Moniliformis cryptosaudi n. sp. (Acanthocephala: Moniliformidae) from the Long-eared Hedgehog Hemiechinus auritus (Gmelin) (Erinaceidae) in Iraq; A Case of Incipient Cryptic Speciation Related to M. saudi in Saudi Arabia.

Moniliformis cryptosaudi n. sp. (Moniliformidae) is an acanthocephalan described from the long-eared hedgehog Hemiechinus auritus (Gmelin) (Erinaceidae) in Iraq as an incipient cryptic species of Moniliformis saudi Amin, Heckmann, Mohammed, Evans, 2016 described from the desert hedgehog Paraechinus aethiopicus (Ehrenberg) (Erinaceidae) in Saudi Arabia. Microscopical studies demonstrate that the two species are morphologically indistinguishable with practically identical measurements and counts but differed significantly in their energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) of metal composition of hooks. Hooks of specimens of the new species appeared to be of collagen material with very low levels of phosphorus and calcium unlike those of M. saudi and Moniliformis kalahariensis Meyer, 1931 that had high levels of calcium and phosphorus. Using 18S rDNA and cox1 genes, M. Saudi and M. kalahariensis were shown to be molecularly distinct but the molecular profiles of M. saudi and M. cryptosaudi were more similar. The molecular profile of M. kalahariensis collected from the South African hedgehog Atelerix frontalis Smith (Erinaceidae) in South Africa is reported for the first time and is studied only for comparative purposes. Moniliformis saudi and M. kalahariensis had comparable EDXA metal analysis that was distinct from that of M. cryptosaudi.

Streptobacillus moniliformis: diferencias in vivo e in vitro / Streptobacillus moniliformis: in vivo and in vitro differences

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[Rat bite fever in a three-year-old child].

Rat bite fever (RBF) is rare in Denmark. It can be very difficult to diagnose, as the causative agent is an extremely fastidious organism which needs microaerophilic conditions to grow. We report a case of arthritis in the right ankle due to Streptobacillus moniliformis in a three-year-old girl who fully recovered after 14-day treatment of intravenous administrated penicillin followed by four weeks of orally administrated amoxicillin. Social history revealed the presence of two domestic rats living in the child's home. As rodents are becoming more popular as pets, RBF must be considered in patients with a history of relevant exposure.

A new species of Moniliformis from a Sigmodontinae rodent in Patagonia (Argentina).

The majority of species of Acanthocephala known thus far from South America have been recorded mostly in fish and wild birds. In particular, rodents in Argentina have been poorly studied for acanthocephalans. The genus Abrothrix (Sigmodontinae-Cricetidae) ranges from the Altiplano of southern Peru through the highlands of Bolivia, northern Chile, and Argentina south through Tierra del Fuego. The purpose of this paper was to study Acanthocephala species parasitizing different populations of Abrothrix from Santa Cruz province (Patagonia Argentina). Specimens of Acanthocephala were found in the small intestine of Abrothrix olivaceus, showing values of P 14.7%, IM = 2.8, and AM = 0.41. All the rodents parasitized were collected in Punta Quilla, Santa Cruz, Argentina. The specimens of Abrothrix longipilis were not parasitized. Moniliformis amini n. sp. is described with features such as the long, cylindrical, and pseudo-segmented body; proboscis receptacle double walled, outer wall with muscle fibers usually arranged spirally, and a combination of several morphometric characters, mainly the very small size of the proboscis receptacle and length of the testes and lemnisci. A marked proportion of arthropods was found in the diet of A. olivaceus, characterizing it as arthropodivorous. Possibly, a larger sampling effort and specific projects dealing with the study of acanthocephalans will shed light on several questions of the rodent-Moniliformis relationship.

Human infection with Moniliformis moniliformis (Bremser 1811) (Travassos 1915) in Iran: another case report after three decades.

This article reports on the occurrence of M. moniliformis in a 2-year-old girl in Iran after a long time period from its last recorded occurrence. Diagnosis of the both the earlier human record, as well as the later one that we are discussing in this report, has not initially been established by routine stool examination. In this case, symptoms that may suggest small bowel disease or dysfunction were not significantly seen. The worm obtained from the child was identified as a female M. moniliformis, but how the child became infected is unknown.

A case of Moniliformis moniliformis (Acanthocephala) infection in Iran.

Only a few cases of Acanthocephala infections have been reported in humans, and Moniliformis moniliformis is the most common species around the world. We report here a case of infection with M. moniliformis, which passed in the stool of a 2-year-old girl in Iran. The patient had abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and facial edema. According to her mother, the patient had habit of eating dirt and once a cockroach was discovered in her mouth. In stool examination, eggs of M. moniliformis were not found. She was treated with levamisole and the clinical symptoms reduced within 2 weeks. The specimen contained 2 pieces of a female worm with a total length of 148 mm lacking the posterior end. The spiral musculature of the proboscis receptacle and the shape of the trunk allowed its generic determination. Previously 2 cases of M. moniliformis infection were reported in Iran. This is the 3rd case of M. moniliformis infection in Iran.

[First finding of the Centrorhynchus aluconis (Muller, 1780) (Giganthorhynchidae) and Moniliformis moniliformis bremser, 1811 (Moniliformidae) larvae in shrews (Insectivora: Soricidae) of the fauna of Russia].

The larvae of acanthocephalans Centrorhynchus aluconis (Muller, 1780) and Moniliformis moniliformis Bremser, 1811 are recorded for the first time from shrews in Russia (Samarskaya Luka National Park, Samara Region). Taxonomic descriptions and figures of the specimens examined are presented.

Gastrointestinal helminth parasites of the black rat (Rattus rattus) in Abeokuta, southwest Nigeria.

A survey of 612 black rats, Rattus rattus (282 mates and 330 females), for infections with helminth parasites was carried out in Abeokuta, in southwest Nigeria. Three hundred and ninety six (64.7%) were infected with one or more of seven species of helminths comprising three cestodes (Hymenolepis diminuta, Taenia taeniaeformis (cyst) and Raillietina sp.) three nematodes (Mastophorus muris, Trichuris muris and Syphacia sp.) and one acanthocephalan (Moniliformis moniliformis). Although the prevalence of infection in males (76.6%) was more than in females (54.5%) (P<0.01), there was no difference in the mean intensity of infection, MI, (males=11.6+/-0.94, females=11.1+/-1.56). Among the different weight classes, rats of 100-130 g were more infected (893%) and had the highest mean intensity (MI=21.6) than those that weighed <100 g (47.1%, MI=6.4) and >130 g (73.9%, MI=9.3). Moniliformis moniliformis was the most common species encountered (39.2%) and had the highest mean intensity in both sexes (x=7.4+/-0.74). Considering the rat-man proximity, this finding has considerable public health implications.

Worm kinetics and serum IgE in hooded lister rats infected with the acanthocephalan Moniliformis moniliformis and the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis.

After infection with the intestinal helminths Moniliformis moniliformis or Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, worm-specific IgE first appeared in the serum rats between days 10 and 24 p.i., varying with host age, worm species and worm dose used. The rate of increase in specific IgE was comparable regardless of the worm species, infection dose or host age and a peak response was observed about 1 month after the sera turned positive. In the M. moniliformis infections, these events took place long before the beginning of worm expulsion on day 63 in high-dose (50 worms) infections, and potentiation of heterologous IgE was not observed. In contrast, IgE stimulation by N. brasiliensis infections was detected as potentiation of anti-ovalbumin IgE, anti-M. moniliformis IgE and total IgE. Most of the total IgE in the serum of M. moniliformis-infected rats was likely to be the worm-specific IgE. Anthelminthic removal of M. moniliformis revealed that the presence of residual worms was necessary to maintain worm-specific IgE production.

Caso de Moniliformis Moniliformis (Acanthocephala) em criança na Cidade de Säo Paulo / Moniliformis moniliformis (Acanthocephala) from a child in Säo Paulo, Brazil

Em abril de 1994 foi encaminhado ao Laboratório de Enteroparasitoses do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, para identificaçäo, um verme eliminado por criança do sexo feminino, de 12 meses de idade, que vinha apresentando quadro de diarréia, vômito e perda de peso. O exemplar foi examinado em miscroscópio estereoscópio e após estudos biométricos morfológicos, foi classificado como fêmea do gênero Moniliformis moniliformis, Acanthocephala, parasita comum do rato e que pode, acidentalmente, parasitar o homem. O objetivo do presente trabalho é relatar o segundo caso de parasitismo humano no Brasil e chamar a atençäo para a ocorrência eventual do parasita em nosso meio.

Severe moniliformiasis (Acanthocephala: Moniliformidae) in a gray squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis, from Arkansas, USA.

Three hundred and seventy-five acanthocephalans, Moniliformis clarki, were removed from the small and large intestines of a gray squirrel from Arkansas County, Arkansas (USA). This is the first report of M. clarki from Arkansas. Enteric lesions, including distension, perforating ulcers, enteritis, crypt hypertrophy, goblet cell hyperplasia, and occlusions of the intestinal tract were observed, indicating the pathogenic potential of this parasite.

Acanthocephalan infection in man in northern Nigeria.

Acanthocephalan ova, indistinguishable from the ovoid eggs of Moniliformis moniliformis, were detected in the stools of a 45-year-old man at the University of Jos Health Clinic, Nigeria. The patient complained of general body weakness, occasional giddiness and intermittent burning sensations around the umbilicus. Successful treatment with niclosamide and the possible source of infection are communicated.

First record of human acanthocephalan infections in Australia.

Two cases of asymptomatic acanthocephalan infections in infants are described. We believe this is the first report from Australia of infection with these parasites in humans. Their clinical, epidemiological and biological significance is discussed.

Parasite fauna of the house rat Rattus rattus diardii in Kuala Lumpur and nearby villages.

One hundred and fifty one house rats, Rattus rattus diardii from five different localities, Jinjang, Dato Keramat, Kuala Lumpur, Sungai Besi and Selayang Baru, were examined for parasites. Nineteen species of parasites were recovered. Hymenolepis diminuta and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis are the predominant species. The dominancy of the parasite species in the rats differed in each locality: Hymenolepis diminuta in Dato Keramat and Kuala Lumpur; Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in Sungai Besi; Gongylomena neoplasticum in Jinjang and Selayang Baru. The influences of human habitats on the parasite fauna of house rats are discussed.