Adrenalectomía laparoscópica / Laparoscopic adrenalectomy

Introducción: desde el año 1997 se comenzó a realizar la adrenalectomía laparoscópica en nuestro centro. Objetivo: analizar los resultados de la adrenalectomía laparoscópica desde su implementación en el servicio de cirugía general del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de los resultados obtenidos en 160 pacientes a los que se les realizó adrenalectomía por vía laparoscópica, en el período comprendido desde noviembre de 1997 hasta septiembre del año 2017 en el servicio de cirugía general del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Universitario Hermanos Ameijeiras. Se empleó la técnica laparoscópica con abordaje lateral intraperitoneal en la mayoría de los casos y el abordaje en decúbito supino en 2 casos para la adrenalectomía bilateral. Resultados: se realizaron 162 adrenalectomías laparoscópicas en 160 pacientes, ya que a dos pacientes se les realizó la adrenalectomía bilateral en un tiempo. La edad promedio fue de 44,8 años. La indicación quirúrgica fue el incidentaloma en 68 pacientes (42,5 pr ciento), el síndrome de Cushing en 27 (16,8 por ciento), feocromocitoma en 26 (16,25 por ciento), la Enfermedad de Cushing con fracaso del tratamiento neuroquirúrgico en 12 (7,5 por ciento), mielolipomas en 7 (4,37 por ciento), tumor adrenal en 6 (3,75 por ciento), tumor metastásico en 5 (3,1 por ciento), quistes adrenales en 4 (2,5 por ciento), hiperaldosteronismo primario en 3 (1,87 por ciento), tumor virilizante adrenal en 1 paciente y 1 paciente con un Síndrome de secreción ectópica de ACTH que le provocaba un Síndrome de Cushing complicado. Predominaron las lesiones del lado izquierdo en 86 pacientes, 72 del lado derecho y 2 bilaterales. Fueron convertidos a cirugía convencional 2 pacientes (1,25 por ciento). El tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue de 82 minutos. La estadía posoperatoria promedio fue de 2.5 días. Conclusiones: la adrenalectomía laparoscópica es una técnica reproducible y segura con las ventajas inherentes...(AU)

Introduction: As far as 1997, the performing of laparoscopic adrenalectomy started in our center. Objective: To analyze the results of laparoscopic adrenalectomy since its implementation in the general surgery service of Hermanos Ameijeiras Clinical Surgical Hospital. Methods: A descriptive study was carried out with the results obtained from 160 patients who underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy, in the period from November 1997 to September 2017, in the general surgery service of Hermanos Ameijeiras University Clinical Surgical Hospital. The laparoscopic technique with intraperitoneal lateral approach was used in the majority of cases and the supine approach was used in two cases for bilateral adrenalectomy. Results: 162 laparoscopic adrenalectomies were performed in 160 patients, since two patients underwent bilateral adrenalectomy at one time. The average age was 44.8 years. Surgical indication cases were incidentalomas, in 68 patients (42.5 percent), Cushing's syndrome in 27 (16.8 percent), pheochromocytomas in 26 (16.25 percent), Cushing's disease with neurosurgical treatment failure in 12 (7.5 percent), myelolipomas in 7 (4.37 percent), adrenal tumor in 6 (3.75 percent), metastatic tumor in 5 (3.1 percent), adrenal cysts in 4 (2.5 percent), primary hyperaldosteronism in 3 (1.87 percent), adrenal virilizing tumor in 1 patient, and 1 patient with an ectopic ACTH secretion syndrome that caused a complicated Cushing's syndrome. Lesions on the left side were predominant in 86 patients, 72 on the right side and two bilateral. Two patients (1.25 percent) were converted to conventional surgery. The average surgical time was 82 minutes. The average postoperative stay was 2.5 days. Conclusions: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is a reproducible and safe technique with the advantages inherent to laparoscopic surgery(AU)

Adrenalectomía laparoscópica / Laparoscopic adrenalectomy

Introducción: desde el año 1997 se comenzó a realizar la adrenalectomía laparoscópica en nuestro centro. Objetivo: analizar los resultados de la adrenalectomía laparoscópica desde su implementación en el servicio de cirugía general del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de los resultados obtenidos en 160 pacientes a los que se les realizó adrenalectomía por vía laparoscópica, en el período comprendido desde noviembre de 1997 hasta septiembre del año 2017 en el servicio de cirugía general del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Universitario Hermanos Ameijeiras. Se empleó la técnica laparoscópica con abordaje lateral intraperitoneal en la mayoría de los casos y el abordaje en decúbito supino en 2 casos para la adrenalectomía bilateral. Resultados: se realizaron 162 adrenalectomías laparoscópicas en 160 pacientes, ya que a dos pacientes se les realizó la adrenalectomía bilateral en un tiempo. La edad promedio fue de 44,8 años. La indicación quirúrgica fue el incidentaloma en 68 pacientes (42,5 pr ciento), el síndrome de Cushing en 27 (16,8 por ciento), feocromocitoma en 26 (16,25 por ciento), la Enfermedad de Cushing con fracaso del tratamiento neuroquirúrgico en 12 (7,5 por ciento), mielolipomas en 7 (4,37 por ciento), tumor adrenal en 6 (3,75 por ciento), tumor metastásico en 5 (3,1 por ciento), quistes adrenales en 4 (2,5 por ciento), hiperaldosteronismo primario en 3 (1,87 por ciento), tumor virilizante adrenal en 1 paciente y 1 paciente con un Síndrome de secreción ectópica de ACTH que le provocaba un Síndrome de Cushing complicado. Predominaron las lesiones del lado izquierdo en 86 pacientes, 72 del lado derecho y 2 bilaterales. Fueron convertidos a cirugía convencional 2 pacientes (1,25 por ciento). El tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue de 82 minutos. La estadía posoperatoria promedio fue de 2.5 días. Conclusiones: la adrenalectomía laparoscópica es una técnica reproducible y segura con las ventajas inherentes a la cirugía laparoscópica(AU)

Introduction: As far as 1997, the performing of laparoscopic adrenalectomy started in our center. Objective: To analyze the results of laparoscopic adrenalectomy since its implementation in the general surgery service of Hermanos Ameijeiras Clinical Surgical Hospital. Methods: A descriptive study was carried out with the results obtained from 160 patients who underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy, in the period from November 1997 to September 2017, in the general surgery service of Hermanos Ameijeiras University Clinical Surgical Hospital. The laparoscopic technique with intraperitoneal lateral approach was used in the majority of cases and the supine approach was used in two cases for bilateral adrenalectomy. Results: 162 laparoscopic adrenalectomies were performed in 160 patients, since two patients underwent bilateral adrenalectomy at one time. The average age was 44.8 years. Surgical indication cases were incidentalomas, in 68 patients (42.5 percent), Cushing's syndrome in 27 (16.8 percent), pheochromocytomas in 26 (16.25 percent), Cushing's disease with neurosurgical treatment failure in 12 (7.5 percent), myelolipomas in 7 (4.37 percent), adrenal tumor in 6 (3.75 percent), metastatic tumor in 5 (3.1 percent), adrenal cysts in 4 (2.5 percent), primary hyperaldosteronism in 3 (1.87 percent), adrenal virilizing tumor in 1 patient, and 1 patient with an ectopic ACTH secretion syndrome that caused a complicated Cushing's syndrome. Lesions on the left side were predominant in 86 patients, 72 on the right side and two bilateral. Two patients (1.25 percent) were converted to conventional surgery. The average surgical time was 82 minutes. The average postoperative stay was 2.5 days. Conclusions: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is a reproducible and safe technique with the advantages inherent to laparoscopic surgery(AU)

Overpressure blast-wave induced brain injury elevates oxidative stress in the hypothalamus and catecholamine biosynthesis in the rat adrenal medulla.

Explosive overpressure brain injury (OBI) impacts the lives of both military and civilian population. We hypothesize that a single exposure to OBI results in increased hypothalamic expression of oxidative stress and activation of the sympatho-adrenal medullary axis. Since a key component of blast-induced organ injury is the primary overpressure wave, we assessed selective biochemical markers of autonomic function and oxidative stress in male Sprague Dawley rats subjected to head-directed overpressure insult. Rats were subjected to single head-directed OBI with a 358kPa peak overpressure at the target. Control rats were exposed to just noise signal being placed at ~2m distance from the shock tube nozzle. Sympathetic nervous system activation of the adrenal medullae (AM) was evaluated at 6h following blast injury by assessing the expression of catecholamine biosynthesizing enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine-ß hydroxylase (DßH), neuropeptide Y (NPY) along with plasma norepinephrine (NE). TH, DßH and NPY expression increased 20%, 25%, and 91% respectively, following OBI (P<0.05). Plasma NE was also significantly elevated by 23% (P<0.05) following OBI. OBI significantly elevated TH (49%, P<0.05) in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) of the brain stem while AT1 receptor expression and NADPH oxidase activity, a marker of oxidative stress, was elevated in the hypothalamus following OBI. Collectively, the increased levels of TH, DßH and NPY expression in the rat AM, elevated TH in NTS along with increased plasma NE suggest that single OBI exposure results in increased sympathoexcitation. The mechanism may involve the elevated AT1 receptor expression and NADPH oxidase levels in the hypothalamus. Taken together, such effects may be important factors contributing to pathology of brain injury and autonomic dysfunction associated with the clinical profile of patients following OBI.

Pressor effects of electrical stimulation of medial prefrontal cortex in unanesthetized rats.

The medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) is involved in central nervous system (CNS)-mediated cardiovascular modulation. We compared the cardiovascular effects of electrical stimulation (EE) of the MPFC in unanesthetized rats to those observed after stimulation of the same area in urethane-anesthetized rats. Electrical stimulation (35, 106, 177, 247, 318, and 389 microA rms/10 sec, 60-Hz sine wave) of the MPFC of urethane-anesthetized rats caused depressor responses of stimulus-related intensity. The cardiovascular response to electrical stimulation of the MPFC in unanesthetized rats was characterized by stimulus-related pressor responses. No significant heart rate changes were observed during the EE period in any case. The pressor response to electrical stimulation (106 microA rms/10 sec, 60-Hz sine wave) of the MPFC was not affected by intravenous pretreatment with the vasopressin antagonist dTyr(CH(2))(5)(Me)AVP (50 microg/kg, intravenously), by hypophysectomy, or by intravenous pretreatment with the angiotensin II antagonist losartan (1 mg/kg, intravenously). The pressor response was blocked by intravenous pretreatment with the ganglionic blocker mecamylamine (2 mg/kg, intravenously) but was not affected by adrenal demedullation, thus suggesting involvement of the neural component of the sympathetic nervous system without a major involvement of its hormonal component. Our results confirmed the occurrence of depressor responses after electrical stimulation of the MPFC in urethane-anesthetized rats and evidenced that only pressor responses are observed after its stimulation in unanesthetized rats. The fact that the pressor response to the stimulation of the MPFC was blocked by a ganglioplegic suggests that the MPFC has functional excitatory actions over the sympathetic nervous system.

[Post-traumatic hematoma simulating a left-sided adrenal gland tumor]. / Vortäuschung eines linksseitigen Nebennierentumors durch posttraumatisches Haematom.

Typical signs of posttraumatic adrenal gland haematoma in computer-tomography are, besides an enlargement of the adrenal gland, a stripy infiltration of surrounding tissue and a thickening of the homolateral crus of the diaphragma, located primarily in the right adrenal gland. We report a case of an isolated enlargement of the left adrenal gland with normal surrounding tissue, which histologically proved to be a posttraumatic hematoma within the adrenal gland medulla.