La universidad médica en Cuba durante la etapa colonial / The medical university in Cuba during the colonial period

RESUMEN Se realizó una investigación sobre la universidad médica en Cuba, incluyendo la enseñanza de la Medicina y la Estomatología, con el objetivo de explicar su evolución histórica durante la etapa colonial. Se enfatizó en las principales figuras que ejercieron en este período, las primeras publicaciones médicas, y las instituciones y centros asistenciales que regían la práctica de la medicina. Se concluye que la universidad médica en Cuba se fundó sobre una base escolástica y tradicionalista. A partir de 1842, la enseñanza de la Medicina se desarrolló con la creación de nuevos planes de estudios, el incremento de profesionales capacitados, la publicación de revistas científicas de alto prestigio, y la aparición de centros docentes de gran calidad (AU).

ABSTRACT A research was carried out on the medical university in Cuba, including the teaching of Medicine and Dentistry, with the aim of explaining its historical evolution during the colonial period. The authors emphasized the main figures who worked during this period, the first medical publications, and the institutions and healthcare centers that implemented the practice of medicine. It is concluded that the medical university in Cuba was founded on a scholastic and traditionalist basis. From 1842, the teaching of Medicine developed with the creation of new curricula, the increase of trained professionals, the publication of high-quality scientific journals, and the emergence of high-quality teaching centers (AU).

[Baldo and Ante Bibica, Father and Son - Two Physicians from Dubrovnik] / Baldo i Ante Bibica, otac i sin ­ dva dubrovacka lijecnika

Medicine and physicians in Dubrovnik during the last two centuries, i.e. in the period after the dissolution of the Republic of Dubrovnik by Napoleon's Army, have attracted less interest among medical historians. In this paper, the lives and medical careers of two physicians from Dubrovnik, father and son, Baldo and Ante Bibica, have been reconstructed from the end of the nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth century by searching through the contemporary medical journals and newspapers as well as private archives of the members of family Bibica. Baldo Bibica graduated medicine in Vienna and spent the whole professional life as a municipal physician, at first, in the places in the vicinity of Dubrovnik and from 1903 in Gruz. Ante Bibica studied medicine in Graz and in Zagreb to become the first person from Dubrovnik promoted at the School of Medicine, Zagreb University. He specialized in dermatovenereology in Vienna and worked, as a specialist, in Dubrovnik. They both were active in the professional medical societies (at local and national levels) and were influential in the social life in Dubrovnik.

Evolución histórica de la psicología médica y su riqueza para la formación humanista y psicológica del médico general / Historical evolution of medical psychology and its wealth for the humanistic and psychological formation of the general practitioner

El objetivo de este artículo se basa en el principio de que el ser humano aprende de su pasado, de ahí que contar con la evolución histórica de la materia ‘Psicología médica’ enriquece la conciencia de quienes la imparten y fortalece sus raíces y las del Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México que la fundó, además de que establece las bases para proteger y fomentar su importancia dentro del currículo de la carrera de médico y da a conocer la materia a otras universidades que también consideran que es una asignatura indispensable en la formación de los médicos. Basándose en el análisis de diversas fuentes de información, se reconoce la importancia de sus profesores, de sus programas y del apoyo que brinda a la formación de los futuros médicos

This article is based on the principle that human beings learn from their past, hence having the historical evolution of ‘Medical Psychology’ course, enriches the conscience of those who teach it, strengthens their roots and those of the Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health of the Faculty of Medicine of the National Autonomous University of Mexico who founded it and, lays the basis for protecting and promoting its importance within the curriculum of medical career and makes it known to other universities that also consider that it’s indispensable in the formation of their doctors. Based on the analysis of different sources of information, it recognized the importance of their teachers, their programs and support provided for the training of future doctors

[Venereal diseases in a "general practice" in the 17th and early 18th centuries]. / Venerische Erkrankungen in einer "Allgemeinarztpraxis" im 17. und frühen 18. Jahrhundert.

The diary of the town physician Johannes Franc (1649-1725), handwritten in Latin, gives-among other diseases-an overview of sexually transmitted infections affecting citizens in Ulm such as syphilis and gonorrhea. Franc reported on his own experiences in the diary and also included many theoretical details on the causes of the diseases and the corresponding therapies, including ethical considerations. Even in ancient times, there are indications of venereal diseases. However, at the latest with the outbreak of syphilis around the year 1495, the treatment and control of the spread of venereal diseases became an important task of medicine. Before gonococci were detected by Neisser in 1879, sexually transmitted diseases were generally seen as a single disease. However, at the beginning of the 18th century, there were several doctors who treated syphilis and gonorrhea as separate entities. Franc was one of them. Examining the milestones in the history of syphilis and gonorrhea, the present article reviews the existing theories that tried to explain the origins of these diseases. Franc's treatment patterns are illustrated. Franc's case reports indicate a fundamental change in the perception of STIs at the end of the 17th/beginning of the 18th century.

Apuntes históricos de la Atención Primaria de Salud y de la especialidad Medicina General Integral en municipio Guantánamo / Historical notes of the Primary Health Care and of the specialty General Medicine Care in the Guantanamo municipality

Se realizó un breve recuento de apuntes históricos con el objetivo de describir el desarrollo de la Atención Primaria de Salud y de la Medicina General Integral en el municipio Guantánamo, desde sus inicios en el Policlínico Universitario "Asdrúbal López Vázquez" en 1984. Se consideraron la cobertura médica, organización de los servicios de salud, el surgimiento de la especialidad y las transformaciones necesarias del sector. Se denominó a los años 1984-1993 como la "década del desarrollo de la medicina familiar", lo que representó la implementación de la especialidad en el mencionado municipio. Se describió, además, la cobertura médica a la comunidad, sin afectar la calidad en la prestación de los servicios médicos. La medicina familiar, especialidad médica efectora de la Atención Primaria de Salud, tuvo una evolución y desarrollo ascendentes, ante la necesidad social de una atención médica de alta calidad científico-técnica(AU)

A brief recount of historical notes was made with the objective of describing the development of Primary Health Care and General Medicine care in the Guantanamo municipality, from its beginnings in the "Asdrúbal López Vázquez" University Polyclinic in 1984. The medical coverage, organization of health services, the emergence of the specialty and the necessary transformations of the sector. The years 1984-1993 were denominated as the "decade of the development of family medicine", which represented the implementation of the specialty in the mentioned municipality. The medical coverage of the community was also described, without affecting the quality of the medical services rendered. Family medicine, the medical specialty of the Primary Health Care, had an upward evolution and development, given the social need for medical care of high scientific-technical quality(AU)

Apuntes históricos de la Atención Primaria de Salud y de la especialidad Medicina General Integral en municipio Guantánamo / Historical notes of the Primary Health Care and of the specialty General Medicine Care in the Guantanamo municipality

Se realizó un breve recuento de apuntes históricos con el objetivo de describir el desarrollo de la Atención Primaria de Salud y de la Medicina General Integral en el municipio Guantánamo, desde sus inicios en el Policlínico Universitario Asdrúbal López Vázquez en 1984. Se consideraron la cobertura médica, organización de los servicios de salud, el surgimiento de la especialidad y las transformaciones necesarias del sector. Se denominó a los años 1984-1993 como la década del desarrollo de la medicina familiar, lo que representó la implementación de la especialidad en el mencionado municipio. Se describió, además, la cobertura médica a la comunidad, sin afectar la calidad en la prestación de los servicios médicos. La medicina familiar, especialidad médica efectora de la Atención Primaria de Salud, tuvo una evolución y desarrollo ascendentes, ante la necesidad social de una atención médica de alta calidad científico-técnica(AU)

A brief recount of historical notes was made with the objective of describing the development of Primary Health Care and General Medicine care in the Guantanamo municipality, from its beginnings in the Asdrúbal López Vázquez University Polyclinic in 1984. The medical coverage, organization of health services, the emergence of the specialty and the necessary transformations of the sector. The years 1984-1993 were denominated as the decade of the development of family medicine, which represented the implementation of the specialty in the mentioned municipality. The medical coverage of the community was also described, without affecting the quality of the medical services rendered. Family medicine, the medical specialty of the Primary Health Care, had an upward evolution and development, given the social need for medical care of high scientific-technical quality(AU)

Apuntes históricos de la Atención Primaria de Salud y de la especialidad Medicina General Integral en el municipio Guantánamo / Apontamentos históricos da Atenção Primária de Saúde e da especialidade Medicina Geral Integral em município Guantánamo / Historical notes of the Primary Health Care and of the specialty General Medicine Care in the Guantanamo municipality

Introducción: los esquemas de asistencia médica ambulatoria fueron creados en Cuba por los gobiernos desde el año 1825, para socorrer a los pobladores más humildes, nombrados posteriormente "casas de socorro", que al triunfo de la Revolución constituyeron el primer modelo de atención primaria en el país. Se realizó un breve recuento de apuntes históricos de la Atención Primaria de Salud y de la Medicina General Integral en el municipio Guantánamo, desde sus inicios en el Policlínico Universitario "Asdrúbal López Vázquez" en 1984. Objetivo: describir el desarrollo de la Atención Primaria de Salud y de la Medicina General Integral en el municipio Guantánamo. Desarrollo: se consideraron la cobertura médica, organización de los servicios de salud, el surgimiento de la especialidad y las transformaciones necesarias del sector. Se denominó a los años 1984-1993 como la "década del desarrollo de la medicina familiar", lo que representó la implementación de la especialidad en el mencionado municipio. Se describió, además, la cobertura médica a la comunidad, sin afectar la calidad en la prestación de los servicios médicos. Conclusiones: la medicina familiar, especialidad médica efectora de la Atención Primaria de Salud, tuvo una evolución y desarrollo ascendentes, ante la necesidad social de una atención médica de alta calidad científico-técnica y a un costo sostenible(AU)

Introduction: outpatient medical assistance schemes were created in Cuba by governments since 1825, to help the most humble settlers, later named "houses of relief", which at the triumph of the Revolution constituted the first model of primary care in the country. A brief recount of historical notes of the Primary Health Care and Comprehensive General Medicine in the Guantánamo municipality was made, from its beginnings in the University Polyclinic "Asdrúbal López Vázquez" in 1984. Objective: to describe the development of the Primary Care of Health and Integral General Medicine in the Guantanamo municipality. Development: medical coverage, organization of health services, the emergence of the specialty and the necessary transformations of the sector were considered. The years 1984-1993 were denominated as the "decade of the development of family medicine", which represented the implementation of the specialty in the mentioned municipality. The medical coverage of the community was also described, without affecting the quality of the medical services rendered. Conclusions: the family medicine, the medical specialty of the Primary Health Care, had an evolution and ascending development, given the social need for medical care of high scientific-technical quality and at a sustainable cost(AU)

Introdução: os esquemas de assistência médica ambulatorial foram criados em Cuba por governos desde 1825 para ajudar as pessoas mais pobres, mais tarde chamado de "alívio casa" que ao triunfo da Revolução constituiu o primeiro modelo de cuidados primários no país. um breve relato de notas históricas de Cuidados de Saúde Primários e Medicina Geral no município Guantanamo foi realizado, desde o seu início no Policlinico Universitario "Asdrubal López Vázquez", em 1984. Objetivo: Descrever o desenvolvimento de Atenção Básica Saúde e Medicina Geral Integral no município de Guantánamo. Desenvolvimento: cobertura médica, organização dos serviços de saúde, surgimento da especialidade e as transformações necessárias do setor. Os anos 1984-1993 foram denominados como a "década do desenvolvimento da medicina de família", que representou a implementação da especialidade no referido município. A cobertura médica da comunidade também foi descrita, sem afetar a qualidade dos serviços médicos prestados. Conclusões: medicina familiar, médico especialidade efetoras Cuidados de Saúde Primários, teve uma evolução ascendente e desenvolvimento, para a necessidade social para a ciência cuidados de saúde de alta qualidade e tecnologia e a um custo sustentável(AU)

Private and institutionalised patients' use of homeopathy in the early nineteenth century.

Medicine underwent a major crisis in the 18th century and several approaches, including homeopathy, were formulated to fill the void left by the fall of traditional Galenic medicine. While most of the literature deals with the reasons doctors had to shift to homeopathy, the patients' views became the focus of increasing scholarly attention along the past 20 years. In this article I present and discuss the current knowledge about the socio-demographic characteristics and medical complaints of patients who sought homeopathic care in the early 19th century in both private and institutional settings. The results show that not only patients from the higher and more educated classes sought homeopathic care, but a considerable number of individuals from the middle and lower strata did so too, even though they also had access to conventional hospitals. As to the clinical complaints, the reasons to seek homeopathic care were the typical ones for any general practice or hospital in the period considered.

The officier de santé in 19th-century France: A PA prototype.

In 1803, shortly after the French Revolution, the French healthcare system was reorganized and a new independent medical officer, the officier de santé (health officer) was introduced. Qualifications included 3 years in a medical school (compared with 6 years for a physician) and an apprenticeship with a physician. Although somewhat independent, officiers de santé were limited in their scope of practice to general medicine, prescribing medications, and minor surgical procedures. Many were deployed to medically underserved areas. After almost a century of activity in a role not unlike physician assistants, the officiers de santé were abolished in 1892. Development of a more rigorous medical education and an adequate supply of physicians meant that physicians were better deployed throughout France, and were largely the reasons for abolishing this PA prototype.