Patellar luxation and articular lesions in dogs: a retrospective: study research article / Luxação de patela e lesões articulares em cães: estudo retrospectivo

This study describes lesions that occur in the stifle joints of dogs with patellar luxation. These lesions are associated with the animal's age, body weight, and degree of luxation. The rate of redislocation was also evaluated. The patellar lesions found include articular cartilage erosion, subchondral bone exposure, a flattened or concave patellar surface, and enthesophytes. Extra-patellar lesions included synovitis, osteophytes, blunting of the trochlear groove, an absent trochlea, erosion of the condylar margins, capsule thickening, a long digital extensor tendon injury, cranial cruciate ligament rupture, and meniscal prolapse. Such lesions were frequently found in animals with Grade II or III luxation who were aged 24 months or more, and they were more severe in dogs weighing more than 15 kg. Patellar luxation causes changes that favor articular degeneration and should be treated surgically. Conservative treatment relieves pain, but does not address tissue alterations.(AU)

O estudo descreve as lesões articulares em cães com luxação de patela. Elas foram associadas com a idade do animal, massa corporal e grau de luxação. Foi avaliada também a porcentagem de casos com recidiva. As lesões patelares observadas foram erosão da cartilagem articular, exposição óssea subcondral, superfície patelar achatada ou côncava e entesófitos. As lesões extra patelares incluíram sinovite, osteófitos, ausência do sulco troclear, erosão das bordas condilares, espessamento da cápsula, lesão do tendão do músculo extensor digital, ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial e prolapso de menisco. As lesões foram encontradas com maior frequência em animais com luxação de Grau II ou III e idade de 24 meses ou mais, sendo mais graves em cães com massa corporal superior a 15 kg. A luxação patelar ocasiona alterações que favorecem a degeneração articular e devem ser tratadas cirurgicamente. O tratamento conservativo alivia a dor, mas não corrige as alterações teciduais.(AU)

Patellar luxation and articular lesions in dogs: a retrospective: study research article / Luxação de patela e lesões articulares em cães: estudo retrospectivo

This study describes lesions that occur in the stifle joints of dogs with patellar luxation. These lesions are associated with the animal's age, body weight, and degree of luxation. The rate of redislocation was also evaluated. The patellar lesions found include articular cartilage erosion, subchondral bone exposure, a flattened or concave patellar surface, and enthesophytes. Extra-patellar lesions included synovitis, osteophytes, blunting of the trochlear groove, an absent trochlea, erosion of the condylar margins, capsule thickening, a long digital extensor tendon injury, cranial cruciate ligament rupture, and meniscal prolapse. Such lesions were frequently found in animals with Grade II or III luxation who were aged 24 months or more, and they were more severe in dogs weighing more than 15 kg. Patellar luxation causes changes that favor articular degeneration and should be treated surgically. Conservative treatment relieves pain, but does not address tissue alterations.(AU)

O estudo descreve as lesões articulares em cães com luxação de patela. Elas foram associadas com a idade do animal, massa corporal e grau de luxação. Foi avaliada também a porcentagem de casos com recidiva. As lesões patelares observadas foram erosão da cartilagem articular, exposição óssea subcondral, superfície patelar achatada ou côncava e entesófitos. As lesões extra patelares incluíram sinovite, osteófitos, ausência do sulco troclear, erosão das bordas condilares, espessamento da cápsula, lesão do tendão do músculo extensor digital, ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial e prolapso de menisco. As lesões foram encontradas com maior frequência em animais com luxação de Grau II ou III e idade de 24 meses ou mais, sendo mais graves em cães com massa corporal superior a 15 kg. A luxação patelar ocasiona alterações que favorecem a degeneração articular e devem ser tratadas cirurgicamente. O tratamento conservativo alivia a dor, mas não corrige as alterações teciduais.(AU)

Luxación de tobillo sin fractura asociada: caso clínico y nueva clasificación / Luxation de cheville sans fracture associée: cas clinique, nouvelle classification / Ankle dislocation with no associated fracture: a case and new classification

La luxación cerrada sin fractura asociada de tobillo es una entidad extremadamente rara. Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 35 años que se lesionó mientras jugaba fútbol. El tratamiento consistió en reducción cerrada seguido de inmovilización con una botina de yeso durante 6 semanas y descarga de la extremidad las primeras 10 semanas. A los 12 meses de seguimiento, el paciente había retomado la práctica deportiva con un rango de movimiento completo. Se revisó la bibliografía existente y se propone una nueva clasificación(AU)

Closed dislocation of ankle with no associated fracture is an extremely rare entity. A case of 35 year-old man who was injured while playing soccer is presented. The treatment consists of closed reduction followed by immobilization with a walking cast for 6 weeks and unloading of the injured extremity the first 10 weeks. At 12 months follow-up, the patient had reinitiated sport at full range of motion. The literature was reviewed and a new classification is proposed(AU)

La luxation fermée de cheville sans fracture associée est une affection très rare. Le cas d’un homme (35 ans) lésé en jouant au football est présenté. Le traitement a consisté en réduction fermée, suivie d’immobilisation par botte plâtrée pendant 6 semaines, et mise en décharge du membre inférieur les dix premières semaines. Douze mois après, le patient a repris la pratique sportive en un rang de mouvement complet. On a fait une revue de la littérature, et on propose une nouvelle classification(AU)

Fractures of the cervical spine.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to review the literature on cervical spine fractures. METHODS: The literature on the diagnosis, classification, and treatment of lower and upper cervical fractures and dislocations was reviewed. RESULTS: Fractures of the cervical spine may be present in polytraumatized patients and should be suspected in patients complaining of neck pain. These fractures are more common in men approximately 30 years of age and are most often caused by automobile accidents. The cervical spine is divided into the upper cervical spine (occiput-C2) and the lower cervical spine (C3-C7), according to anatomical differences. Fractures in the upper cervical spine include fractures of the occipital condyle and the atlas, atlanto-axial dislocations, fractures of the odontoid process, and hangman's fractures in the C2 segment. These fractures are characterized based on specific classifications. In the lower cervical spine, fractures follow the same pattern as in other segments of the spine; currently, the most widely used classification is the SLIC (Subaxial Injury Classification), which predicts the prognosis of an injury based on morphology, the integrity of the disc-ligamentous complex, and the patient's neurological status. It is important to correctly classify the fracture to ensure appropriate treatment. Nerve or spinal cord injuries, pseudarthrosis or malunion, and postoperative infection are the main complications of cervical spine fractures. CONCLUSIONS: Fractures of the cervical spine are potentially serious and devastating if not properly treated. Achieving the correct diagnosis and classification of a lesion is the first step toward identifying the most appropriate treatment, which can be either surgical or conservative.

Fractures of the cervical spine

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to review the literature on cervical spine fractures. METHODS: The literature on the diagnosis, classification, and treatment of lower and upper cervical fractures and dislocations was reviewed. RESULTS: Fractures of the cervical spine may be present in polytraumatized patients and should be suspected in patients complaining of neck pain. These fractures are more common in men approximately 30 years of age and are most often caused by automobile accidents. The cervical spine is divided into the upper cervical spine (occiput-C2) and the lower cervical spine (C3-C7), according to anatomical differences. Fractures in the upper cervical spine include fractures of the occipital condyle and the atlas, atlanto-axial dislocations, fractures of the odontoid process, and hangman's fractures in the C2 segment. These fractures are characterized based on specific classifications. In the lower cervical spine, fractures follow the same pattern as in other segments of the spine; currently, the most widely used classification is the SLIC (Subaxial Injury Classification), which predicts the prognosis of an injury based on morphology, the integrity of the disc-ligamentous complex, and the patient's neurological status. It is important to correctly classify the fracture to ensure appropriate treatment. Nerve or spinal cord injuries, pseudarthrosis or malunion, and postoperative infection are the main complications of cervical spine fractures. CONCLUSIONS: Fractures of the cervical spine are potentially serious and devastating if not properly treated. Achieving the correct diagnosis and classification of a lesion is the first step toward identifying the most appropriate treatment, which can be either surgical or conservative. .

Profiling the clinical presentation of diagnostic characteristics of a sample of symptomatic TMD patients.

BACKGROUND: Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) patients might present a number of concurrent clinical diagnoses that may be clustered according to their similarity. Profiling patients' clinical presentations can be useful for better understanding the behavior of TMD and for providing appropriate treatment planning. The aim of this study was to simultaneously classify symptomatic patients diagnosed with a variety of subtypes of TMD into homogenous groups based on their clinical presentation and occurrence of comorbidities. METHODS: Clinical records of 357 consecutive TMD patients seeking treatment in a private specialized clinic were included in the study sample. Patients presenting multiple subtypes of TMD diagnosed simultaneously were categorized according to the AAOP criteria. Descriptive statistics and two-step cluster analysis were used to characterize the clinical presentation of these patients based on the primary and secondary clinical diagnoses. RESULTS: The most common diagnoses were localized masticatory muscle pain (n = 125) and disc displacement without reduction (n = 104). Comorbidity was identified in 288 patients. The automatic selection of an optimal number of clusters included 100% of cases, generating an initial 6-cluster solution and a final 4-cluster solution. The interpretation of within-group ranking of the importance of variables in the clustering solutions resulted in the following characterization of clusters: chronic facial pain (n = 36), acute muscle pain (n = 125), acute articular pain (n = 75) and chronic articular impairment (n = 121). CONCLUSION: Subgroups of acute and chronic TMD patients seeking treatment can be identified using clustering methods to provide a better understanding of the clinical presentation of TMD when multiple diagnosis are present. Classifying patients into identifiable symptomatic profiles would help clinicians to estimate how common a disorder is within a population of TMD patients and understand the probability of certain pattern of clinical complaints.

Traumatic mechanisms and therapeutic results of the perilunate injuries.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, eighteen patients who have had perilunate injury with dislocation or fracture, were evaluated and the patho-mechanics and surgical treatment were studied. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: According to the Green and O'Brien's classification, type 1 injury occurred in one patient, type 2 in nine, type 4A in five, type 4C in one and type 4D in one. The other one case could not be classified using the Green and O'Brien's criteria. RESULTS: According to the Evans scoring system, good results were achieved in thirteen patients, fair results, in four, poor results in one and very poor results in none. When the patho-mechanics was estimated based on the Mayfield's criteria, seventeen patients were classified as stage 3. However only one case was extremely unusual and should be classified as a subtype of stage 2. CONCLUSION: The results were good in the majority of patients who had repair of perilunate injury.

'Inverse' temporomandibular joint dislocation.

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dislocation can be classified into four groups (anterior, posterior, lateral, and superior) depending on the direction of displacement and the location of the condylar head. All the groups are rare except for anterior dislocation. 'Inverse' TMJ dislocation is a bilateral anterior and superior dislocation with impaction of the mandible over the maxilla; to the authors' knowledge only two cases have previously been reported in the literature. Inverse TMJ dislocation has unique clinical and radiographic findings, which are described for this case.

Traumatic mechanisms and therapeutic results of the perilunate injuries / Mecanismos traumáticos y resultados terapéuticos en lesiones perisemilunares

OBJECTIVES: In this study, eighteen patients who have had perilunate injury with dislocation or fracture, were evaluated and the patho-mechanics and surgical treatment were studied. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: According to the Green and O 'Brien's classification, type 1 injury occurred in one patient, type 2 in nine, type 4A in five, type 4C in one and type 4D in one. The other one case could not be classified using the Green and O 'Brien's criteria. RESULTS: According to the Evans scoring system, good results were achieved in thirteen patients, fair results, in four, poor results in one and very poor results in none. When the patho-mechanics was esti mated based on the Mayfield's criteria, seventeen patients were classified as stage 3. However, only one case was extremely unusual and should be classified as a subtype of stage 2. CONCLUSION: The results were good in the majority ofpatients who had repair ofperilunate injury.

OBJETIVO: En este estudio, se evaluaron dieciocho pacientes que tuvieron lesión perisemilunar con dislocación o fractura, y se estudiaron la patomecánica y el tratamiento quirúrgico. SUJETOS Y MÉTODO: Sobre la base de la clasificación de Green y O'Brien, se concluye que ocurrieron las siguientes lesiones: lesión de tipo 1 en un paciente, de tipo 2 en nueve, tipo 4A en cinco, tipo 4C en uno y tipo 4D en uno. El otro caso no se pudo clasificar usando criterios de Green y O'Brien. RESULTADOS: El sistema de puntuación de Evans, indica que se lograron buenos resultados en trece pacientes; resultados satisfactorios en cuatro; resultados pobres en uno; resultados muy pobres en ninguno. Cuando se estimó la patomecánica sobre la base de los criterios Mayfield, diecisiete pacientes fueron clasificados como fase 3. Sin embargo, sólo un caso fue sumamente raro y debe ser clasificado como subtipo de fase 2. CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados fueron buenos en la mayoría de los pacientes que tuvieron reparación de lesión perisemilunar.

Luxación interfalángica del hallux: presentación de ocho casos y revisión de la bibliografía / Interphalangeal dislocation of the hallux

Introducción: La luxación de la articulación interfalángica del hallux (LIFH) es una patología poco frecuente y en la bibliografía mundial se describen sólo algunos casos. Miki estableció una clasificación que la divide en dos tipos según su aspecto clínico y radiográfico. En ambos tipos la placa volar se encuentra avulsionada de sus inserciones óseas permitiendo su migración intraarticular e impidiendo la reducción por métodos ortopédicos, lo que obliga a recurrir a la reducción quirúrgica. Materiales y métodos: Entre 1995 y 2008 se evaluaron 8 pacientes, todos varones, de entre 21 y 46 años. En todos los casos se intentó la reducción ortopédica bajo anestesia local sin lograr resultados satisfactorios, por lo cual se debió recurrir al tratamiento quirúrgico para restaurar la congruencia articular. Resultados: En todos los casos se obtuvo la reducción de la articulación en forma completa. La movilidad articular en el posoperatorio alejado fue nula en 6 casos y en los 2 restantes varió entre 10º Y 20º de flexión, sin relación con la vía de abordaje utilizada. Conclusiones: La LIFH es una patología poco frecuente, que en la mayoría de los casos exige maniobras quirúrgicas para lograr la reducción. El resultado es independiente de la vía de aborda

[Grade III acromioclavicular dislocation treated with a minimally invasive approach]. / Luxaciones acromioclavicular grado III con técnica mínimamente invasiva.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) in the treatment of type III acromioclavicular dislocations using the UCLA and DASH evaluations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective, longitudinal, observational study; clinical series of patients with a diagnosis of type III acromioclavicular dislocation who underwent MIS consisting of percutaneous reduction, placement of a 4.5 mm cortical screw, an 11 mm metallic washer and 1.6 mm Kirschner nails at the Polanco Red Cross Hospital from July 2007 to July 2009. The evaluations were done using the UCLA test and the DASH questionnaire. RESULTS: The total number of patients was 42; 5 females and 37 males. According to the UCLA test, 86% of them had excellent to good results and 14% partial to poor results. The results of the DASH questionnaire were as follows: 80% had no difficulty to mild difficulty; 18% had moderate to severe difficulty, and 2% had disability for performing daily life activities. CONCLUSIONS: MIS is a good treatment for the management of type III acromioclavicular dislocation with long-term results based on the UCLA test and the DASH questionnaire.

Luxación interfalángica del hallux: presentación de ocho casos y revisión de la bibliografía / Interphalangeal dislocation of the hallux

Introducción: La luxación de la articulación interfalángica del hallux (LIFH) es una patología poco frecuente y en la bibliografía mundial se describen sólo algunos casos. Miki estableció una clasificación que la divide en dos tipos según su aspecto clínico y radiográfico. En ambos tipos la placa volar se encuentra avulsionada de sus inserciones óseas permitiendo su migración intraarticular e impidiendo la reducción por métodos ortopédicos, lo que obliga a recurrir a la reducción quirúrgica. Materiales y métodos: Entre 1995 y 2008 se evaluaron 8 pacientes, todos varones, de entre 21 y 46 años. En todos los casos se intentó la reducción ortopédica bajo anestesia local sin lograr resultados satisfactorios, por lo cual se debió recurrir al tratamiento quirúrgico para restaurar la congruencia articular. Resultados: En todos los casos se obtuvo la reducción de la articulación en forma completa. La movilidad articular en el posoperatorio alejado fue nula en 6 casos y en los 2 restantes varió entre 10° Y 20° de flexión, sin relación con la vía de abordaje utilizada. Conclusiones: La LIFH es una patología poco frecuente, que en la mayoría de los casos exige maniobras quirúrgicas para lograr la reducción. El resultado es independiente de la vía de abordaje utilizada.

Characteristics of TMD noise analyzed by electrovibratography.

Studying joint noise is an important parameter for diagnosing temporomandibular dysfunction. In this study, eight groups (n=9) were formed according to joint dysfunction classification, provided by employing vibration analysis equipment. Parameters for analyzing joint noise were: total vibration energy, peak amplitude, and peak frequency. Mouth opening range was also analyzed. Statistical analysis results for each parameter were significant at 1%. Each analyzed group presented different noise characteristics. This allowed for inclusion of the groups within a determined value category. The patient group with normal condyle/disk relationship always presented the lowest values. The type of joint noise was characterized by analyzing total integral noise, peak amplitude, peak frequency, and mouth opening. Analyzing joint noise using electrovibratography suggests the type of joint dysfunction and may help to establish a diagnosis, as well as a treatment plan.

Tratamiento quirurgico de la luxacion acromioclavicular tipo V con tecnica de Weaver y Dunn modificada / Surgical treatment of the acromioclavicular dislocation type V with modified Weaver-Dunn procedure

Se realizó una evaluación retrospectiva de 16 pacientes con luxación acromioclavicular (AC) V intervenidos quirúrgicamente con una técnica de Weaver y Dunn modificada (resección de clavícula distal, transferencia de ligamento coracoacromial con pastilla ósea, fijación coracoclavicular con lazada de PDS y acromioclavicular con clavija de Kirschner). El seguimiento post operatorio promedio fue de 34 meses (mínimo 6 meses). Utilizando la escala de Rockwood para luxaciones AC, se obtuvo un 81 por ciento de resultados entre excelentes y buenos. El porcentaje promedio de satisfacción de los pacientes con el resultado obtenido fue del 92 por ciento. Con la técnica descripta y evaluada en éste trabajo se alcanzó un elevado porcentaje de buenos resultados en el tratamiento de luxaciones AC complejas, asociándose un bajo índice de complicaciones.

Tratamiento quirurgico de la luxacion acromioclavicular tipo V con tecnica de Weaver y Dunn modificada / Surgical treatment of the acromioclavicular dislocation type V with modified Weaver-Dunn procedure

Se realizó una evaluación retrospectiva de 16 pacientes con luxación acromioclavicular (AC) V intervenidos quirúrgicamente con una técnica de Weaver y Dunn modificada (resección de clavícula distal, transferencia de ligamento coracoacromial con pastilla ósea, fijación coracoclavicular con lazada de PDS y acromioclavicular con clavija de Kirschner). El seguimiento post operatorio promedio fue de 34 meses (mínimo 6 meses). Utilizando la escala de Rockwood para luxaciones AC, se obtuvo un 81 por ciento de resultados entre excelentes y buenos. El porcentaje promedio de satisfacción de los pacientes con el resultado obtenido fue del 92 por ciento. Con la técnica descripta y evaluada en éste trabajo se alcanzó un elevado porcentaje de buenos resultados en el tratamiento de luxaciones AC complejas, asociándose un bajo índice de complicaciones.(AU)

Tratamiento quirurgico de la luxacion acromioclavicular tipo V con tecnica de Weaver y Dunn modificada / Surgical treatment of the acromioclavicular dislocation type V with modified Weaver-Dunn procedure

Se realizó una evaluación retrospectiva de 16 pacientes con luxación acromioclavicular (AC) V intervenidos quirúrgicamente con una técnica de Weaver y Dunn modificada (resección de clavícula distal, transferencia de ligamento coracoacromial con pastilla ósea, fijación coracoclavicular con lazada de PDS y acromioclavicular con clavija de Kirschner). El seguimiento post operatorio promedio fue de 34 meses (mínimo 6 meses). Utilizando la escala de Rockwood para luxaciones AC, se obtuvo un 81 por ciento de resultados entre excelentes y buenos. El porcentaje promedio de satisfacción de los pacientes con el resultado obtenido fue del 92 por ciento. Con la técnica descripta y evaluada en éste trabajo se alcanzó un elevado porcentaje de buenos resultados en el tratamiento de luxaciones AC complejas, asociándose un bajo índice de complicaciones

Symptoms of craniomandibular disorders in elderly Brazilian wearers of complete dentures.

OBJECTIVE: Investigate the incidence of symptoms of craniomandibular disorder in elderly Brazilian wearers of full dentures. DESIGN: In this cross-sectional study, a questionnaire based on Helkimo's anamnestic index was applied to a group of 65-year-olds or older individuals who wear a set of full dentures. SETTING: Interviews were carried out at the dental clinics of the University of Taubaté and the University of Vale do Paraíba, Brazil. SUBJECTS: From a total of 384 patients, 84 elderly wearers of full dentures were interviewed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The questionnaire identified the most commonly related symptoms of craniomandibular disorders. RESULTS: The patient's average age was 73.5 years (ranging from 65 to 89 years), 81% of them females. Only 5% reported pain when opening their mouths, and the same percentage complained of temporomandibular joint luxation and a sensation of tired muscles during mastication. Similar rates were found for pain in the temporomandibular joint area (6%), pain in the temporal muscle area (7%), difficulty to move the mandible in the morning (4%) and pain during excursive (protrusive and lateral) movements (8%). The highest rates were found for pain in the masseter muscle area (39%) and articular noises (24%). CONCLUSION: The incidence of craniomandibular disorder symptoms was low in this group of elderly wearers of full dentures, except for pain in the masseter (39%) and articular noises (24%).

Dislocaciones occipito-atloideas: revisión de la literatura y presentación de 7 casos / Atlanto-occipital dislocations: literature review and report of 7 cases

Esta lesión poco común, se presenta con gran frecuencia como muerte súbita, por lo que su diagnóstico muchas veces se realiza posmortem. Gracias al desarrollo de las técnicas de resucitación y reanimación en los centros especializados en politrauma, han sobrevivido algunos pacientes con dislocación occipito-atloidea, tema de este trabajo. Se presentan 7 casos atendidos en el Servicio de Neurocirugía del Hospital Universitario General Calixto García(AU)

This uncommon injury is frequently presented as sudden death. That`s why its diagnosis is many times made after death. Thanks to the development of resuscitation and reanimation techniques in the centers specialized in polytrauma, some patients with atlanto-occipital dislocation have survived, and this is the topic we deal with in this paper. 7 cases that received attention at the Neurosurgery Service of General Calixto García Teaching Hospital are presented here(AU)