intervention and control. The intervention group attended 10 sessions (90 min) of logotherapy, twice a week, while the control group received the routine intervention. A mother-child relationship evaluation questionnaire was used to collect data. SPSS statistical software was employed to analyze the data. RESULTS: The results showed that group logotherapy training affects the parent-child relationship in mothers of autistic children. We only examined the relatively short-term effects of logotherapy on parents' and children's outcomes because after the children's school year ended, their mothers did not refer to the center. In order to achieve accurate results, we recommend examining the long-term effects of this approach in future studies. CONCLUSIONS: Logotherapy is an effective approach to improve the parent-child relationship in mothers of autistic children.

A pessoa idosa e a busca do sentido. Um olhar de esperança / The elderly person and the search of sense. A look of hope / La persona anciana y la busca por la significación. Una mirada de esperanza

O presente artigo tem por objetivo propor uma reflexão a respeito da importância do sentido de vida para a pessoa idosa. Sabe-se que o fenômeno do envelhecimento ganha visibilidade no mundo todo e aponta para inúmeros desafios, especialmente para cerca dos 30 milhões de idosos no Brasil, conforme estatísticas do IBGE. Nessa fase da vida, reconhecer as potencialidades, para além dos estereótipos sobre o envelhecer, contribui para minimizar os possíveis desafios. Por meio da revisão de literatura sobre as pesquisas no campo do envelhecimento, constata-se que um número significativo desses idosos concentra-se nas perdas e declínios ocorridos nessa etapa. Entretanto, torna-se possível ampliar a compreensão dessa fase da vida, considerando os conceitos da Logoterapia. De acordo com Viktor Frankl, o ser humano, dotado de sua dimensão noética, impulsionado pela busca de sentido na vida, caminha na busca dos valores de criação, vivência e atitude. Como buscador do sentido, a pessoa do idoso torna-se capaz de encontrar, em sua caminhada existencial, um para quê viver que a possibilite prosseguir extraindo sentido nas situações adversas da vida. Poder debruçar sobre as conquistas realizadas no caminho, os desafios enfrentados e as experiências reconhecidas como valorosas podem contribuir para que a etapa do envelhecimento seja plena de sentido. Os valores podem continuar como caminhos que apontam para o sentido, e tal possibilidade não se deve desperdiçar na estrada da vida. Com esperança e sabedoria acumulada, o idoso é capaz de responder ao que vida chama de modo comprometido e com sentido.

The purpose of this article is to propose a reflection on the importance of the meaning of life for the elderly person. It is known that the phenomenon of aging gains visibility worldwide and points to numerous challenges, especially for some 30 million elderly people in Brazil, according to IBGE statistics. At this stage of life recognizing the potential, beyond stereotypes about aging contributes to minimizing the possible challenges. Through the review of the literature on research in the field of aging it is observed that a significant number of these elderly people are concentrated in the losses and declines that occurred in this stage. However, it becomes possible to broaden the understanding of this phase of life by considering the concepts of Logotherapy. According to Viktor Frankl, the man, endowed with his noetic dimension, driven by the search for meaning in life, walks in search of the values of creation, experience and attitude. As a sense-seeker, the elderly person becomes capable of finding, in his existential walk one for which to live, which enables him to continue drawing meaning in the adverse situations of life. Being able to focus on achievements along the way, the challenges faced, and the experiences recognized as valuable, can help make the stage of aging meaningful. Values can continue as paths that point to meaning, and such a possibility should not be wasted on the road of life. With hope and accumulated wisdom, the elderly person is able to respond to what life calls in a committed and meaningful way.

El presente artículo tiene por la finalidad proponer una reflexión a respecto de la importancia del significado de la vida para la persona de edad. Conociendo que o fenómeno de lo envejecimiento tiene ganado visibilidad por todo el mundo e indica desmedidos desafíos principalmente por 30 millones de ancianos en Brasil, de acuerdo o censo del IBGE. En ese momento de la vida, reconocer sus potencialidades además de los estereotipos a cerca de envejecer, contribuye reduciendo los posibles desafíos. A través de la revisión literaria sobre los estudios en lo ámbito del envejecimiento, se ha observado que muchos de estos ancianos se concentran en las perjuicios y descenso que se pasan en ese momento de la vida. Entretanto, se e posible amplia la comprensión en esta fase de la vida, teniendo en consideración los conceptos de la Logoterapia. De acuerdo a Viktor Frankl, el hombre, dotado de su magnitud noética e impulsado por la busca por lo sentido de vida, busca los importes de su creación, vivencia y actitud. Para encontrarse como protagonista de su busca por sentido, durante su caminada existencial tornarse capacitado de ir en encuentro con el designio de lo vivir haciendo posible siguieren extrayendo sentido de las dificultades. Al mirar sus conquistas realizadas, los desafíos enfrentados y sus vivencias quedaren reconocidas pueden aportar a un envejecimiento pleno sentido. Los valores pueden quedarse en caminos apuntados a lo sentido y teniendo la posibilidad no se debe desperdiciar por la ruta de vida. Con esperanza y sabiduría acumuladas, el anciano puede responder de modo comprometido y con sentido a él vivir.

The Effects of Logotherapy on Distress, Depression, and Demoralization in Breast Cancer and Gynecological Cancer Patients: A Preliminary Study.

BACKGROUND: Globally, cancer is the second leading cause of death. Breast cancer and gynecological cancer can damage patients' body image and lead to psychological distress, depression, and demoralization syndrome. No studies have explored the effect of logotherapy in gynecological cancer patients' psychological distress, depression, and demoralization. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of logotherapy on distress, depression, and demoralization in breast cancer and gynecological cancer patients. METHODS: A quasi-experimental design was used in this study, involving 61 breast cancer and gynecological cancer patients: 31 in the experimental group and 30 in the control group. Participants in the experimental group received logotherapy 4 to 6 times during the 12 weeks of intervention. Outcomes were measured by the (1) Distress Thermometer, (2) Patient Health Questionnaire, and (3) Demoralization Scale Mandarin Version (DS-MV). RESULTS: Distress Thermometer did not differ between groups, but significant differences in favor of the intervention group were noted in the Patient Health Questionnaire (U = 674.500, P = .002); the DS-MV subcategories of loss of meaning (U = 706.500, P = .000), dysphoria (U = 673.000, P = .002), disheartenment (U = 670.000, P = .003), helplessness (U = 621.000, P = .022), and sense of failure (U = 629.500, P = .016); and the total score of the DS-MV (U = 728.500, P = .000). CONCLUSION: Logotherapy was effective in the reduction of breast cancer and gynecological cancer patients' depression and demoralization. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Clinical professionals could add logotherapy to the treatment for breast cancer and gynecological cancer patients to reduce their depression and demoralization.

Sentido de vida: compreendendo este desafiador campo de estudo / Sens de la vie: comprendre ce domaine d'étude difficile / Sentido de la vida: comprender este desafiante campo de estudio / Meaning in life: understanding this challenging field of study

Resumo Sentido de vida é uma variável que tem sido considerada central para compreensão do bem-estar humano nas últimas décadas. Entretanto, o estudo desse conceito é muito mais antigo e ele já recebeu contribuições da filosofia, da psicologia humanista, da logoterapia e, recentemente, da psicologia positiva e da psicometria, o que possibilitou que tal construto fosse mensurado. Este artigo explora os caminhos de sentido de vida enquanto construto ao longo do tempo, discutindo as contribuições que o conceito recebeu de diversas teorias psicológicas, incluindo o recente modelo tripartite de sentido de vida. Por fim, são discutidos os desafios enfrentados por pesquisadores e clínicos que buscam trabalhar com essa variável.

Résumé Le sens de la vie est une variable qui a été considérée comme essentielle pour comprendre le bien-être humain au cours des dernières décennies. Cependant, son étude est beaucoup plus ancienne, en ayant reçu des contributions de la philosophie, de la psychologie humaniste, de la logothérapie et récemment, de la psychologie positive et de la psychométrie, rendant ce concept mesurable. Cet article discute les voies de sens de la vie en tant que concept construit au fil du temps, en examinant les contributions qu'il a reçues de diverses théories psychologiques, y compris le récent modèle tripartite de sens de la vie. Enfin, on discute les défis auxquels sont confrontés les chercheurs et les cliniciens qui cherchent à travailler avec cette variable.

Resumen El sentido de la vida es una variable que se ha considerado fundamental para comprender el bienestar humano en las últimas décadas. Sin embargo, el estudio de este concepto es mucho más antiguo y ya ha recibido aportes de la filosofía, la psicología humanística, la logoterapia y, recientemente, de la psicología positiva y la psicometría, haciéndolo medible. Este artículo explora las trayectorias del sentido de la vida como un constructo a lo largo del tiempo, discutiendo las contribuciones que el concepto ha recibido de varias teorías psicológicas, incluido el reciente modelo tripartito de sentido de la vida. Finalmente, se discuten los desafíos que enfrentan los investigadores y clínicos que buscan trabajar con esta variable.

Abstract Meaning in life has been considered a key variable to the understanding of human well-being in the last decades. However, the study of this concept is much older and has received contributions from Philosophy, Logotherapy and, recently, Positive Psychology and psychometric studies, thus becoming measurable. This article explores the paths of meaning in life as a construct over time and discusses the contributions of some psychology theories to the concept, including the tripartite view of meaning in life. Finally, we discuss the challenges faced by researchers and clinical psychologists to work with this construct.

Silent dysphagia in two patients with Steinert disease and recurrent respiratory exacerbations.

We describe two cases of patients with Steinert's dystrophy or myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) who presented with frequent respiratory exacerbations and pneumonia. They did not report any risk factors for asthma, allergy, bronchopathy or dysphagia in their history. The Videofluoroscopic swallow study test allowed to highlight post-swallowing aspiration phenomena responsible for respiratory exacerbations.