Mediating Effects of Maternal Blood Triglycerides on the Relationship between Prepregnancy Body Mass Index and Fetal Macrosomia.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether the association of prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) with fetal macrosomia is mediated through maternal circulating lipid concentrations during pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: In this prospective cohort, 3011 eligible pregnant women were enrolled. Information on demographic characteristics were collected using questionnaires, and anthropometrics and laboratory tests were performed at 24 weeks of gestation and before delivery. Macrosomia was defined as birth weight ≥4000 g. Logistic regression and multivariable linear regression, adjusted for age, fetal sex, education, gestational weight gain, fasting blood glucose, gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension, gestational age at delivery, delivery mode, and parity, were used to assess the mediation path between prepregnancy BMI, maternal serum lipids, and fetal macrosomia. RESULTS: A total of 2454 participants with completed records were included in the final analyses. Among the maternal circulating lipid biomarkers, only triglyceride was significantly associated with both prepregnancy BMI and fetal macrosomia risk, adjusting for potential confounders. Mediation analyses demonstrated that the direct effect of prepregnancy BMI on fetal macrosomia was 0.0085 (95% CI, 0.0003-0.018; P < .05), the indirect effect mediated through maternal serum triglycerides was 0.0016 (95% CI, 0.0007-0.0029; P < .001), and the estimated proportion of mediated effect was 15.7% (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Maternal circulating triglycerides mediate the association of prepregnancy BMI with the risk of fetal macrosomia.

The World Health Organization fetal growth charts: concept, findings, interpretation, and application.

Ultrasound biometry is an important clinical tool for the identification, monitoring, and management of fetal growth restriction and development of macrosomia. This is even truer in populations in which perinatal morbidity and mortality rates are high, which is a reason that much effort is put onto making the technique available everywhere, including low-income societies. Until recently, however, commonly used reference ranges were based on single populations largely from industrialized countries. Thus, the World Health Organization prioritized the establishment of fetal growth charts for international use. New fetal growth charts for common fetal measurements and estimated fetal weight were based on a longitudinal study of 1387 low-risk pregnant women from 10 countries (Argentina, Brazil, Democratic Republic of Congo, Denmark, Egypt, France, Germany, India, Norway, and Thailand) that provided 8203 sets of ultrasound measurements. The participants were characterized by median age 28 years, 58% nulliparous, normal body mass index, with no socioeconomic or nutritional constraints (median caloric intake, 1840 calories/day), and had the ability to attend the ultrasound sessions, thus essentially representing urban populations. Median gestational age at birth was 39 weeks, and birthweight was 3300 g, both with significant differences among countries. Quantile regression was used to establish the fetal growth charts, which also made it possible to demonstrate a number of features of fetal growth that previously were not well appreciated or unknown: (1) There was an asymmetric distribution of estimated fetal weight in the population. During early second trimester, the distribution was wider among fetuses <50th percentile compared with those above. The pattern was reversed in the third trimester, with a notably wider variation >50th percentile. (2) Although fetal sex, maternal factors (height, weight, age, and parity), and country had significant influence on fetal weight (1-4.5% each), their effect was graded across the percentiles. For example, the positive effect of maternal height on fetal weight was strongest on the lowest percentiles and smallest on the highest percentiles for estimated fetal weight. (3) When adjustment was made for maternal covariates, there was still a significant effect of country as covariate that indicated that ethnic, cultural, and geographic variation play a role. (4) Variation between populations was not restricted to fetal size because there were also differences in growth trajectories. (5) The wide physiologic ranges, as illustrated by the 5th-95th percentile for estimated fetal weight being 2205-3538 g at 37 weeks gestation, signify that human fetal growth under optimized maternal conditions is not uniform. Rather, it has a remarkable variation that largely is unexplained by commonly known factors. We suggest this variation could be part of our common biologic strategy that makes human evolution extremely successful. The World Health Organization fetal growth charts are intended to be used internationally based on low-risk pregnancies from populations in Africa, Asia, Europe, and South America. We consider it prudent to test and monitor whether the growth charts' performance meets the local needs, because refinements are possible by a change in cut-offs or customization for fetal sex, maternal factors, and populations. In the same line, the study finding of variations emphasizes the need for carefully adjusted growth charts that reflect optimal local growth when public health issues are addressed.

Validation of a symphysis-fundal height chart developed for pregnancy complicated by diabetes and hyperglycemia: an observational study.

BACKGROUND: The present study validates a symphysis-fundal height chart (SFH-chart) for pregnant women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and mild gestational hyperglycemia (MGH) attending at the Diabetes and Pregnancy Reference Service of the Botucatu Medical School, UNESP, Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out to evaluate the performance of the specific FHC in predicting small (SGA) and large (LGA) for gestational age newborns (NB). We evaluated 206 pregnant women with DM2, GDM or MGH and their NB. The last symphysis-fundal height measure, taken at birth, was used to determine the sensitivity index (Sens), specificity index (Spe), positive prediction value (PPV), negative prediction value (NPV) and accuracy in predicting SGA and LGA. The gold standard was the Lubchenco birth weight/gestational age ratio evaluated at birth. RESULTS: The mothers showed adequate glycemic control; 91.3 % of all pregnant women achieved HbA1c < 6,5 % in the third trimester. The SFH-chart tested achieved 100 % of Sens and NPV in predicting both SGA and LGA, with accuracy of 90.3 % (85.5; 93.6) and 91.8 % (87.2; 94.8), respectively, for predicting SGA and LGA newborns. CONCLUSIONS: The Basso SFH-chart showed high performance in predicting both SGA and LGA newborns of DM-2, GDM and MGH mothers, with better performance than the national reference SFH-chart. These findings support the internal validation of the Basso SFH-chart, which may be implemented in the prenatal care of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Reference Service-Botucatu Medical School/UNESP.

Maternal 75-g OGTT glucose levels as predictive factors for large-for-gestational age newborns in women with gestational diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to investigate which glucose measurement from the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) has more capability of predicting large for-gestational-age (LGA) newborns of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study group consisted of 118 consecutively pregnant women with singleton pregnancy, patients of Outpatients Department of the Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Disorders Clinic. All were prospectively screened for GDM between 24th and 28th week of pregnancy and followed to delivery. Outcome measures included: patients' ages, pre-pregnancy BMI, BMI before delivery, FPG, 1 and 2 hour OGTT glucose values, haemoglobin A1c at third trimester, gestational week of delivery, mode of delivery and baby birth weight. RESULTS: From 118 pregnancies, 78 (66.1%) women were with GDM, and 40 (33.9%) without GDM. There were statistically significant differences (30.7 versus 5.0%, p < 0.01) between LGA newborns from GDM and control group, respectively. Gestation week of delivery and fasting glucose levels were independent predictors for LGA (Beta = 0.58 and Beta = 0.37 respectively, p < 0.01). Areas under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) were compared for the prediction of LGA (0.782 (0.685-0.861) for fasting, 0.719 (0.607-0.815) for 1-hour and 0.51 (0.392-0.626) for 2-hour OGTT plasma glucose levels). CONCLUSION: Fasting and 1-hour plasma glucose levels from OGTT may predict LGA babies in GDM pregnancies.

Maternal 75-g OGTT glucose levels as predictive factors for large-for-gestational age newborns in women with gestational diabetes mellitus

ABSTRACT Objective Our goal was to investigate which glucose measurement from the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) has more capability of predicting large for-gestational-age (LGA) newborns of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Subjects and methods The study group consisted of 118 consecutively pregnant women with singleton pregnancy, patients of Outpatients Department of the Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Disorders Clinic. All were prospectively screened for GDM between 24th and 28th week of pregnancy and followed to delivery. Outcome measures included: patients’ ages, pre-pregnancy BMI, BMI before delivery, FPG, 1 and 2 hour OGTT glucose values, haemoglobin A1c at third trimester, gestational week of delivery, mode of delivery and baby birth weight. Results From 118 pregnancies, 78 (66.1%) women were with GDM, and 40 (33.9%) without GDM. There were statistically significant differences (30.7 versus 5.0%, p < 0.01) between LGA newborns from GDM and control group, respectively. Gestation week of delivery and fasting glucose levels were independent predictors for LGA (Beta = 0.58 and Beta = 0.37 respectively, p < 0.01). Areas under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) were compared for the prediction of LGA (0.782 (0.685-0.861) for fasting, 0.719 (0.607-0.815) for 1-hour and 0.51 (0.392-0.626) for 2-hour OGTT plasma glucose levels). Conclusion Fasting and 1-hour plasma glucose levels from OGTT may predict LGA babies in GDM pregnancies.

Polidactilia, holoprosencefalia, labio y paladar hendido: no siempre es lo que parece / Polydactyly, holoprosencephaly, cleft lip and cleft palate are not always what they seem: Case report

Reportamos un neonato masculino con defectos de línea media, cardiopatía congénita y polidactilia, características sugestivas de trisomía 13. Sin embargo, el reporte de cariotipo fue normal. Por hallazgos clínicos, el diagnóstico final probable fue pseudotrisomía 13. Aunque el pronóstico de ambas condiciones es pobre, los estudios genéticos siempre son necesarios para establecer una adecuada asesoría genética. Si bien hay síndromes con presentación similar, como el de Meckel, el de Smith-Lemli- Opitz, el de Pallister-Hall y el hidroletalus, se puede realizar una aproximación diagnóstica basada en los antecedentes perinatales, el peso al nacer, el tiempo de supervivencia y algunos rasgos característicos de cada síndrome. Además, pueden existir, en algunos países, limitaciones para realizar estudios genéticos, por lo que los criterios clínicos pueden ser relevantes.

We report a male infant with midline defects, congenital heart disease and polydactyly, features suggestive of trisomy 13. However, the report of the karyotype was normal. By clinical findings the final diagnosis was likely to be Pseudotrisomy 13. Although the prognosis is poor in both conditions, the genetic study is always necessary to establish an adequate genetic counseling. Although there are syndromes with similar presentation as Meckel syndrome, Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, Pallister-Hall syndrome and hydrolethalus, it is possible to make a diagnostic approach based on the perinatal history, birth weight, survival time, and some characteristics of each syndrome. However, limitations may exist to perform genetic studies in some countries, therefore the clinical criteria may be relevant.

[Polydactyly, holoprosencephaly, cleft lip and cleft palate are not always what they seem: Case report]. / Polidactilia, holoprosencefalia, labio y paladar hendido: no siempre es lo que parece.

We report a male infant with midline defects, congenital heart disease and polydactyly, features suggestive of trisomy 13. However, the report of the karyotype was normal. By clinical findings the final diagnosis was likely to be Pseudotrisomy 13. Although the prognosis is poor in both conditions, the genetic study is always necessary to establish an adequate genetic counseling. Although there are syndromes with similar presentation as Meckel syndrome, Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, Pallister-Hall syndrome and hydrolethalus, it is possible to make a diagnostic approach based on the perinatal history, birth weight, survival time, and some characteristics of each syndrome. However, limitations may exist to perform genetic studies in some countries, therefore the clinical criteria may be relevant.

Impact of the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria for gestational diabetes.

AIMS: To evaluate the diagnostic criteria of the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) and alternative criteria in terms of resultant prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and measures of diagnostic impact. METHODS: The Brazilian Gestational Diabetes Study (EBDG) is a cohort of pregnant women enrolled consecutively in prenatal care clinics of the Brazilian National Health Service from 1991 to 1995, a time and setting in which those with lesser than diabetes hyperglycemia rarely received drug treatment. Eligibility criteria were age ≥20 years, gestational age 20-28 weeks and no history of diabetes outside pregnancy. After interview and anthropometric measurements, a standardized 2h 75g OGTT was scheduled. Women were followed through early postpartum. RESULTS: Prevalence of GDM defined by IADPSG criteria was 18.0% (95% CI 16.9-19.0), ranging from 2.7 to 17.0% with the alternative criteria. Relative risks for large for gestational age (LGA) and preeclampsia were generally small. The diagnostic impact assessed by pre- to post-test gain in the probability of an outcome was also small (3.6% for LGA and 0.5% for preeclampsia). Alternative criteria reached maximum gains of 9.7% and 5.3%, respectively. The fractions of LGA births and preeclampsia attributable to GDM by the IADPSG criteria were small, 6.7% and 3.5%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The IADPSG criteria identify more women as having GDM but their diagnostic and population impacts with respect to adverse outcomes are small. Alternative definitions, although also presenting small diagnostic and population impacts, showed advantages which may be useful in specific settings.

Detección ecográfica de macrosomía fetal y resultados perinatales de enero a diciembre del 2014. Hospital Marino Molina Scippa - Comas / Ultrasonographic detection of fetal macrosomia and perinatal outcomes from January to December 2014. Hospital Marino Molina Scippa – Comas

Objetivo: Determinar el porcentaje de recién nacidos macrosómicos diagnosticados ecográficamente durante enero a diciembre del 2014 en el Hospital Marino Molina Scippa (HIMMS) y detectar los principales problemas perinatales. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo en el servicio de gíneco-obstetricia del HIMMS. De 484 recién nacidos macrosómicos, sólo 264 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Los datos fueron recogidos en la ficha de recolección de datos (ver anexo 1) y luego ingresados a una hoja de cálculo en MS-Excel 2010, para ser procesados a través del Programa Epi Info versión 7. Resultados: La prevalencia de macrosomía fetal y la detección ecográfica de macrosomía en el HIMMS durante el año 2014 fueron 11.32 por ciento y 34.85 por ciento respectivamente. La precisión de la ecografía tuvo relación directa con el peso al nacer y dicha precisión mejoró además si la ultrasonografía era realizada dentro de las 72 horas previas al parto (de 15.45 por ciento hasta 51.77 por ciento). La principal complicación durante el periodo del parto fue la depresión leve a moderada con una frecuencia de 2.89 por ciento (14 casos). Conclusiones: La detección ecográfica de macrosomía fetal en el HIMMS durante el 2014 fue del 34.85 por ciento. La depresión leve a moderada fue la complicación perinatal más frecuente.

Objective: To determine the percentage of macrosomic infants diagnosed by ultrasound during January to December 2014 in the Marino Molina Scippa Hospital and identifying key perinatal problems. Materials and Methods: A descriptive, retrospective study was conducted in the service of gynecology and obstetrics of HIMMS. From 484 macrosomic newborns, only 264 met the inclusion criteria. Data were collected on the page of data collection (see Annex 1) and then entered into a calculation sheet in MS-Excel 2010 to be processed through the program Epi Info version 7. Results: The prevalence of fetal macrosomia and ultrasound detection of macrosomia in the HIMMS during 2014 were 11.32 per cent and 34.85 per cent respectively. The accuracy of ultrasound was directly related to birth weight and such accuracy improved if ultrasonography was performed within 72 hours prior to delivery (from 15.45 per cent to 51.77 per cent). The main complication during the delivery was mild to moderate depression with a frequency of 2.89 per cent (14 cases). Conclusions: Ultrasound detection of fetal macrosomia in the HIMMS during 2014 was 34.85 per cent. The mild to moderate depression was the most common perinatal complication.

Valor predictivo del ultrasonido en el diagnóstico de macrosomía en gestantes a término, en la Unidad de Medicina Fetal del Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal, Enero a Diciembre 2010 / Predictive value of ultrasound in the diagnosis of macrosomia in pregnant women at term, in the Fetal Medicine Unit at the National Institute Materno Perinatal, January to December 2010

Este estudio se realizó para evaluar el valor predictivo del ultrasonido en el diagnóstico de macrosomia fetal, en gestantes entre las 37 y 41 semanas. Métodos: El estudio consistió en contrastar los datos obtenidos de las estimaciones ecográficas de fetos con los pesos de los recién nacidos. De la base de datos de gestantes evaluadas en la "unidad de medicina fetal", seleccionamos las mujeres con embarazos únicos, entre las 37 y 41 semanas, que tenían macrosomía y las que no tenían macrosomía por ultrasonido. Al final del embarazo por parto vaginal o cesárea, comparamos nuestras estimaciones con el peso del recién nacido (macrosómico o no). Se calcularon el valor predictivo, la sensibilidad y especificidad de la ultrasonografía. Resultados: Un total de 840 pacientes participaron en este estudio. el valor predictivo positivo del ultrasonido para predecir el peso al nacer de 4000g o más fue de 71 por ciento, con una sensibilidad del 77 por ciento y una especificidad del 94 por ciento. Conclusión: La estimación del ponderado fetal de macrosomía por ultrasonido en gestantes a término en la Unidad de Medicina Fetal está acorde a los valores referenciales a nivel internacional, pero tienen poca sensibilidad para detectar macrosomia en fetos...

A five-year retrospective review of infants with Erb-Duchenne's palsy at a teaching hospital in North Trinidad.

Birth injuries are devastating to parents and carers alike. They carry the possibility of residual loss of function to the infant and thus the potential for litigation. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of Erb-Duchenne's palsy and the identification of any contributing factors. A retrospective review over a five-year period, 2005-2009, was performed and an incidence of 0.94 per 1000 live births was noted. An association between both macrosomia and shoulder dystocia and the development of Erb-Duchenne palsy in the newborn was noted. The authors recommended the use of partograms and improved note documentation in the management of labour.

Crecimiento en niños con Síndrome de Sotos / Growth in children with Sotos syndrome

El síndrome de Sotos se caracteriza por macrosomía, retraso del desarrollo, rasgos faciales típicos y alteraciones cerebrales. En el año 2002 se identificó al gen responsable de ésta patología NSD1, localizado en el brazo largo del cromosoma 5 (5q35.2-q35.3). El objetivo del trabajo fue describir las curvas de crecimiento de 6 niños con diagnóstico clínico de síndrome de Sotos seguidos en los Servicios de Crecimiento y Desarrollo y Genética del Hospital de Pediatría J. P. Garrahan. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de serie de casos, retrospectivo, observacional, descriptivo por revisión de historias clínicas, de los datos antropométricos (peso, estatura, perímetro cefálico, longitud tronco, estatura de ambos padres) edad ósea, desarrollo puberal y características clínicas. Se analizaron las curvas de distancia. Se calculó la diferencia de puntaje z de estatura y perímetro cefálico al nacer, 2, 6 años y al final del seguimiento. Resultados: la mediana de peso y longitud corporal al nacer fue estadísticamente mayor que la población argentina (p<0,05). Durante el primer y segundo año de vida se observó aceleración del crecimiento, siendo más evidente en estatura y perímetro cefálico que en peso. Luego de esa edad todos los niños mostraron macrocefalia y el 83% (5/6) alta estatura para la población con crecimiento normal. La mediana de puntaje z de IMC fue 0,61 (r: 0,12/1,80). Todos los niños mostraron tendencia a miembros largos. 67% presentó edad ósea avanzada. Uno de cinco niños mostró inicio puberal temprano: 9,21 años de edad. Conclusiones: La curva de crecimiento de estos seis niños con diagnostico de síndrome de Sotos muestran un patrón similar. La macrocefalia y alta estatura, presentes a partir de los dos años de edad, fue la principal característica de estos niños. El IMC fue normal en todos los niños

Crecimiento en niños con síndrome de Sotos / Growth in children with Sotos syndrome

El síndrome de Sotos se caracteriza por macrosomía, retraso del desarrollo, rasgos faciales típicos y alteraciones cerebrales. En el año 2002 se identificó al gen responsable de ésta patología NSD1, localizado en el brazo largo del cromosoma 5 (5q35.2-q35.3). El objetivo del trabajo fue describir las curvas de crecimiento de 6 niños con diagnóstico clínico de síndrome de Sotos seguidos en los Servicios de Crecimiento y Desarrollo y Genética del Hospital de Pediatría J. P. Garrahan. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de serie de casos, retrospectivo, observacional, descriptivo por revisión de historias clínicas, de los datos antropométricos (peso, estatura, perímetro cefálico, longitud tronco, estatura de ambos padres) edad ósea, desarrollo puberal y características clínicas. Se analizaron las curvas de distancia. Se calculó la diferencia de puntaje z de estatura y perímetro cefálico al nacer, 2, 6 años y al final del seguimiento. Resultados: la mediana de peso y longitud corporal al nacer fue estadísticamente mayor que la población argentina (p<0,05). Durante el primer y segundo año de vida se observó aceleración del crecimiento, siendo más evidente en estatura y perímetro cefálico que en peso. Luego de esa edad todos los niños mostraron macrocefalia y el 83% (5/6) alta estatura para la población con crecimiento normal. La mediana de puntaje z de IMC fue 0,61 (r: 0,12/1,80). Todos los niños mostraron tendencia a miembros largos. 67% presentó edad ósea avanzada. Uno de cinco niños mostró inicio puberal temprano: 9,21 años de edad. Conclusiones: La curva de crecimiento de estos seis niños con diagnostico de síndrome de Sotos muestran un patrón similar. La macrocefalia y alta estatura, presentes a partir de los dos años de edad, fue la principal característica de estos niños. El IMC fue normal en todos los niños.

Effect of the diagnostic criteria of the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups on the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in urban Mexican women: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), defined by the previous criteria of the American Diabetes Association (ADA), as well as the criteria suggested by the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG), in an unselected group of urban Mexican pregnant women and to analyze the frequency of large for gestational age (LGA) newborns in this same group of women with use of both diagnostic criteria. METHODS: A cross-sectional study included 803 consecutive Mexican urban women with a singleton pregnancy, without concomitant diseases and no prior history of GDM, who underwent a 2-step screening protocol for diagnosis of GDM at admission to prenatal care. RESULTS: The ADA criteria identified 83 women (10.3%) whereas the IADPSG criteria diagnosed 242 women (30.1%) having GDM (P = .0001). Fasting glucose concentrations during the 100-g 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test were abnormal in 116 women (14.4%) and in 160 women (19.9%) on the basis of ADA and IADPSG criteria, respectively (P = .004). The frequency of LGA newborns was 7.4% based on IADPSG criteria and 6.0% based on ADA criteria-no significant difference (P = .64). CONCLUSION: With use of the IADPSG criteria, the prevalence of GDM increased almost 3-fold in comparison with that for the ADA criteria. Nevertheless, no significant difference was found in the prevalence of LGA newborns.

Utilidad de la medición de fructosamina como indicador de control en pacientes con diabetes gestacional y pregestacional / Plasma fructosamine to evaluate metabolic control among women with gestational diabetes

Background: Metabolic control of diabetic pregnant women is assessed using glycated hemoglobin (HbAlc) levels and fasting blood sugar. Another glycated protein, namely fructosamine, can be an indicator of average glucose levels during the last three weeks. Aim: To evaluate plasma fructosamine as an indicator of glycemic control in women with gestational diabetes. Patients and Methods: Prospective cohort study of 41 pregnant women aged 30 to 37 years, with gestational and pre-gestational diabetes. Blood glucose, HbAlc, fructosamine were measured. Newborn weight, and other prenatal and postnatal variables, were used to evaluate the correlation between metabolic control and the presence or absence of macrosomia. Results: The correlation observed between fructosamine and fasting blood glucose (r = 0.627, p < 0.001) was superior to that of HbA1c and blood glucose (r = 0.516, p < 0.001). No association was observed between macrosomia and levels of fructosamine, nor between the other studied variables. Conclusions: Fructosamine levels were not associated with macrosomia, but it could be better for the evaluation of glycemic control in patients with gestational diabetes since it allows short-term monitoring.

[Plasma fructosamine to evaluate metabolic control among women with gestational diabetes]. / Utilidad de la medición de fructosamina como indicador de control en pacientes con diabetes gestacional y pregestacional.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic control of diabetic pregnant women is assessed using glycated hemoglobin (HbAlc) levels and fasting blood sugar. Another glycated protein, namely fructosamine, can be an indicator of average glucose levels during the last three weeks. AIM: To evaluate plasma fructosamine as an indicator of glycemic control in women with gestational diabetes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Prospective cohort study of 41 pregnant women aged 30 to 37 years, with gestational and pre-gestational diabetes. Blood glucose, HbAlc, fructosamine were measured. Newborn weight, and other prenatal and postnatal variables, were used to evaluate the correlation between metabolic control and the presence or absence of macrosomia. RESULTS: The correlation observed between fructosamine and fasting blood glucose (r = 0.627, p < 0.001) was superior to that of HbA1c and blood glucose (r = 0.516, p < 0.001). No association was observed between macrosomia and levels of fructosamine, nor between the other studied variables. CONCLUSIONS: Fructosamine levels were not associated with macrosomia, but it could be better for the evaluation of glycemic control in patients with gestational diabetes since it allows short-term monitoring.

Macrosomía neonatal y diabetes gestacional / Neonatal macrosomia and gestational diabetes

Antecedentes: la macrosomía neonatal es la principal complicación que sufre el hijo de madre diabética. Objetivo: identificar la relación existente entre la macrosomía neonatal y el diagnóstico tardío de la diabetes gestacional (DG), el exceso de peso al inicio del embarazo, la ganancia excesiva de peso durante la gestación, el mal control glucémico, la hipertrigliceridemia y la hipercolesterolemia, y un peso fetal mayor que 97 percentil al inicio del tercer trimestre en el embarazo complicado con DG...

Evaluation of the ability of a Latin-American gestational weight curve to predict adverse pregnancy outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the accuracy of a Latin-American curve used to predict adverse pregnancy outcomes such as low birth weight (LBW), small for gestational age (SGA), large for gestational age (LGA). METHODS: More than 23000 body mass index (BMI) measurements from 4540 pregnant women participating in a prospective cohort study conducted in 6 Brazilian capitals were analyzed in their relationship to LBW, SGA, LGA, and macrosomia. Analyses were based on receiver operating characteristic curves and models for repeated measures. RESULTS: The areas under the curve were less than 0.70 for all outcomes, with low sensitivity and specificity for pregestational BMI (0.54-0.61) and BMI at the last prenatal visit (0.63-0.68). The longitudinal model showed a mean weekly BMI gain of 0.16. CONCLUSION: The Latin-American curve is inadequate to predict LBW, SGA, and LGA suggesting the need to develop a new approach for the nutritional monitoring of pregnant women.