Adesão, internalização e sobrevivência de Salmonella spp. e Listeria monocytogenes em mangas (Mangifera indica), variedade 'Tommy Atkins' / Adhesion, internalization and survival of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in mangoes (Mangifera indica), variety 'Tommy Atkins'

Surtos de salmonelose e listeriose associados ao consumo de frutas inteiras ou minimamente processadas ocorrem com frequência. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a capacidade de adesão e internalização de Salmonella spp. e Listeria monocytogenes em mangas (Mangifera indica) variedade Tommy Atkins, em diferentes condições de contaminação experimental e tratamento hidrotérmico, bem como avaliar a multiplicação dos patógenos internalizados na polpa das frutas durante armazenamento em refrigeração (8oC ) e temperatura ambiente (25oC). O estudo foi conduzido com as cepas S. Enteritidis ATCC 13076, S. Thyphimurium ATCC 14028, L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644 e L. monocytogenes Scott A. Inicialmente as cepas foram avaliadas segundo o índice de hidrofobicidade e capacidade de formação de biofilme em poliestireno. A adesão à superfície da manga foi avaliada por técnicas microbiológicas e também pela técnica de microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A internalização foi avaliada a partir de inoculação na cicatriz do pedúnculo (6 log UFC/mL) e após tratamento hidrotérmico e imersão em solução contaminada (6 log UFC/mL), mantidas a 8 °C e a 25 °C por 24h, 5 e 10 dias. A sobrevivência foi avaliada através da inoculação em região demarcada, em cenário de baixo (2 log UFC/mL) e alto nível de contaminação (6 log UFC/mL), a 8 °C e 25 °C, nos tempos 0, 1, 2, 3, 5 e 10 dias. A adesão foi observada nos dois patógenos, mesmo após sucessivas lavagens, com diferença significativa (p<0,05) após 1h de exposição e observou-se presença de estruturas exopolissacarídicas em diferentes tempos e condições de temperatura. A internalização ocorreu em todas as amostras avaliadas e a região do pedúnculo foi a mais afetada pela contaminação, diferindo significativamente na comparação com a região blossom end (p<0,05) a 8 °C e 25 °C. A sobrevivência foi observada nas duas temperaturas até o décimo dia. A multiplicação a 8°C foi significativamente mais baixa (p<0,05). Os resultados demonstraram que a Salmonella spp e L. monocytogenes são capazes de aderir à superfície, de internalizar e se alastrar pela polpa e ainda sobreviverem por períodos consideráveis, em 8 °C e 25 °C. Esses dados poderão auxiliar produtores e órgãos de saúde no desenvolvimento de avaliações quantitativas de risco e no estabelecimento de medidas adequadas para evitar surtos

Outbreaks of salmonellosis and listeriosis associated with the consumption of whole or minimally processed fruits occur frequently. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of spp. and Listeria monocytogenes to adhere and internalize in mangoes (Mangifera indica) variety Tommy Atkins, under different conditions of experimental contamination and hydrothermal treatment, as well as evaluate the multiplication of the internalized pathogens in the fruit pulp during storage under refrigeration (8oC) and room temperature (25oC). The study was conducted with the strains S. Enteritidis ATCC 13076, S. Thyphimurium ATCC 14028, L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644 and L. monocytogenes Scott A. Initially the strains were evaluated according to the hydrophobicity index and capability to form biofilms on polystyrene surface. Adhesion to the mango surface was evaluated by microbiological techniques and also by scanning electron microscopy. Internalization was evaluated by inoculating the peduncle scar (6 log CFU / mL) and immersion of the fruits in contaminated solution (6 log CFU / mL) after hydrothermal treatment, during storage at 8 °C and 25 °C for 24h, 5 and 10 days. Survival was assessed by inoculation in a demarcated region, using low (2 log CFU / mL) and high level of contamination (6 log CFU / mL), and storage at 8 °C and 25 °C during 0, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 days. Adhesion was observed for both pathogens, even after successive washes, with a significant difference (p <0.05) after 1 h of exposure. Adhesion was mediated by exopolysaccharide structures, observed at different times and temperature conditions. Internalization occurred in all samples and the peduncle region was the most affected by the contamination, differing significantly in comparison with the blossom end region (p <0.05) at 8 °C and 25 oC. Survival was observed at both temperatures until the tenth day. The multiplication at 8 °C was significantly lower than at 25 oC (p <0.05). The results showed that Salmonella spp and L. monocytogenes were able to adhere to the surface, to internalize and spread through the pulp and still survive for considerable periods, at 8 °C and 25 °C. This data may help producers and health agencies to develop quantitative risk assessments and to establish appropriate measures to prevent outbreaks

Immediate hypersensitivity reaction with mango.

Hypersensitivity to the fruit mango is extremely rare and can exhibit either as immediate or delayed reactions. Since 1939, only 22 patients (10 with immediate type I reactions and 12 with delayed) have been documented with allergy to mango. History of atopy and geographical region may influence the type of reaction. Immediate reactions occurred most often in patients with history of atopy, while delayed reactions developed in non-atopic individuals. Clustering of delayed hypersensitivity reports from Australia and immediate reactions from Europe has been documented. We report a 50-year-old man with immediate type I hypersensitivity to mango, who developed cough, wheezing dyspnoea, generalised itching and abdominal discomfort after ingestion of mango. Life threatening event can also happen making it imperative to diagnose on time, so as to prevent significant morbidity and potential mortality.

A 90 day chronic toxicity study of Nigerian herbal preparation DAS-77 in rats.

BACKGROUND: The herbal preparation DAS-77, used for the treatment of various ailments in Nigeria, contains the milled bark of Mangifera indica L. and root of Carica papaya L. Toxicological assessment of the preparation was carried out in this study. METHODS: In the acute toxicity study, DAS-77 was administered to mice p.o. up to 20 g/kg in divided doses and i.p. at 250-3000 mg/kg. Mortality within 24 h was recorded. In the chronic toxicity study, rats were treated p.o. for 90 days at doses of 80, 400 (therapeutic dose, TD) and 2000 mg/kg. By 90 days, animals were sacrificed and blood samples collected for hematological and biochemical analysis. Organs were harvested for weight determination, antioxidants and histopathological assessments. RESULTS: DAS-77 did not produce any lethality administered p.o. up to 20 g/kg in divided doses but the i.p. LD50 was 1122.0 mg/kg. At TD, DAS-77 produced significant (p < 0.05) reductions in body weight, food intake and K+, and increases in ovary weight, neutrophils and HDL, which were reversible. Histopathological presentations were generally normal. Effects at the other doses were comparable to those at TD except for reversible increases in antioxidants in the liver, kidney and testes, and sperm abnormality, and reductions in liver enzymes, sperm motility and count. CONCLUSIONS: Findings in this study revealed that DAS-77 is relatively safe with the potential for enhancing in vivo antioxidant activity. However, possibly reversible side-effects include electrolyte imbalance and sterility in males.

Hypersensitivity reaction to the ingestion of mango flesh.

A 42-year-old woman presented with a hypersensitivity reaction after the ingestion of a small amount of fresh mango gelato. She developed itchy palpable purpuric lesions over her arms, legs, neck and abdomen 4 days after ingestion. The lesions persisted for 5 weeks despite treatment with betamethasone-17 valerate 0.05% ointment and avoidance of mango. Resolution of these lesions was eventually achieved with continuing treatment. The patient denied any prior contact with mango skin but had experienced previous sensitizing reactions to mango flesh. Patch testing was strongly positive to mango skin and mango flesh. Skin-prick testing was negative. This case describes a systemic contact dermatitis to mango flesh, an entity less common than allergic contact dermatitis.

Anaphylaxis following ingestion of mango fruit.

Allergic reactions to fresh fruits and nuts have become increasingly common. Mango (Mangifera indica) is a popular fruit eaten all over the world. We report the case of a 43-year-old woman who experienced oropharyngeal itching, swelling of the face and other parts of the body, and difficulty breathing within a few minutes of eating ripe mango fruit. The woman had no history of pollen or latex allergy. However, she reported instances of milder food allergic reactions to Indian dill and cashew apple. Skin prick tests using mango fruit pulp, Indian dill, and cashew apple extracts were positive. Prick tests with a panel of common grass and weed pollen extracts were negative. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for mango-specific serum immunoglobulin (Ig) E was positive. A specific protein allergen in mango could not be detected by immunoblotting. Based on the strongly positive clinical history and results of allergy testing, it was concluded that the woman had IgE-mediated anaphylactic reactions to mango fruit.

Exploring the mango-poison ivy connection: the riddle of discriminative plant dermatitis.

A relationship between sensitivity to poison oak or poison ivy and mango dermatitis has been suggested by previous publications. The observation that acute allergic contact dermatitis can arise on first exposure to mango in patients who have been sensitized beforehand by contact with other urushiol-containing plants has been documented previously. We report 17 American patients employed in mango picking at a summer camp in Israel, who developed a rash of varying severity. All patients were either in contact with poison ivy/oak in the past or lived in areas where these plants are endemic. None recalled previous contact with mango. In contrast, none of their Israeli companions who had never been exposed to poison ivy/oak developed mango dermatitis. These observations suggest that individuals with known history of poison ivy/oak allergy, or those residing in area where these plants are common, may develop allergic contact dermatitis from mango on first exposure. We hypothesize that previous oral exposure to urushiol in the local Israeli population might establish immune tolerance to these plants.

A study of cross-reactions between mango contact allergens and urushiol.

The allergens causing mango dermatitis have long been suspected to be alk(en)yl catechols and/or alk(en)yl resorcinols on the basis of observed cross-sensitivity reactions to mango in patients known to be sensitive to poison ivy and oak (Toxicodendron spp.). Earlier, we reported the 3 resorcinol derivatives: heptadecadienylresorcinol (I), heptadecenylresorcinol (II) and pentadecylresorcinol (III); collectively named 'mangol', as mango allergens. In this study, we extracted the 1st 2 components (I and II) from the Philippine mango, adjusted them to 0.05% concentration in petrolatum and patch tested the components on 2 subjects with mango dermatitis. Both subjects reacted to I. 1 subject also elicited a weaker positive reaction to II. To investigate the cross-reaction between mangol and urushiol, we also patch tested the same subjects with urushiol. The subject sensitive to II reacted to urushiol. 6 subjects with a history of lacquer contact dermatitis and positive reactions to urushiol were similarly patch tested. 5 persons reacted to I. 2 subjects also exhibited a slower but positive reaction to II. This is the 1st report in which heptadec(adi)enyl resorcinols known to be present in mango have been shown to elicit positive patch test reactions in mango-sensitive patients.

Allergic contact dermatitis to mango flesh.

A 22-year-old white female student presented to the Emergency Department with a 2-day history of patchy pruritic erythema of the face, neck, and arms with periorbital edema. The eruption began as an isolated patch of nasal erythema, with subsequent extension to involve the entire face. Within 2 days, fine pinpoint papules were noted on the face, anterior chest, neck, and upper extremities. Periorbital edema was present without intraoral abnormalities or laryngeal changes. An erythematous, mildly lichenified plaque was noted on the ventral left wrist. The past medical history was significant for two similar, milder episodes of allergic reactions of uncertain etiology occurring within the previous 2 months. The previous eruptions resolved after treatment with oral loratodine and topical fluocinonide cream 0.05%. The patient denied any history of contact urticaria or new household or personal hygiene contactants, although she did report frequent ingestion of peeled mangoes. Her brother had a history of eczematous dermatitis. In the Emergency Department, the patient was administered intravenous diphenhydramine and a single 50 mg dose of oral prednisone. She continued treatment with a 5-day course of prednisone, 50 mg daily, with loratodine, 20 mg daily, and diphenhydramine as needed; however, no symptomatic improvement was seen over 4 days. She was then advised to restart fluocinonide cream twice daily. Patch testing was performed to the North American Contact Dermatitis Group Standard Series utilizing methods of the International Contact Dermatitis research group with Finn chambers. Mango skin and mango flesh harvested 5 mm below the skin surface were also placed in duplicate and tested under Finn chambers. Positive (1+) reactions were noted to nickel and p-tertbutylphenol formaldehyde resin, and bullous reactions were found to mango skin and surface flesh in duplicate (Fig. 1). Complete avoidance of mango led to resolution of the initial eruption. The clinical relevance of nickel and p-tertbutylphenol formaldehyde resin was thought to be associated with the wrist lesion immediately below a glued portion of a wristwatch strap and metal clasp.