Transarticular external fixation versus deltoid ligament repair in treating SER IV ankle fractures: a comparative study.

BACKGROUND: The topic that whether the injured deltoid ligament should be repaired when associated with ankle joint fractures is still discussed. The objective of this study was to compare the clinical effect of open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with deltoid ligament repair (DLR) or transarticular external fixation (TEF) in treating supination-external rotation type IV (SER IV) ankle fractures. METHODS: Between January 2012 and December 2015, 43 patients were diagnosed as SER IV ankle fractures, 20 underwent ORIF and transarticular external fixation (TEF) without DLR (group 1), 23 were treated with ORIF and DLR (group 2). The pre- and post-operative radiographic examination were performed, the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score, the visual analog scale (VAS), the Medical Outcomes Short Form 36-item questionnaire score (SF-36), and the ankle range of motion (ROM) were used for functional evaluation. RESULTS: In both groups, the three scores improved significantly after surgery, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. At 6 weeks after surgery, patients in group 2 had better ankle ROM than group 1 (29.35 ± 2.033 vs. 40.35 ± 3.550, P <  0.001), but there was no difference at 12 months postoperatively. No cases of bone nonunion or post-traumatic arthritic changes were seen during the follow-up. Patients in group 1 required a shorter time to achieve fracture union than patients in group 2. CONCLUSIONS: ORIF with TIF is an optional strategy to manage SER IV ankle fractures as it achieves comparable functional results to ORIF with DLR. It also allows patients to start relatively earlier weight-bearing and may promote fracture union.

Does routinely repairing deltoid ligament injuries in type B ankle joint fractures influence long term outcomes?

Deltoid ligament reconstruction following type B ankle fractures continues to generate a vivid discussion amongst trauma surgeons. There is a difference of opinion as to whether operative or non operative treatment should prevail. We therefore conducted a prospective comparative cohort study to determine whether it is necessary to routinely repair the injured deltoid ligaments. 41 Type B ankle joint fracture patients were enrolled, all the patients were associated with deltoid ligament ruptures and lateral/posterior-lateral dislocation of talus. After fixation of the lateral malleolus fracture, 12 patients were treated by superficial deltoid ligaments repairing, 16 patients with deep components augmentation, 13 patients had no direct surgical intervention. In the deep components group, the planter and the dorsi flexion was 3.2° (0-10°) and 8.8° (0-15°) less than the normal side. In the superficial components group, plantar and dorsi flexion was 0.8° (0-5°) and 4.2° (0-15°) less than the normal side. In the non-repairing group, the plantar and dorsi flexion was 2.4° (0-10°) and 5.6° (0-20°) less than the normal side. Overall, no significant statistical difference was observed comparing the 3 groups. In addition, no statistically significant inter-group differences were evident in terms of measurement of the ankle medial clear space and the clinical and functional outcomes recorded. In conclusion, the results of this study do not support routine exposure and repairing of the injured deltoid ligaments.

Review and clinical presentation in reverse shoulder arthroplasty in deltoid palsy.

Deltoid palsy is a classical contraindication for reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA). However, in cases associating axillary nerve palsy and rotator cuff tear or glenohumeral arthritis, few options remain. We present a case in which combining RSA with transfer of the pectoralis major and upper and middle trapezius transfer provided satisfactory results in a patient suffering of both an irreparable rotator cuff tear and a deltoid palsy.Level of evidence IV.

Arthroscopic Correction of the Critical Shoulder Angle Through Lateral Acromioplasty: A Safe Adjunct to Rotator Cuff Repair.

PURPOSE: To investigate whether arthroscopic lateral acromioplasty reliably decreases the critical shoulder angle (CSA) and whether it is associated with damage to the deltoid or other complications. METHODS: Patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (RCR) with lateral but without anterior acromioplasty for degenerative, full-thickness rotator cuff tears and a CSA of 34° or greater were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with traumatic or irreparable rotator cuff tears, osteoarthritis, or previous surgery were excluded. Clinical and radiographic outcomes were assessed at a minimum of 12 months' follow-up. RESULTS: We reviewed 49 consecutive patients (mean age, 56 years; age range, 39-76 years) at a mean of 30 months (range, 12-47 months). There were 7 RCR failures (14%). The mean CSA was reduced from 37.5° preoperatively (95% confidence interval [CI], 36.7°-38.3°) to 33.9° postoperatively (95% CI, 33.3°-34.6°; P < .001). There were no cases of dehiscence, increases in fatty infiltration, or significant atrophy of the deltoid. Scarring at the deltoid origin was noted in 18 patients (37%). The mean absolute and relative Constant scores increased from 59 points (95% CI, 54-64 points) to 74 points (95% CI, 70-78 points) and from 66% (95% CI, 61%-71%) to 83% (95% CI, 79%-87%) respectively, and the Subjective Shoulder Value increased from 45% (95% CI, 39%-50%) to 80% (95% CI, 74%-86%) (P < .001 for all 3 improvements). The postoperative CSA was significantly larger in failed than in healed repairs (P = .026). Patients with a healed RCR and a CSA corrected to 33° or less (n = 22) had 25% more abduction strength than patients with a healed cuff and a CSA corrected to 35° or greater (n = 14, P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: Arthroscopic lateral acromioplasty performed in addition to arthroscopic RCR can reduce the CSA without significantly compromising the deltoid origin, deltoid muscle, or function. It is not associated with any additional complications of arthroscopic RCR. Insufficiently corrected, abnormally large CSAs are associated either with a higher retear rate or with inferior strength of abduction if the tears heal. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, case series, treatment study.

Arthroscopic Deltoid Repair: A Technical Tip.

Deltoid ligament repair can be challenging, and implementation of an arthroscopic method can be useful in terms of minimizing morbidity associated with open dissection, as long as the repair is effective and durable. In this brief report, we describe a method of arthroscopic deltoid ligament repair that we have found to be useful.

The Epidemiology of Deltoid Ligament Sprains in 25 National Collegiate Athletic Association Sports, 2009-2010 Through 2014-2015 Academic Years.

CONTEXT: Deltoid ligament sprains among collegiate student-athletes have not been extensively investigated. Research regarding the mechanisms, participation-restriction time, and recurrence of deltoid ligament sprains in collegiate student-athletes is lacking. OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology of deltoid ligament sprains in 25 National Collegiate Athletic Association championship sports. DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): We analyzed deltoid ligament sprains recorded in the Injury Surveillance Program for the 2009-2010 through 2014-2015 academic years. Deltoid ligament sprain injury rates, rate ratios, and injury proportion ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported. RESULTS: During the study period, 380 deltoid ligament sprains were reported, resulting in a combined injury rate of 0.79/10 000 athlete-exposures (AEs; 95% CI = 0.71, 0.87). Most deltoid ligament sprains occurred in practices (54.2%, n = 206). However, the competition injury rate was higher than the practice injury rate (rate ratio = 3.74; 95% CI = 3.06, 4.57). The highest deltoid ligament sprain rates were in women's gymnastics (2.30/10 000 AEs; 95% CI = 1.05, 3.55), men's soccer (1.73/10 000 AEs; 95% CI = 1.14, 2.32), women's soccer (1.61/10 000 AEs; 95% CI = 1.13, 2.09), and men's football (1.40/10 000 AEs; 95% CI = 1.18, 1.62). Nearly half of all deltoid ligament sprains (49.7%, n = 189) were due to player contact, and 39.5% (n = 150) were non-time-loss injuries (ie, participation restricted for less than 24 hours). Only 8.2% (n = 31) of deltoid ligament sprains were recurrent. CONCLUSIONS: The highest deltoid ligament sprain rates were in women's gymnastics, men's and women's soccer, and men's football. However, the rate for women's gymnastics was imprecise (ie, the CI was wide), highlighting the need for further surveillance of deltoid ligament sprains in the sport. Most deltoid ligament sprains were due to player contact. Future researchers should assess interventions that may prevent deltoid ligament sprains.

Transferencia del deltoides posterior al tríceps braquial en pacientes con lesiones medulares cervicales / Transposition du deltoïde postérieur sur le triceps brachial chez un patient atteint des lésions médullaires au niveau cervical / Transfer of Posterior Deltoid to the Brachial Triceps in Patients with Cervical Spinal Cord Injuries

Introducción: durante mucho tiempo, casi 50 siglos, se pensó que la tetraplejía no tenía tratamiento. El mayor por ciento de lesiones medulares cervicales ocurre por accidentes de tránsito en pacientes jóvenes donde la pérdida de la extensión activa del codo limita sus habilidades de realizar actividades cotidianas tan sutiles como peinarse o cepillarse los dientes, por lo que se convierten en individuos totalmente dependientes. Objetivo: describir los resultados de la transferencia del deltoides posterior al tríceps braquial en pacientes tetrapléjicos. Mètodo: se realizó un estudio longitudinal prospectivo en el que fueron intervenidos 9 pacientes (14 transferencias) a los que se les aplicó la técnica de Castro Sierra (transferencia del deltoides posterior al tríceps braquial), para restablecer la extensión activa del codo. Resultados: el 100 por ciento de los pacientes intervenidos lograron la extensión activa del codo. El 57 por ciento (8 codos) con fuerza grado III y 43 por ciento (6 codos) con fuerza grado IV. Los 9 pacientes (100 por ciento) quedaron satisfechos con los resultados de su operación. No se reportaron complicaciones. Conclusiones: La transferencia del deltoides posterior al tríceps braquial permite realizar la extensión activa del codo en pacientes tetrapléjicos(AU)

Introduction: for a long, almost 50 centuries, tetraplegia was thought to be untreated. The highest percentage of cervical spinal cord injury occurs due to traffic accidents in young patients whose loss of active elbow extension limits their ability to perform daily activities as subtle as combing their hair or brushing their teeth, so that they become totally individuals dependent. Objective: describe the results of transferring the posterior deltoid to the triceps in quadriplegic patients. Method: a prospective longitudinal study was carried out in nine patients (14 transfers) who were operated on and Castro Sierra technique was applied (transfer of posterior deltoid to the triceps brachii) to restore active elbow extension. Results: 100 percent of the patients underwent active elbow extension. 57 pencert (8 elbows) with grade III strength and 43 percent (6 elbows) with grade IV strength. All the nine patients (100 percent) were satisfied with the results of their operation. No complications were reported. Conclusions: transfer of posterior deltoid to the brachial triceps allows the active extension of the elbow in quadriplegic patients(AU)

Introduction: pendant de nombreuses années, presque 50 siècles, on a pensé que la tétraplégie n'avait pas de traitement. La plupart des lésions médullaires d'atteinte cervicale sont produites à cause des accidents de la route chez de jeunes patients dont la perte de l'extension active du coude empêche leur capacité de réaliser quelques activités de la vie quotidienne, telles que se peigner ou se brosser les dents, devenant ainsi des handicapés. Objectif: l'objectif de cette étude est de décrire les résultats de la transposition du deltoïde postérieur sur le triceps chez des patients tétraplégiques. Méthodes: une étude longitudinale et prospective, suivant 9 patients traités chirurgicalement (14 transpositions) par la technique de Castro Sierra (transposition du deltoïde postérieur sur le triceps brachial) afin de rétablir l'extension active du coude, a été réalisée. Résultats: dans 100 pourcent des cas (dont 57 pourcent à force grade III (8 coudes), et 43 pourcent à force grade IV (6 coudes)), les patients opérés ont récupéré l'extension active du coude. Les 9 patients (100 pourcent) ont été satisfaits des résultats. Aucune complication n'a été trouvée. Conclusions: la transposition du deltoïde postérieur sur le triceps brachial permet de réaliser l'extension active du coude chez des patients tétraplégiques(AU)

Massive irreparable rotator cuff tear and associated deltoid tear. Does the reverse shoulder arthroplasty and deltoid repair be a possible option of treatment?

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Rupture of the anterior and middle deltoid muscle associated with rotator cuff tear arthropathy (RCA) could result in a definitive loss of shoulder function. The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical outcomes after a concomitant reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) and deltoid repair under these circumstances. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 2006 and 2012, 18 consecutive patients with a mean age of 69.7 years, affected by massive irreparable rotator cuff tear and associated dehiscence or rupture of anterior and middle deltoid muscle underwent this operation through a modified anterosuperior approach. Four patients referred a previous shoulder surgery and deltoid tear was iatrogenic. The other 14 cases had an attritional deltoid tears. The average follow-up was 64 months (range 25-121 months). RESULTS: The mean active anterior elevation passed from a preoperative mean of 53 ± 9.1 (range 45-70) to 132.7 ± 11.6° (85-155°), active external rotation passed from a preoperative mean value of 22.4 ± 3.6° (range 18-26) to an average of 33.7 ± 4.7° (range 30-40°). Mean Constant score increased from 42 ± 6.1 (range 31-51) pre-operatively to 72.3 ± 8.2 (range 57-82) post-operatively. At final review, deltoid contour subjectively was satisfactory to all patients with no palpable defects. CONCLUSION: RSA associated with a repair of deltoid tear could be a viable surgical option in cases of tear involving the anterior and middle deltoid associated with a RCA. Patient with a preoperative chronic axillary nerve neuropathy associated with a deltoid muscle tear should be cautioned about the possibility of lower functional outcomes.

Dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) after open and minimally invasive locked plating of proximal humerus fractures.

INTRODUCTION: Closed reduction and locked plate fixation of proximal humerus fractures with the minimally invasive deltoid-splitting approach intends to minimize soft tissue damage although axillary nerve injury has been reported. The aim of this study was to assess the deltoid muscle perfusion with dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) as novel technique and evaluate its relation to the functional and neurologic outcome after open (ORIF) and minimally invasive (MIPO) fracture fixation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 50 patients, 30 with deltopectoral ORIF and 20 with deltoid-splitting MIPO approach were examined 6-49 months after surgery. Only patients with a healthy, contralateral shoulder were selected. Shoulder function, satisfaction as well as psychosocial outcome were assessed with established scores (Constant, DASH, Simple Shoulder Test, ASES, SF-12). Electromyography (EMG) of the deltoid muscle was performed to determine axillary nerve damage. Ultrasound of both shoulders included CEUS and Power Doppler after deltoid muscle activation via active abduction for two minutes. RESULTS: None of the examinations and scores showed significant differences between ORIF and MIPO patients, the psychosocial outcome was similar. The fracture types were equally distributed in both groups. The normalized Constant Score was 76.3±18.6 in the ORIF and 81.6±16.1 in the MIPO group (p=0.373). Deltoid muscle perfusion in CEUS and Power Doppler revealed no differences between both approaches. EMG excluded functionally relevant axillary nerve injuries. Compared with the contralateral shoulder, Constant- and ASES-Scores (p≤0.001 for both ORIF and MIPO) as well as the deltoid CEUS perfusion (ORIF p=0.035; MIPO p=0.030) were significantly worse for both approaches. CONCLUSIONS: Convincing consensus of functional, ultrasonographic and neurologic examinations demonstrated comparable outcomes after deltopectoral and deltoid-splitting approach. The quantification of the deltoid muscle perfusion with CEUS indicates that the proclaimed benefits of the MIPO approach on soft tissue might not be as great as expected.

Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty with combined deltoid reconstruction in patients with anterior and/or middle deltoid tears.

BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS: Deltoid disruption has traditionally been an absolute contraindication to performing a reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA), and options available to patients have been limited. We present a series of patients with deltoid tears that underwent concomitant RTSA with deltoid reconstruction. We hypothesize that this combined procedure provides an acceptable, functional alternative for this complex patient population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively identified all patients who were treated by a single surgeon with a concomitant RTSA and deltoid reconstruction from 2004 to 2012 with minimum 24-month follow-up. Six shoulders in 5 patients met these criteria. The mean age was 69 years (range, 61-79 years), and the mean follow-up period was 76.8 months (range, 24-133 months). We compared preoperative and postoperative range of motion and Penn Shoulder Scores, including subscores, using paired t tests. RESULTS: Mean forward elevation and external rotation increased from 48° and 12°, respectively, to 120° and 22°, respectively. Penn scores increased from 45.2 to 77.8 postoperatively (P = .03). The Penn satisfaction subscore, in particular, improved from 1.1 (of 10) to 9.0 (P = .005). There was a low rate of recurrent deltoid failure (1 of 6 shoulders), and there were no infections or revisions. DISCUSSION: Deltoid reconstruction at the same time as RTSA is a viable treatment option as a salvage procedure for patients with deltoid deficiency who otherwise need RTSA for treatment of massive rotator cuff deficiency. In this small series, simultaneous RTSA and deltoid reconstruction resulted in a functional shoulder with a high level of satisfaction and good motion. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV; Case Series; Treatment Study.

Deltoid muscle injury scratched by an osteophyte on the greater tuberosity of the humeral head: an unusual cause of shoulder pain.

Few reports to date have discussed acute deltoid muscle injury, including partial or complete deltoid muscle detachment from its origin. The present report describes a different pathomechanism and clinical manifestations of deltoid muscle injury. A 52-year-old man experienced acute severe pain in the right shoulder as a result of abrupt elevation of the arm. The deltoid muscle had apparently been scratched by an osteophyte on the greater tuberosity. After arthroscopic excision of the osteophyte, the symptoms resolved completely.

A new snowboard injury caused by "FLOW" bindings: a complete deltoid ligament and anterior talofibular ankle ligament rupture.

We present a case of a snowboard injury that caused a combination of a complete deltoid and anterior talofibular ligament rupture, without bony or syndesmotic injury. Initial surgical repair for both ligaments was performed. We describe the etiology of this injury to demonstrate the cause and existence of medial and lateral ankle ligament rupture without osseous and syndesmotic involvement and to create awareness of these types of injuries.

Parálisis aislada del nervio circunflejo en deportistas de contacto / Isolated axillary nerve palsy in contact sports

Introducción: La parálisis del nervio circunflejo es la más frecuente entre los nervios periféricos del hombro. Esta lesión de difícil diagnóstico, implica una seria complicación en los deportes de contacto. El objetivo de éste trabajo es reportar los resultados del tratamiento conservador de 18 casos de parálisis aislada del nervio circunflejo causada por traumatismos directos del hombro en deportistas de contacto, sin luxación glenohumeral. Material y Método: Se evaluaron retrospectivamente con un seguimiento mínimo de 2 años, 18 jugadores de rugby, con diagnóstico de parálisis post-traumática del nervio circunflejo. Se evaluó la recuperación de la función, la fuerza y sensibilidad del músculo deltoides y el tiempo en retorno a la actividad deportiva. Todos los pacientes fueron evaluados con el score de ASES. Resultados: La función y la fuerza del músculo deltoides se recuperaron totalmente en 13 pacientes...

Parálisis aislada del nervio circunflejo en deportistas de contacto / Isolated axillary nerve palsy in contact sports

Introducción: La parálisis del nervio circunflejo es la más frecuente entre los nervios periféricos del hombro. Esta lesión de difícil diagnóstico, implica una seria complicación en los deportes de contacto. El objetivo de éste trabajo es reportar los resultados del tratamiento conservador de 18 casos de parálisis aislada del nervio circunflejo causada por traumatismos directos del hombro en deportistas de contacto, sin luxación glenohumeral. Material y Método: Se evaluaron retrospectivamente con un seguimiento mínimo de 2 años, 18 jugadores de rugby, con diagnóstico de parálisis post-traumática del nervio circunflejo. Se evaluó la recuperación de la función, la fuerza y sensibilidad del músculo deltoides y el tiempo en retorno a la actividad deportiva. Todos los pacientes fueron evaluados con el score de ASES. Resultados: La función y la fuerza del músculo deltoides se recuperaron totalmente en 13 pacientes...(AU)

An evidence based protocol for the prevention of upper arm injury related to vaccine administration (UAIRVA).

Upper arm injury related to vaccine administration (UAIRVA) is an infrequent but increasingly recognised complication of deltoid muscle vaccination. Vaccine administration reported injury to the subdeltoid/subacromial bursa, anterior branch of the axillary nerve and the radial nerve presumably reflects the lack of awareness of the anatomical position of these structures in and near this muscle and the multiplicity of methods for the selection of the injection site in the muscle. An evidence based protocol for safe vaccine administration into the deltoid muscle is presented. This was developed using anthropometric measurements of the surface anatomical landmarks in adults who regularly receive intramuscular injection of vaccines into the deltoid muscle (adults ≥ 65 years old) and mapping the position of structures potentially injured by injection observed in ultrasonographic and cadaveric studies. The mid point of the muscle (midway between the acromion and the deltoid tuberosity) with the arm abducted to 60° is a safe site for injection. The protocol for vaccine administration in this way involves the vaccinee placing the hand on the ipsilateral hip with the vaccinator then placing their index finger on the acromion and their thumb on the deltoid tuberosity and administering the vaccine at midpoint between these anatomical landmarks.

Lesiones proximales y distales del tendón del bíceps braquial: Revisión clínica y ecográfica / Proximal and distal biceps brachii tendon injuries: Clinical and ultrasound review

Las características anatómicas especiales del tendón del bíceps se relacionan con su doble origen tendinoso, que confluye para formar un músculo con una inserción tendinosa distal única. En general, las roturas proximales se producen de forma traumática en varones de edad media, cuando realizan un movimiento excéntrico con el codo en flexión. Sin embargo, mientras que las roturas del bíceps proximal son mas frecuentes y requieren un tratamiento habitualmente conservador, las disrupciones del tendón distal son menos comunes y por el contrario requieren un tratamiento quirúrgico. La ecografía tiene muchas ventajas en el examen de la mayoría de los tendones, como el bíceps braquial proximal. Sin embargo, la disposición anatómica del bíceps distal, hace que la visualización del tendón conjunto y de su inserción radial a menudo sea poco fiable. Las lesiones proximales representan más del 90%de las que se producen en el bíceps braquial. Los procesos patológicos que se pueden observar ultrasonográficamente en este tendón son la tendinosis, tenosinovitis, roturas y luxaciones y el tratamiento sigue siendo un desafío. La dificultad radica en determinar si la lesión es aislada o es concomitante con patología del manguito rotador o con inestabilidad. Las roturas sintomáticas del tendón del bíceps pueden someterse a desbridamiento, tenotomía, o tenodesis si las medidas conservadoras no proporcionan alivio. En la porción distal se producen tendinosis, bursitis y roturas parciales o totales. El tratamiento conservador, está típicamente reservado para las lesiones parciales con poco compromiso funcional, y para los pacientes no aptos para la cirugía, aunque el tratamiento de las roturas completasen los atletas es principalmente quirúrgico y la decisión de cuándo tratar los desgarros parciales no está muy clara (AU)

The special anatomical features of the biceps tendon are the result of its dual original tendon, which converge to form a muscle with a single distal tendon attachment. In general, the proximal breaks are produced traumatic middle-aged men, when they perform an eccentric movement with the elbow flexed. However, while the proximal biceps tears are more common and usually require conservative treatment, distal tendon disruptions are less common and instead require surgical treatment. Ultrasound has many advantages in the examination of most of the tendons, and proximal brachial biceps. However, the anatomical arrangement of the distal biceps, makes viewing the radial insertion is often unreliable. Proximal lesions over 90% of which occur in the biceps brachii. Pathological processes that can be observed ultrasonographically in this tendon are tendinosis, tenosynovitis, ruptures and dislocations and treatment remains a challenge. The difficulty is in determining if the injury is isolated or is concomitant with rotator cuff pathology or with instability. Symptomatic ruptures of the biceps tendon may be treated debridement, tenotomy, or tenodesis if conservative measures fail to provide relief. In the distal portion occurring tendinosis, bursitis and partial or total tear. Conservative treatment is typically reserved for partial injuries with little functional compromise, and for patients unfit for surgery but the treatment of complete ruptures in athletes is primarily surgical, although the decision of when to treat partial tears is not so clear (AU)