RESUMEN
This study aimed to determine the immunostimulatory activities of ulvan type polysaccharides isolated from Ulva pertusa. First, U. pertusa polysaccharide (UPP) mainly consists of rhamnose, glucuronic acid, iduronic acid, and xylose, which are typical ulvan type monosaccharides. UPP induced phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappa B pathways in macrophages, subsequently triggering cytokine release and phagocytosis. The effects were closely associated with pattern recognition receptors such as dectin-1, mannose receptor, CD11b, CD14, and Toll-like receptors 2 and 4. Moreover, prophylactic administration of UPP was found to protect against body weight loss and lymphatic organ damage in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice. In addition, UPP demonstrated significant stimulatory effects on various immunocytes, such as T cells, B cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells derived from the spleen. These effects were closely related to the mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappa B pathways, and significant secretion of immunostimulatory cytokines such as IL-6, -12, and TNF-α was noted in both blood and spleen samples. Impairment of the short-chain fatty acid balance in the cecum was prevented by UPP administration in a dose-dependent manner. Consequently, these results suggest that the UPP isolated from U. pertusa contributes to immune system activation.
Asunto(s)
Ciclofosfamida , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ulva , Animales , Ciclofosfamida/farmacología , Ratones , Ulva/química , Citocinas/metabolismo , Adyuvantes Inmunológicos/farmacología , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Polisacáridos/química , Polisacáridos/aislamiento & purificación , Mananos/farmacología , Mananos/química , Mananos/aislamiento & purificación , Fagocitosis/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/inmunología , Macrófagos/metabolismo , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Bazo/efectos de los fármacos , Bazo/citología , Bazo/inmunología , Células RAW 264.7 , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , MasculinoRESUMEN
Due to wonderful taste, rich nutrition and biological functions, many marine green algae in the genus Caulerpa have been recently developed as candidates for green caviar. A novel water-soluble sulfated xylogalactomannan CO-0-1 was obtained from the green algae Caulerpa okamurae. CO-0-1 was mainly composed of mannose (Man), galactose (Gal), and xylose (Xyl) at the ratio of 4.4:4.0:1.4 with the molecular weight at 470 kDa and the sulfate content at 12.78 %. The sulfated xylogalactomannan had Man at the backbone with â4)-ß-D-Manp-(1â and â2)-ß-D-Manp-(1â as the main chain and branches at O-3 position. The side chains contained â3)-ß-D-Galp-(1â and minor â2)-ß-D-Xylp(1â. The sulfate groups only distributed at the side chains and at O-6 position of â3)-ß-D-Galp-(1â and O-4 position of (1â2)-ß-D-Xylp. The anticoagulant activity indicated that CO-0-1 displayed intrinsic anticoagulant and specific anti-thrombin activities. The investigation expanded the utilization and development scene and scope of the green algae Caulerpa okamurae.
Asunto(s)
Anticoagulantes , Caulerpa , Mananos , Anticoagulantes/química , Anticoagulantes/farmacología , Anticoagulantes/aislamiento & purificación , Caulerpa/química , Mananos/química , Mananos/farmacología , Mananos/aislamiento & purificación , Peso Molecular , Sulfatos/química , HumanosRESUMEN
Konjac glucomannan (KG) is a dietary fiber hydrocolloid derived from Amorphophallus konjac tubers and is widely utilized as a food additive and dietary supplement. As a health-conscious choice, purified KG, along with konjac flour and KG-infused diets, have gained widespread acceptance in Asian and European markets. An overview of the chemical composition and structure of KG is given in this review, along with thorough explanations of the processes used in its extraction, production, and purification. KG has been shown to promote health by reducing glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride levels, and blood pressure, thereby offering significant weight loss advantages. Furthermore, this review delves into the extensive health benefits and pharmaceutical applications of KG and its derivatives, emphasizing its prebiotic, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities. This study highlights how these natural polysaccharides can positively influence health, underscoring their potential in various biomedical applications.
Asunto(s)
Amorphophallus , Mananos , Mananos/química , Mananos/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Amorphophallus/química , Animales , Fibras de la Dieta/análisis , Antiinflamatorios/química , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios/aislamiento & purificación , Suplementos Dietéticos , Prebióticos , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/aislamiento & purificación , Antineoplásicos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The crude polysaccharide of Bletilla striata in this study was extracted by water extraction and alcohol precipitation and further purified by gel column to yield the purified component Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP). Its structure and innate immune regulation activity were studied. BSP mainly comprises mannose and glucose, with a monosaccharide molar ratio of 2.9:1 and a weight-average molecular weight of 28,365 Da. It is a new low-molecular-weight water-soluble neutral glucomannan. BSP contains a â 6)-ß-Manp-(1â, â4)-ß-Glcp-(1â, â4)-ß-Manp-(1 â and â3)-α-Manp-(1 â linear main chain, containing ß-Glcp-(1 â and ß-Manp-(1 â two branched chain fragments were connected to the Man residue at position 4. BSP can enhance the anti-infection ability of Caenorhabditis elegans against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, significantly improve the phagocytic ability of RAW264.7 macrophages, stimulate the secretion of NO and TNF-α, and have good innate immune regulation activity. These findings guide the use of Bletilla striata polysaccharides with immunomodulatory action.
Asunto(s)
Inmunidad Innata , Mananos , Orchidaceae , Animales , Mananos/química , Mananos/farmacología , Mananos/aislamiento & purificación , Ratones , Orchidaceae/química , Células RAW 264.7 , Inmunidad Innata/efectos de los fármacos , Fagocitosis/efectos de los fármacos , Caenorhabditis elegans/efectos de los fármacos , Caenorhabditis elegans/inmunología , Peso Molecular , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efectos de los fármacos , Factores Inmunológicos/farmacología , Factores Inmunológicos/química , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/inmunología , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Polisacáridos/química , Polisacáridos/aislamiento & purificación , Agentes Inmunomoduladores/farmacología , Agentes Inmunomoduladores/química , Agentes Inmunomoduladores/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Ethanol is a common solvent to isolate glucomannan from porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) flour (NPF). This study investigated the use of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) in glucomannan isolation from NPF. NADESs formed by the hydrogen bond acceptors (choline chloride and betaine) and the hydrogen bond donors (glycerol, 1,2-propanediol, formic acid, and acetic acid) in varying molar ratios of 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 were characterized to optimize glucomannan isolation. The results showed that higher molar ratios of NADES tended to yield porang glucomannan flour (PGF) with higher glucomannan content and viscosity. The gel of PGF exhibited pseudoplastic behavior. The FTIR spectra indicated that betaine-based NADES removed the acetyl groups from glucomannan chains. The PGF obtained from NADESs with a molar ratio of 1:4 was comparable to those obtained from ethanol with a glucomannan content of 87.34 %-93.28 % and a weight-average molecular weight of 9.12 × 105-1.20 × 106 g/mol.
Asunto(s)
Amorphophallus , Disolventes Eutécticos Profundos , Etanol , Harina , Mananos , Mananos/química , Mananos/aislamiento & purificación , Etanol/química , Amorphophallus/química , Harina/análisis , Disolventes Eutécticos Profundos/química , Viscosidad , Peso Molecular , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Gleditsia fruits have been known as a valuable traditional Chinese herb for tens of centuries. Previous studies showed that the galactomannans are considered as one of the major bioactive components in Gleditsia fruits seeds (GSGs). Here, we systematically review the major studies of GSGs in recent years to promote their better understanding. The extraction methods of GSGs mainly include hot water extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasonic extraction, acid extraction, and alkali extraction. The analysis revealed that GGSs exhibited in the form of semi-flexible coils, and its molecular weight ranged from 0.018 × 103 to 2.778 × 103 KDa. GSGs are composed of various monosaccharide constituents such as mannose, galactose, glucose, and arabinose. In terms of pharmacological effects, GSGs exhibit excellent activity in antioxidation, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anti-inflammation. Moreover, GSGs have excellent bioavailability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, which make them used in food additives, food packaging, pharmaceutical field, industry and agriculture. Of cause, the shortcomings of the current research and the potential development and future research are also highlighted. We believe our work provides comprehensive knowledge and underpinnings for further research and development of GSGs.
Asunto(s)
Galactosa , Gleditsia , Mananos , Semillas , Mananos/química , Mananos/aislamiento & purificación , Mananos/farmacología , Semillas/química , Galactosa/química , Galactosa/análogos & derivados , Gleditsia/química , Humanos , Hipoglucemiantes/química , Hipoglucemiantes/farmacología , Hipoglucemiantes/aislamiento & purificación , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antioxidantes/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/química , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios/aislamiento & purificación , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Hipolipemiantes/química , Hipolipemiantes/farmacología , Hipolipemiantes/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
At present, biomass foamlike materials are a hot research topic, but they need to be improved urgently due to their defects such as large size shrinkage rate, poor mechanical strength, and easy hydrolysis. In this study, the novel konjac glucomannan (KGM) composite aerogels modified with hydrophilic isocyanate and expandable graphite were prepared by a facile vacuum freeze-drying method. Compared with the unmodified KGM aerogel, the volume shrinkage of the KGM composite aerogel (KPU-EG) decreased from 36.36 ± 2.47% to 8.64 ± 1.46%. Additionally, the compressive strength increased by 450%, and the secondary repeated compressive strength increased by 1476%. After soaking in water for 28 days, mass retention after hydrolysis of the KPU-EG aerogel increased from 51.26 ± 2.33% to more than 85%. The UL-94 vertical combustion test showed that the KPU-EG aerogel can achieve a V-0 rating, and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of the modified aerogel can reach up to 67.3 ± 1.5%. To sum up, the cross-linking modification of hydrophilic isocyanate can significantly improve the mechanical properties, flame retardancy, and hydrolysis resistance of KGM aerogels. We believe that this work can provide excellent hydrolytic resistance and mechanical properties and has broad application prospects in practical packaging, heat insulation, sewage treatment, and other aspects.
Asunto(s)
Amorphophallus , Geles , Isocianatos , Mananos , Amorphophallus/química , Mananos/química , Mananos/aislamiento & purificación , Geles/química , Isocianatos/química , Retardadores de Llama , LiofilizaciónRESUMEN
We previously reported that rhamnan sulfate (RS) purified from Monostroma nitidum significantly suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in cultured human vascular endothelial cells. Here, we analyzed the effect of orally administered RS on LPS-induced damage to mouse organs and vascular endothelium. RS (1 mg) was orally administered daily to BALB/c mice, 50 µg of LPS was intraperitoneally administered on day 8, and Evans blue was injected into the tail vein 6 h later. After 30 min, LPS-treated mice showed pulmonary Evans blue leakage and elevated plasma levels of liver damage markers, whereas this reaction was suppressed in LPS + RS-treated mice. Immunohistochemical and Western blot analysis of mouse organs 24 h after LPS treatment showed significant neutrophil infiltration into the lung, liver, and jejunum tissues of LPS-treated mice and high expression levels of inflammation-related factors in these tissues. Expression levels of these factors were significantly suppressed in LPS + RS-treated mice. Analysis of lung glycocalyx showed a significant reduction in glycocalyx in LPS-treated mice but not in LPS + RS-treated mice. Levels of syndecan-4, one of the glycocalyx components, decreased in LPS-treated mice and increased in LPS + RS-treated mice. The current results suggest that orally administered RS protects organs and vascular endothelium from LPS-induced inflammation and maintains blood circulation.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Chlorophyta/química , Desoxiazúcares/farmacología , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Mananos/farmacología , Administración Oral , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/administración & dosificación , Antiinflamatorios/aislamiento & purificación , Desoxiazúcares/administración & dosificación , Desoxiazúcares/aislamiento & purificación , Endotelio Vascular/efectos de los fármacos , Endotelio Vascular/patología , Glicocálix/efectos de los fármacos , Glicocálix/metabolismo , Inflamación/patología , Lipopolisacáridos , Masculino , Mananos/administración & dosificación , Mananos/aislamiento & purificación , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Neutrófilos/metabolismoRESUMEN
In our continuous exploration for bioactive polysaccharides, a novel polysaccharide FMP-2 was isolated and purified from the fruiting bodies of Morchella esculenta by alkali-assisted extraction. FMP-2 had an average molecular weight of 1.09 × 106 Da and contained mannose, glucuronic acid, glucose, galactose, and arabinose in a molar ratio of 4.10:0.22:1.00:5.75:0.44. The backbone of FMP-2 mainly consisted of 1,2-α-D-Galp, 1,6-α-D-Galp, and 1,4-α-D-Manp, with branches of 1,4,6-α-D-Manp and 1,2,6-α-D-Galp. FMP-2 can stimulate phagocytosis and promote the secretion of NO, ROS, and cytokines like IL-6, IL-1ß, and TNF-α in RAW264.7 cells ranging from 25 to 400 µg/mL. FMP-2 had great repairing effect on the immune injury of zebrafish induced by chloramphenicol. The phagocytosis ability of zebrafish macrophages and the proliferation of neutrophils can be greatly enhanced by polysaccharide FMP-2 with concentrations from 50 to 200 µg/mL. These findings suggest that FMP-2 might be used as a potential immunomodulator in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Asunto(s)
Álcalis/química , Ascomicetos/química , Cuerpos Fructíferos de los Hongos/química , Polisacáridos Fúngicos/farmacología , Galactosa/análogos & derivados , Factores Inmunológicos/farmacología , Mananos/farmacología , Animales , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Polisacáridos Fúngicos/química , Polisacáridos Fúngicos/aislamiento & purificación , Galactosa/química , Galactosa/aislamiento & purificación , Galactosa/farmacología , Factores Inmunológicos/química , Factores Inmunológicos/aislamiento & purificación , Lipopolisacáridos/antagonistas & inhibidores , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Mananos/química , Mananos/aislamiento & purificación , Ratones , Neutrófilos/efectos de los fármacos , Óxido Nítrico/antagonistas & inhibidores , Óxido Nítrico/biosíntesis , Células RAW 264.7 , Pez CebraRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Foam-gels are one of the most important multicomponent-model systems in aerated confectionery, and an investigation of their microstructure is desirable. In this research, the structure-function relationship of xanthan gum/guar gum (XG/GG) and licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root extract powder (LEP) was investigated in a high-sugar medium. Foam-gel systems were prepared at 4:10% to 8:20% ratios of LEP to biopolymer. RESULTS: The results show that increasing the LEP content reduced both the melting point and enthalpy, probably due to higher overrun and weaker junctions. Boosting the XG/GG ratio led the enhancement of mechanical properties, whereas increasing the LEP concentration weakened all textural parameters, which could be due to the poor structure of the network in the presence of the foaming agent, increased moisture content and overrun. In the whipped mixture samples containing 10 g kg-1 XG/GG, higher foaming capacity was observed. By increasing the level of biopolymers, smaller and more uniform air cells were formed according to a scanning electron microscopical study. At higher concentration of LEP, smaller bubbles and increased porosity were seen, which could be attributed to the availability of surfactant in the interfacial layer. CONCLUSION: Maximum structural strength was achieved at a 4:20 ratio of LEP to XG/GG. In rheological experiments, pseudoplastic behavior was seen in all samples. Generally, this model system can be simulated for other herbal extracts containing natural surfactants such as saponins. Achieving a more detailed understanding of these structures and their interactions could help in formulating novel food products. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Asunto(s)
Galactanos/química , Glycyrrhiza/química , Mananos/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Gomas de Plantas/química , Polisacáridos Bacterianos/química , Azúcares/química , Galactanos/aislamiento & purificación , Mananos/aislamiento & purificación , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Gomas de Plantas/aislamiento & purificación , Raíces de Plantas/química , Polisacáridos Bacterianos/aislamiento & purificación , Reología , Azúcares/aislamiento & purificación , Tensoactivos/química , Tensoactivos/aislamiento & purificación , ViscosidadRESUMEN
The growth period, phenology, grain yield and gum content of two different guar ecotypes were studied in response to different sowing dates and plant densities. A two-year field experiment was conducted as a split-factorial in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates in the research field of Tarbiat Modares University during 2016 and 2017 growing season. Main plots consisted of four sowing dates (May 21, June 4, June 21 and July 5 in 2016 and May 10, May 26, June 10 and June 26 in 2017), and subplots including three plant densities (13, 20 and 40 plants m-2) and two ecotypes (Pakistani and Indian). Based on findings, the phenological traits, plant height, grain yield and harvest index were significantly affected by plant density. The effect of ecotypes was statistically significant (p<0.05) on all traits except harvest index in the first year. Furthermore, the seed sowings on May 21 and May 26 with 13 plants m-2 led to highest grain yield (3004.8 and 2826.10 kg.ha-1 for two consecutive years). The high gum content (33.68 and 33.78% for two consecutive years) was also recorded for Pakistani ecotype while for gravity, Indian ecotype showed higher value in both crop years. By and large, the Pakistani ecotype showed better response compared to the Indian one in both years, especially in 1st and 2nd sowing dates.
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Producción de Cultivos/métodos , Cyamopsis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Ecosistema , Galactanos/aislamiento & purificación , Mananos/aislamiento & purificación , Gomas de Plantas/aislamiento & purificación , SueloRESUMEN
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3856 was previously reported to strongly inhibit adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells in vitro and to favor AIEC elimination from the gut in a murine model of Crohn's disease in vivo. In order to identify which cell wall components of yeast are responsible for AIEC elimination, constituent polysaccharides of yeast were isolated and their anti-adhesive ability against AIEC adhesion in vitro was screened. A fraction containing mannan, ß-glucan and α-glucan extracted from yeast cell-walls was shown to inhibit 95% of AIEC adhesion in vitro and was thus identified as the strongest anti-adhesive yeast cell wall component. Furthermore, this mannan-glucan-containing fraction was shown to accelerate AIEC decolonization from gut in vivo. This fraction could be proposed as a treatment to eliminate AIEC bacteria in patients with Crohn's disease, a microbial trigger of intestinal inflammation.
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Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Adhesión Bacteriana/efectos de los fármacos , Enfermedad de Crohn/tratamiento farmacológico , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Polisacáridos Fúngicos/uso terapéutico , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/química , Animales , Antibacterianos/aislamiento & purificación , Pared Celular/química , Heces/microbiología , Femenino , Polisacáridos Fúngicos/aislamiento & purificación , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Glucanos/aislamiento & purificación , Glucanos/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Mananos/aislamiento & purificación , Mananos/uso terapéutico , Ratones Transgénicos , Fosfopéptidos/aislamiento & purificación , Fosfopéptidos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
A water-soluble sulfated heterorhamnan (Gb1) was isolated from the green seaweed Gayralia brasiliensis and purified by ultrafiltration, yielding a homogeneous polysaccharide (Gb1r). Both fractions contained rhamnose, xylose, galacturonic and glucuronic acids, galactose, and glucose. Chemical and spectroscopic methods allowed the determination of Gb1 and Gb1r chemical structure. Their backbones were constituted by 3-, 2-, and 2,3-linked rhamnosyl units (1:0.49:0.13 and 1:0.58:0.17, respectively), which are unsulfated (13.5 and 14.6%), disulfated (16.6 and 17.8%) or monosulfated at C-2 (8 and 8.6%) and C-4 (24.5 and 23.4%). Gb1 was oversulfated giving rise to Gb1-OS, which presented ~2.5-fold higher content of disulfated rhamnosyl units than Gb1, as determined by methylation analyses and NMR spectroscopy. Gb1 and Gb1-OS potently reduced the viability of U87MG human glioblastoma cells. Gb1 caused cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase, increased annexin V-stained cells, and no DNA fragmentation, while Gb1-OS increased the percentage of cells in the S and G2 phases and the levels of fragmented DNA and cells double-stained with annexin V/propidium iodide, suggesting an apoptosis mechanism. The results suggest that the different effects of Gb1 and Gb1-OS were related to differences in the sulfate content and position of these groups along the polysaccharide chains.
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Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Neoplasias Encefálicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Glioma/tratamiento farmacológico , Mananos/farmacología , Algas Marinas , Sulfatos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/aislamiento & purificación , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patología , Ciclo Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Glioma/patología , Humanos , Mananos/aislamiento & purificación , Estructura Molecular , Algas Marinas/química , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Sulfatos/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Seleno-polysaccharides have become a major topic for research owing to their high anti-oxidative capacity and immune-enhancing activities. In this study, galactomannan (GM) was isolated from Sesbania cannabina, and next modified using HNO3-Na2SeO3 method to obtain six varieties of seleno-galactomannans (SeGMs). FT-IR and GPC results showed the changes in chemical structure of SeGMs, indicating successful combination of selenium and GM. By measuring superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde, the SeGMs showed a stronger protective effect against H2O2-induced oxidative damage in vitro than unmodified GM using macrophage RAW264.7 cell as a model, and the effect of SeGMs-14 was prominent. However, the selenylation modification did not show any obvious effect on the immunomodulatory activity of GM, as determined by the index of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1ß. Overall, the prepared SeGMs from galactomannan could potentially serve as a dietary supplement of Se or an organic antioxidant.
Asunto(s)
Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Mananos/farmacología , Compuestos de Selenio/farmacología , Sesbania/química , Animales , Antioxidantes/fisiología , Galactosa/análogos & derivados , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/toxicidad , Inmunidad/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/inmunología , Macrófagos/fisiología , Mananos/aislamiento & purificación , Ratones , Oxidación-Reducción/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Células RAW 264.7 , Compuestos de Selenio/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
With the increasing demand for energy, fracturing technology is widely used in oilfield operations over the last decades. Typically, fracturing fluids contain various additives such as cross linkers, thickeners and proppants, and so forth, which makes it possess the properties of considerably complicated components and difficult processing procedure. There are still some difficult points needing to be explored and resolved in the hydroxypropyl guar gum (HPG) removal process, e.g., high viscosity and removal of macromolecular organic compounds. Our works provided a facile and economical HPG removal technology for fracturing fluids by designing a series of processes including gel-breaking, coagulation and precipitation according to the diffusion double layer theory. After this treatment process, the fracturing fluid can meet the requirements of reinjection, and the whole process was environment friendly without secondary pollution characteristics. In this work, the fracturing fluid were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy technologies, etc. Further, the micro-stabilization and destabilization mechanisms of HPG in fracturing fluid were carefully investigated. This study maybe opens up new perspective for HPG removal technologies, exhibiting a low cost and strong applicability in both fundamental research and practical applications.
Asunto(s)
Galactanos/aislamiento & purificación , Mananos/aislamiento & purificación , Gomas de Plantas/aislamiento & purificación , Polisacáridos/aislamiento & purificación , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/aislamiento & purificación , Fraccionamiento Químico/métodos , Precipitación Química , Yacimiento de Petróleo y Gas/química , ViscosidadRESUMEN
Zika virus (ZIKV) leads to congenital microcephaly and anomalies and severe neurological diseases such as Guillain-Barre syndrome. Safe and effective vaccines are necessitated to deal with these severe health threats. As an ideal antigen, the domain III of the envelope protein (EDIII) of ZIKV can evoke potent neutralizing antibodies without any antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) effect. However, EDIII necessitates to be formulated with an antigen delivery system or adjuvants to improve its immunogenicity. Hemoglobin (Hb) regulates inflammation, cytokine levels, and activate macrophage. Mannan is a polysaccharide of the fungal cell wall with an immunomodulatory activity. In this study, EDIII was conjugated with Hb and mannan, using the disulfide bond as the linker. Hb and mannan both functioned as the adjuvants. Conjugation of Hb and mannan acted as the delivery system for EDIII. The structure of EDIII was essentially maintained upon conjugation of Hb and mannan. The intracellular release of EDIII from the conjugate (HM-EDIII-2) was achieved by reduction of the glutathione-sensitive disulfide bond. As compared with EDIII, HM-EDIII-2 elicited high EDIII-specific IgG titers and high levels of Th1-type cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-2) and Th2-type cytokines (IL-5 and IL-10), along with no apparent toxicity to the organs. Moreover, the pharmacokinetic study revealed a prolonged serum exposure of HM-EDIII-2 to the immune cells. Thus, HM-EDIII-2 could boost a strong humoral and cellular immune response to EDIII. Our study was expected to provide the feasibility necessary to develop a robust and potentially safe ZIKV vaccine.
Asunto(s)
Hemoglobinas/química , Mananos/química , Proteínas del Envoltorio Viral/química , Proteínas del Envoltorio Viral/inmunología , Virus Zika/química , Virus Zika/inmunología , Animales , Anticuerpos Antivirales/biosíntesis , Cromatografía en Gel , Dicroismo Circular , Citocinas/metabolismo , Electroforesis en Gel de Poliacrilamida , Hemoglobinas/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Inmunidad Celular , Mananos/aislamiento & purificación , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Conformación Proteica , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier , Proteínas del Envoltorio Viral/aislamiento & purificación , Vacunas Virales/inmunologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Diagnosing invasive or chronic fungal infections is a challenge, particularly in the immunocompromised host. Microscopy and culture remain the reference standard, but are insensitive. The use of non-culture-based techniques is recommended in conjunction with conventional methods to improve the diagnostic yield. OBJECTIVES: The aim was to provide an updated 2021 inventory of fungal antigen and serology tests for diagnosing invasive and chronic fungal infections, the key focus was set on Aspergillus, Candida and Cryptococcus species. SOURCES: Pubmed search for publications with the key words fungal antigen tests, laboratory-based diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, invasive candidiasis, invasive fungal infections and cryptococcal infections published from 2017 to 2020. CONTENT: Antigen assays such as the galactomannan (GM) and ß-d-glucan detection systems are frequently used, but these tests vary in sensitivity and specificity, depending on the patient population involved, specimens inspected, cut-offs defined, test strategy applied and inclusion or exclusion of possible fungal case definitions. Multiple different detection systems are available, with recently introduced new point-of-care tests such as the lateral flow device and the lateral flow assay. Despite a wide heterogeneity in populations evaluated, studies indicate a better diagnostic performance of bronchoalveolar lavage GM in comparison with serum GM, and a suboptimal specificity of GM bronchoalveolar lavages (cut-off ≥1) and serum ß-d-glucan in non-neutropenic individuals. Point-of-care cryptococcal antigen tests show excellent performance. IMPLICATIONS: There are fungal antigen detection tests available with excellent to reasonable clinical performance to diagnose invasive fungal infections. Only a few assays are useful to monitor therapeutic response. There are multiple marketed IgG antibody tests to detect Aspergillus fumigatus antibodies, the titres vary widely and the performance differs significantly. In general, diagnostic tests are vulnerable to being affected by the host, the microbe and laboratory setting.
Asunto(s)
Técnicas de Laboratorio Clínico/métodos , Infecciones Fúngicas Invasoras , Antígenos Fúngicos/aislamiento & purificación , Líquido del Lavado Bronquioalveolar , Candidiasis Invasiva/diagnóstico , Criptococosis/diagnóstico , Glucanos/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Infecciones Fúngicas Invasoras/diagnóstico , Aspergilosis Pulmonar Invasiva/diagnóstico , Mananos/aislamiento & purificación , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Fenugreek seeds host various bioactive compounds, and galactomannan (GM) is a significant soluble fibre. In this study, selective extraction is adapted to extract fenugreek seed GM to improvise the yield recovery. The seeds are fractionated, separated and classified as husk and cotyledons. Comparative studies have been performed to evaluate the crude and pure GM yield between different groups such as the whole seed, and the classified fractions. Characterization is done using Fourier transform infrared, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, monosaccharide composition and optical density, and the structure is elucidated through nuclear magnetic resonance. The GM obtained through extraction is used to study its enzyme inhibitory property associated with hyperglycaemia. RESULTS: GM yield extracted from the husk is highly significant compared to other groups. Crude GM and pure GM yield was 2 and 3.25 times higher than that obtained through whole seed samples. The characterization of the pure GM is on a par with the existing reports. The purified GM inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes in vitro, with an IC50 of 21.08 ± 0.085 and 67.17 ± 5.15 µg mL-1 , respectively. CONCLUSION: Selective extraction prompts enhancement in the recovery of the bioactive compound, minimal use of resources, and promotes industrial viability. Characterization of the compound confirms the structure. Its enzyme inhibitory property makes GM a valuable compound in diabetic prevention/treatment. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Asunto(s)
Inhibidores Enzimáticos/química , Hipoglucemiantes/química , Mananos/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Trigonella/química , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/aislamiento & purificación , Galactosa/análogos & derivados , Inhibidores de Glicósido Hidrolasas/química , Inhibidores de Glicósido Hidrolasas/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Hiperglucemia/enzimología , Hipoglucemiantes/aislamiento & purificación , Mananos/aislamiento & purificación , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , alfa-Amilasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , alfa-Amilasas/química , alfa-Glucosidasas/químicaRESUMEN
Herbal products with an antioxidant capacity can boost male reproductive functions. The empiric use of Ceratonia siliqua (carob) for its antioxidant properties is common among infertile men in Iran and Turkey. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of C. siliqua (carob) on semen parameters, oxidative stress markers, and pregnancy rate in a parallel randomized, controlled study. A total of 60 infertile men with oligozoospermia, asthenospermia, and teratospermia were recruited from April 2018 to March 2019. Participants were divided randomly into the following two groups: carob syrup twice a day or vitamin E 100 mg twice a day for 3 months. Semen analysis was performed and hormonal levels and stress oxidative markers were measured in each treatment arm after 3 months. The quality of semen parameters improved in the carob group compared with Vit E semen count (p = 0.04 Cohen's d = .51), morphology (p = 0.001 Cohen's d = .93) and motility parameters (p = 0.002 Cohen's d = .90) were significantly higher in the carob group. No significant difference can be detected in post-treatment hormonal parameters and oxidative markers between groups, except for total antioxidant capacity(TAC) which was higher after post-treatment in carob group. A significantly higher pregnancy rate was found among the carob group. The administration of carob may be an effective agent for the improvement of semen parameters, probably related both to its involvement in the changing of testosterone level and to its antioxidant properties. Nevertheless, additional studies to evaluate the optimal dose and duration of treatment are needed. The trial has been registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (Registration number: IRCT20171209037794N1.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/uso terapéutico , Fabaceae , Fármacos para la Fertilidad Masculina/uso terapéutico , Galactanos/uso terapéutico , Hormonas/sangre , Infertilidad Masculina/tratamiento farmacológico , Mananos/uso terapéutico , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Gomas de Plantas/uso terapéutico , Espermatozoides/efectos de los fármacos , Vitamina E/uso terapéutico , Adulto , Antioxidantes/efectos adversos , Antioxidantes/aislamiento & purificación , Biomarcadores/sangre , Fabaceae/química , Femenino , Fármacos para la Fertilidad Masculina/efectos adversos , Fármacos para la Fertilidad Masculina/aislamiento & purificación , Hormona Folículo Estimulante Humana/sangre , Galactanos/efectos adversos , Galactanos/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Infertilidad Masculina/sangre , Infertilidad Masculina/diagnóstico , Irán , Hormona Luteinizante/sangre , Masculino , Mananos/efectos adversos , Mananos/aislamiento & purificación , Gomas de Plantas/efectos adversos , Gomas de Plantas/aislamiento & purificación , Embarazo , Índice de Embarazo , Recuento de Espermatozoides , Motilidad Espermática/efectos de los fármacos , Espermatozoides/metabolismo , Espermatozoides/patología , Testosterona/sangre , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del Tratamiento , Vitamina E/efectos adversosRESUMEN
Mannans are functional polysaccharides with unique biological activities that have been employed widely in food, medicine and pharmaceutics. Recent breakthroughs in plant polysaccharide metabolism identified numerous genes involved in the biosynthesis of mannans. However, constructing highly efficient low-cost microbial cell factories to produce low-molecular-weight (LMW) mannans remains challenging. In this work, we designed a de novo mannan synthetic pathway in food-grade Bacillus subtilis, resulting in mannan accumulation of 0.97 g/L. By co-expressing the identified committed genes (manC, manB, manA and pgi), mannan production was significantly increased to 2.5 g/L. Furthermore, by redirecting the carbon flux using a glucose-repressed promoter to control pfkA expression, mannan production was substantially increased to 4.1 g/L. Production was further enhanced to 12.6 g/L (average MW 6370 Da) in 3-L fed-batch fermentation. This work provides alternative synthetic pathways for metabolic engineering of LMW mannans in B. subtilis, and a useful, optimisable approach to enhance mannans production.