Therapeutic drug monitoring of biologics in inflammatory bowel disease: unmet needs and future perspectives.

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) has emerged as a useful tool for optimising the use of biologics, and in particular anti-tumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy, in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, challenges remain and are hindering the widespread implementation of TDM in clinical practice. These barriers include identification of the optimal drug concentration to target, the lag time between sampling and results, and the proper interpretation of anti-drug antibody titres among different assays. Solutions to overcome these barriers include the harmonisation of TDM assays and the use of point-of-care testing. Other unmet needs include well designed prospective studies and randomised controlled trials focusing on proactive TDM, particularly during induction therapy. Future studies should also investigate the utility of TDM for biologics other than anti-TNF therapies in both IBD and other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis, and the use of pharmacokinetic modelling dashboards and pharmacogenetics towards individual personalised medicine.

Survey of Practice Pattern in Patients With Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia Requiring Cardiopulmonary Bypass.

BACKGROUND: Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an immune-mediated adverse reaction to heparin. Patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) are routinely anticoagulated with heparin before the initiation of bypass. Heparin is contraindicated, however, in patients with acute HIT, and alternatives to routine practice are often used. While guidelines have recently been published addressing this topic 10, there remains variance between institutions in how these cases are treated. Our goal was to better delineate practice trends in the diagnosis and management of HIT patients requiring CPB. METHODS: We surveyed members of the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists (SCA) and the American Society for Extracorporeal Technology (AmSECT) using an online survey tool. RESULTS: We received 304 completed surveys (5.8% response rate), 75% completed by an anesthesiologist, and 24% by a perfusionist. The majority of respondents used clinical history and/or antibody testing (71% and 63%, respectively) to diagnose HIT. Seventy-five percent of respondents reported using an institutional protocol for HIT-CPB cases. Most respondents (89%) reported having at least 1 case in the last 3 years, with a total case experience of at least 785 cases (785 = the minimum number of cases in each case volume category × the number of respondents choosing that category). The strategy recommended in published guidelines, bivalirudin, was the most commonly reported alternative anticoagulation strategy (75%) used by respondents in HIT cases, with most (83%) using the activated clotting time (ACT) to monitor anticoagulation. CONCLUSIONS: Most responding SCA and AmSECT members reported that their institution used a protocol or guideline for HIT/CPB cases, and most guidelines directed the use of bivalirudin as an alternative anticoagulant. Various other methods such as plasmapheresis are also being used with success in this patient population. Further research, including comparison studies of alternative anticoagulant strategies, is required to elucidate the best approach to these difficult cases.

Trends in Urine Drug Monitoring Among Persons Receiving Long-Term Opioids and Persons with Opioid Use Disorder in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Practice guidelines recommend urine drug monitoring (UDM) at least annually in the setting of chronic opioid therapy as an objective assessment of substance use. However, empirical evidence on who gets tested and how often testing occurs is lacking. OBJECTIVES: This study investigates 10-year UDM trends in the United States based on 2 factors: (1) the duration of prescription opioid treatment, and (2) having an opioid use disorder (OUD) diagnosis and medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) prescriptions. STUDY DESIGN: Observational cross-sectional study. SETTING: Research was conducted using administrative claims data from Optum's deidentified Clinformatics Data Mart Database for the period 2007 to 2016. The dataset contained information on the plan enrollment and health care claims from 50 states and the District of Columbia. METHODS: To examine trends in UDM based on the duration of prescription opioid treatment, persons receiving prescription opioid analgesics were categorized into 4 groups based on the number of days covered: (a) less than 90 days, (b) 90 to 179 days, (c) 180 to 269 days, and (d) at least 270 days. To examine trends based on an OUD diagnosis and MOUD prescriptions, persons diagnosed with OUD were identified and categorized based on the presence of MOUD prescriptions as follows: (a) OUD with buprenorphine (BPN) and naltrexone (NTX) in the same year; (b) OUD with BPN only; (c) OUD with NTX only; (d) OUD with chronic prescription opioid analgesics (>= 90 days); (e) OUD without prescription opioid analgesics, BPN, or NTX; and (f) chronic prescription opioid analgesics (>= 90 days) without an OUD diagnosis. For analysis, the percent receiving UDM was estimated per group per year. Then the data were restricted to those receiving at least one UDM to estimate the average number of UDM per person. RESULTS: Data included an average of 364,485 persons per year receiving prescription opioid analgesics for chronic use, and 10,277 per year receiving an OUD diagnosis. Among those receiving prescription opioid analgesics, less than 50% received UDM. For those receiving at least one UDM, one additional UDM was performed per person as the duration of opioids increased by 90 days. Among persons with OUD, the percent receiving UDM was the highest for those receiving both BPN and NTX (87%), followed by those receiving BPN only (80%), chronic opioids (79%), NTX only (72%), and those not receiving any MOUD/opioids (54%). LIMITATIONS: Methadone dispensing for OUD treatments was not captured in administrative claims data. CONCLUSIONS: Although recommended for patients with chronic pain, UDM is provided less than half of the time for these patients. However, once patients received at least one UDM, they would continue to receive it on a fairly regular basis. Compared with those with chronic pain, persons diagnosed with OUD are more likely to receive UDM at a more frequent interval.

The experience of Hamad General Hospital collaborative anticoagulation clinic in Qatar during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Hamad General Hospital Anticoagulation Clinic is one of the largest collaborative-practice clinics of its type in Qatar. The patients being followed at this clinic are typically complex and vulnerable. During the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, measures were implemented at the clinic to minimize the exposure of patients and healthcare providers to the acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 and to promote social distancing. These measures included extending INR-recall period, transitioning to direct oral anticoagulant drugs whenever feasible, home visits to elderly and immunocompromised patients for INR testing, establishing an anticoagulation hotline, and relocation of warfarin dispensing from the main pharmacy to the anticoagulation clinic. In addition, the clinic shifted its multidisciplinary team meetings onto an online platform using Microsoft Teams. Telehealth consultations were extensively utilized to closely follow up with the patients and ensure that anticoagulation efficacy and safety remained optimal. The aim of this paper is to share our experience and describe the measures adopted by the clinic as part of the Hamad Medical Corporation response to the emerging situation.

Electrochemical biosensors: a nexus for precision medicine.

Precision medicine is a field with huge potential for improving a patient's quality of life, wherein therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) can provide actionable insights. More importantly, incorrect drug dose is a common contributor to medical errors. However, current TDM practice is time-consuming and expensive, and requires specialised technicians. One solution is to use electrochemical biosensors (ECBs), which are inexpensive, portable, and highly sensitive. In this review, we explore the potential for ECBs as a technology for on-demand drug monitoring, including microneedles, continuous monitoring, synthetic biorecognition elements, and multi-material electrodes. We also highlight emerging strategies to achieve continuous drug monitoring, and conclude by appraising recent developments and providing an outlook for the field.

A review of recent advances in microsampling techniques of biological fluids for therapeutic drug monitoring.

Conventional sampling of biological fluids often involves a bulk quantity of samples that are tedious to collect, deliver and process. Miniaturized sampling approaches have emerged as promising tools for sample collection due to numerous advantages such as minute sample size, patient friendliness and ease of shipment. This article reviews the applications and advances of microsampling techniques in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), covering the period January 2015 - August 2020. As whole blood is the gold standard sampling matrix for TDM, this article comprehensively highlights the most historical microsampling technique, the dried blood spot (DBS), and its development. Advanced developments of DBS, ranging from various automation DBS, paper spray mass spectrometry (PS-MS), 3D dried blood spheroids and volumetric absorptive paper disc (VAPD) and mini-disc (VAPDmini) are discussed. The volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) approach, which overcomes the hematocrit effect associated with the DBS sample, has been employed in recent TDM. The sample collection and sample preparation details in DBS and VAMS are outlined and summarized. This review also delineates the involvement of other biological fluids (plasma, urine, breast milk and saliva) and their miniaturized dried matrix forms in TDM. Specific features and challenges of each microsampling technique are identified and comparison studies are reviewed.

Use of Antidepressants in Older People during a 10-Year Period: An Observational Study on Prescribed Doses and Serum Levels.

BACKGROUND: According to previous studies, older patients frequently have serum concentrations of antidepressant medication above the recommended reference range. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate whether prescribed doses of antidepressants and the proportion of individuals with serum concentrations above the recommended reference range in older individuals (≥ 65 years) have changed over a 10-year period in Norway. METHODS: Serum concentration measurements and prescribed daily doses of antidepressants in 2007 and 2017 were extracted from a therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) database at the Center for Psychopharmacology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway. The database contains routine follow-up serum concentration measurements of psychotropic drugs for patients from all parts of the country. For citalopram, escitalopram, sertraline, mirtazapine and venlafaxine, the differences between 2007 and 2017 in mean prescribed doses and the proportion of patients with at least one serum concentration above the reference range, according to the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Neuropsychopharmakologie und Pharmakopsychiatrie (AGNP) guidelines, were compared. For the proportion of patients with serum concentrations above the recommended reference range, differences between individuals aged 65-79 and ≥ 80 years were also examined. RESULTS: The analyses of prescribed doses included 806 patients from 2007 and 1932 patients from 2017, with 972 and 2441 TDM samples, respectively. Between 2007 and 2017, modest reductions in prescribed daily doses were observed for citalopram (20 vs. 17 mg/day) and escitalopram (11 vs. 10 mg/day), but the proportion of patients with serum concentrations above the recommended reference range was unchanged for both drugs, i.e. 11.5% vs. 12.4% for citalopram and 3.6% vs. 2.9% for escitalopram. For mirtazapine and venlafaxine, prescribed doses were reduced from 28 to 25 mg/day and 150 to 125 mg/day, respectively. A significant reduction in the proportion of individuals with serum concentrations above the recommended reference range was observed for mirtazapine (27.1% vs. 11.5%) and for individuals aged ≥ 80 years using venlafaxine (60.0% vs. 30.0%). For sertraline, no differences in prescribed doses or serum concentrations above the recommended reference range were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Over a 10-year period, prescribed doses of antidepressants have been slightly reduced in older Norwegian patients, but a considerable proportion is still exposed to high serum concentrations of antidepressants.

Survey on request form content and result reporting in therapeutic drug monitoring service among laboratories in Czechia and Slovakia.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to investigate current practice and policies of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) service requesting and result reporting in Czechia and Slovakia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All 149 laboratories that measure plasma drug concentrations were given an online questionnaire during a regular external quality assessment TDM cycle. The questionnaire consisted of 17 questions. The optimal TDM practice was defined as the application of all elements (age, body weight, time of sampling, date of the first administration, time of the last dose administration, the dose, the dosing interval, the route of administration, information on reason of testing, and information on other co-administered drugs) needed for reporting a recommendation for further drug dosing (positive response to question number 16). RESULTS: The response rate was 69%, 103 out of 149 laboratories measuring drug concentrations. Only 12% (12 out of 103 laboratories) of the laboratories implemented all elements needed for optimal TDM practice and reported a recommendation. Both paper and electronic request forms were used by 77 out of 103 (75%) laboratories. A total of 69 out of 103 laboratories (67%) specified the type of sampling tube on their request form. Cystatin C was used for prediction of renal drug elimination by 24% (25 out of 103) of participants. CONCLUSIONS: Small number of laboratories implemented all elements needed for optimal TDM practice and report a recommendation on further dosing. Further efforts in education on optimal TDM practice as well as harmonization of service are desirable.

Revisited: Therapeutic and toxic blood concentrations of more than 1100 drugs and other xenobiotics.

In order to assess the significance of drug/substance levels measured in intensive care medicine and clinical and forensic toxicology as well as for therapeutic drug monitoring, it is essential that a comprehensive collection of data is readily available. We revisited and expanded our 2012 compilation of therapeutic and toxic plasma concentration ranges as well as half-lives of now more than 1100 drugs and other xenobiotics.Data have been abstracted from original papers, text books, and previous compilations and have been completed with data collected in our own forensic and clinical toxicology laboratories. We compiled the data presented in the table and the corresponding annotations over the past 30+ years. A previous compilation was completely double-checked, revised, and updated, if necessary. In addition, more than 200 substances, especially drugs who have been introduced since 2012 to the market as well as illegal drugs and other xenobiotics which became known to cause intoxications were added. We carefully referenced all data. Moreover, the annotations providing details were updated and revised, when necessary.For more than 1100 drugs and other xenobiotics, therapeutic ("normal") and, if data was available, toxic, and comatose-fatal plasma/blood concentrations as well as elimination half-lives were compiled in a table.In case of intoxications, the blood concentration of the substance and/or metabolite better predicts the clinical severity of the case when compared to the assumed amount and time of ingestion. Comparing and contrasting the clinical case against the data provided, including the half-life, may support the decision for or against further intensive care. In addition, the data provided are useful for the therapeutic monitoring of pharmacotherapies, to facilitate the diagnostic assessment and monitoring of acute and chronic intoxications as well as to support forensic and clinical expert opinions.

Vancomycin pharmacokinetics in critically ill neonates receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Objective: This study aimed to characterise vancomycin pharmacokinetics in critically ill neonates undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Methods: In a retrospective analysis, the pharmacokinetics of vancomycin were determined in 25 full-term neonates receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and compared with those of matched controls (n = 25) not receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Results: The half-life of vancomycin in the neonates undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was significantly prolonged compared with that in the controls (17.45 ± 11.01 hour vs 5.92 ± 2.70 hour, P<0.001). Clearance decreased significantly in the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation group relative to the control group (0.03 ± 0.02 L/kg/hr vs 0.08 ± 0.05 L/kg/hr, P<0.001). No significant difference was found in the volume of distribution between the two groups (0.63 ± 0.30 L/kg in the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation group vs 0.57 ± 0.14 L/kg/hr in control, P=0.596). Clearance values were significantly correlated with serum creatinine (r = - 0.528, P<0.001). In the subgroup analysis using patients with serum creatinine < 0.5 mg/dL, similar results were obtained including significantly prolonged half-life (11.52 ± 6.31 hour vs 5.44 ± 2.36 hour, P<0.001) and decreased clearance (0.05 ± 0.02 L/kg/hr vs 0.09 ± 0.05 L/kg/hr, P<0.001) in the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation group relative to the control group. Conclusions: Vancomycin clearance decreased significantly in the neonates undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation compared with the controls. Dosing adjustments of vancomycin and close therapeutic drug monitoring are required for the safe and effective management of neonates during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Advancements in the gold standard: Measuring steroid sex hormones by mass spectrometry.

Sex hormones, such as testosterone and estrogens, play an essential role in regulating physiological and reproductive development throughout the lifetime of the individual. Although variation in levels of these hormones are observed throughout the distinct stages in life, significant deviations from reference ranges can result in detrimental effects to the individual. Alterations, by either an increase or decrease, in hormone levels are associated with physiological changes, decreased reproductive capabilities, and increased risk for diseases. Hormone therapies (HTs) and assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) are commonly used to address these factors. In addition to these treatments, gender-affirming therapies, an iteration of HTs, are also a prominent treatment for transgender individuals. Considering that the effectiveness of these treatments relies on achieving therapeutic hormone levels, monitoring of hormones has served as a way of assessing therapeutic efficay. The need for reliable methods to achieve this task has led to great advancements in methods for evaluating hormone concentrations in biological matrices. Although immunoassays are the more widely used method, mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods have proven to be more sensitive, specific, and reliable. Advances in MS technology and its applications for therapeutic hormone monitoring have been significant, hence integration of these methods in the clinical setting is desired. Here, we provide a general overview of HT and ART, and the immunoassay and MS-based methods currently utilized for monitoring sex hormones. Additionally, we highlight recent advances in MS-based methods and discuss future applications and considerations for MS-based hormone assays.

Differences between pharmacists' perception of counseling and practice in the era of prescription drug misuse

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to assess pharmacists' practices when counseling patients on their prescription medications, and their preferences for training. METHODS: Five focus group discussions of community pharmacists (n=45, with seven to eleven participants in each group) were conducted in a major metropolitan city in the southern United States. Participants were recruited via email using a list of community pharmacists provided by the Texas State Board of Pharmacy. All focus group discussions were structured using a moderator guide consisting of both discrete and open-ended questions. Qualitative analysis software was used to analyze the data with a thematic analysis approach. RESULTS: The participants in this study had a high self-efficacy regarding their ability to counsel on both new and opioid prescriptions. Many pharmacists experienced the same barriers to counseling and agreed on the components o counseling. However, the themes that emerged showed that the participants exhibited only a partial understanding of the components of counseling. The themes that emerged in the thematic analysis were perceived confidence and discordant counseling practices, inadequate infrastructure, lack of comprehensive counseling, inconsistent use of the Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (PDMP), and pharmacists' desired training/assistance. CONCLUSIONS: Community pharmacists are in a unique position to help combat the opioid crisis; however, there has been very little research on the pharmacist-patient interaction in this context. With policy changes, such as the PDMP mandate, going into effect across the country, it is important to capitalize on the potential community pharmacists have in ameliorating the opioid crisis in the United States

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Comparison of drug survival between infliximab and adalimumab in inflammatory bowel disease.

Background Conventional therapy of inflammatory bowel disease with traditional immunosuppressant medication is increasingly being replaced by biological agents. However, the response to these biological agents may be lost over time, with discontinuation being a marker of loss of effectiveness. There are few published reports on the treatment drug survival of infliximab and adalimumab in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Objective This study compared the drug survival of infliximab versus adalimumab as first- and second-line treatments, identified factors associated with drug survival, and described reasons for treatment withdrawal. Setting A pharmacy department of a university hospital in Spain. Method A retrospective single-centre cohort study of all patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with biological agents between 2008 and 2017 at a regional referral hospital. The primary outcome was drug survival and associated factors during a follow-up of 52 months. Main outcome measure Drug survival of infliximab versus adalimumab. Results One hundred thirty-four patients with inflammatory bowel disease (73.9% Crohn's disease and 26.1% ulcerative colitis) were treated with biological therapy. The overall mean drug survival of first-line treatment with an anti-tumour necrosis factor agent was 18.6 months (SD 14.9), with mean values of 20.2 months (SD 16.6) for adalimumab and 17.1 months (SD 13.1) for infliximab. As a second-line treatment, the drug survival of anti-tumour necrosis factor agents was 17.9 months (SD 15.6), with mean values of 22.9 months (SD 17.1) for adalimumab and 12.5 months (SD 11.7) for infliximab. The difference in time to discontinuation at 52 months of follow-up between the infliximab and adalimumab subgroups, as either first- or second-line treatment, was not statistically significant (p = 0.547 and p = 0.676, respectively). Therapeutic drug monitoring was the only factor associated with greater drug survival in first-line treatment (HR 0.27; 95% confidence interval, CI 0.15-0.50) and second-line treatment (HR 0.26; 95% CI 0.10-0.65). Secondary failure to treatment was the most frequent reason for withdrawal. Conclusion Infliximab and adalimumab showed similar drug survival as first- and second-line anti-tumour necrosis factor treatments. Therapeutic drug monitoring was associated with higher drug survival for both first- and second-line anti-tumour necrosis factor treatments.

Bayesian Data Assimilation to Support Informed Decision Making in Individualized Chemotherapy.

An essential component of therapeutic drug/biomarker monitoring (TDM) is to combine patient data with prior knowledge for model-based predictions of therapy outcomes. Current Bayesian forecasting tools typically rely only on the most probable model parameters (maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate). This MAP-based approach, however, does neither necessarily predict the most probable outcome nor does it quantify the risks of treatment inefficacy or toxicity. Bayesian data assimilation (DA) methods overcome these limitations by providing a comprehensive uncertainty quantification. We compare DA methods with MAP-based approaches and show how probabilistic statements about key markers related to chemotherapy-induced neutropenia can be leveraged for more informative decision support in individualized chemotherapy. Sequential Bayesian DA proved to be most computationally efficient for handling interoccasion variability and integrating TDM data. For new digital monitoring devices enabling more frequent data collection, these features will be of critical importance to improve patient care decisions in various therapeutic areas.

Harnessing the therapeutic potential of anticancer drugs through amorphous solid dispersions.

The treatment of cancer is still a major challenge. But tremendous progress in anticancer drug discovery and development has occurred in the last few decades. However, this progress has resulted in few effective oncology products due to challenges associated with anticancer drug delivery. Oral administration is the most preferred route for anticancer drug delivery, but the majority of anticancer drugs currently in product pipelines and the majority of those that have been commercially approved have inherently poor water solubility, and this cannot be mitigated without compromising their potency and stability. The poor water solubility of anticancer drugs, in conjunction with other factors, leads to suboptimal pharmacokinetic performance. Thus, these drugs have limited efficacy and safety when administered orally. The amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is a promising formulation technology that primarily enhances the aqueous solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs. In this review, we discuss the challenges associated with the oral administration of anticancer drugs and the use of ASD technology in alleviating these challenges. We emphasize the ability of ASDs to improve not only the pharmacokinetics of poorly water-soluble anticancer drugs, but also their efficacy and safety. The goal of this paper is to rationalize the application of ASD technology in the formulation of anticancer drugs, thereby creating superior oncology products that lead to improved therapeutic outcomes.

Routine blood monitoring in maintenance immunoglobulin treatment of inflammatory neuropathy: Is it clinically relevant?

BACKGROUND: Pre-treatment screening for IgA deficiency and close monitoring of full blood count(FBC) and renal function is recommended with intravenous immunoglobulin(IVIg) therapy in neurological diseases. AIMS: To examine the frequency of biochemically defined and clinically significant episodes of treatment associated haemolysis, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and acute kidney injury(AKI) in a cohort of patients on maintenance Immunoglobulin(Ig) therapy for inflammatory neuropathy. METHODS: A retrospective review of routine blood monitoring in patients from two UK specialist peripheral nerve centres. Accepted definitions for clinically and biochemically significant haemolysis, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and AKI were used. RESULTS: 1919 infusion episodes in 90 patients were analysed. Age(mean(S.D)) = 58.09(14.4)years, 63% male, 72% CIDP(28% MMN), 97% IVIg(3% SCIg). Dose = 1.57(0.79)g/kg/month or 97.1(37.3)g/infusion, frequency:3.9(1.4) weeks. Relative IgA deficiency was noted in 2 individuals (prevalence:2.2%, 95%C.I.:0-5.2) who received a combined total of 38 infusions(3800 g IVIg) without adverse event. No clinically significant episodes of haemolysis, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia or AKI occurred in relation to treatment. An asymptomatic drop>10 g/L haemoglobin(Hb) occurred in 3.5%(95%CI:2.7-4.3) of treatment episodes in 38 individuals, mean reduction:17.7(7.4)g/L; lowest Hb:86 g/L. Lower pre-treatment haemoglobin correlated with risk of recurrent Ig-related drop(p:0.007). Two patients with chronic renal failure(stage 1 and 3) received 28(IV) and 104(SC) infusions respectively(6416 g) without impact on estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR). CONCLUSIONS: No clinically significant Ig-related episodes of haemolysis or AKI were identified in this representative cohort. This suggests that routine monitoring is not essential in long-term Ig use but should be considered when clinically indicated.

Analysis of Ornidazole Injection in Clinical Use at Post-marketing Stage by Centralized Hospital Monitoring System.

This study aims to analyze the clinical use of ornidazole injection at the post-marketing stage by centralized hospital monitoring system method, and investigate its widespread use in patients, in order to regulate and guide the rational drug use, improve the drug specificity and provide a basis for drug therapy. The study adopts a prospective, multi-center, large sample size, centralized hospital monitoring system. We selected five leading hospitals in Hubei province, and observed the inpatients who received the ornidazole injection from July 1, 2015 to October 31, 2015. The basic information of patients was recorded, as well as the drug use and adverse events. The statistical analysis was performed based on these data. A total of 4396 individuals were enrolled in this study, most of them were middle-aged female patients and the ornidazole injection was mainly used as prophylactic prior to surgery to prevent the infections, and surgical treatment of anaerobic infections, abdominal infections and pelvic infections. The irrational drug use existed mainly in the prescribing and administration process, including unreasonable dosing frequency, rapid intravenous drip speed and extended duration of drug use. Eleven cases of adverse reactions were collected during the monitoring, incidence rate of adverse reactions was 2.5‰; adverse drug reactions occurred within 30 min. The study results fully reflected the usage of ornidazole injection in the real world. Based on the study, we calculated the adverse reaction incidence of ornidazole and identified the risk factors which may affect the safety of ornidazole injection. Study results strongly recommend that the manufacturers should publish standards for inpatient use and doctors should prescribe with caution accordingly.

Monitoring evidence on overall survival benefits of anticancer drugs approved by the European Medicines Agency between 2009 and 2015.

OBJECTIVE: The introduction provisional approval strategies increases the approval of anticancer drugs with ambiguous benefit-risk profiles. Thus, in many instances, there is lacking evidence about overall survival (OS) at the time of marketing authorisation. Our objective was to monitor and characterise therapies with ambiguous benefit-risk profiles and identify any postapproval updates on median OS after at least 3 years of approval by the European Medicines Agency (EMA). METHODS: We included all originator anticancer drugs with initially ambiguous benefit-risk profiles that received marketing authorisation by the EMA between January 1, 2009 and May 31, 2015. Our monitoring timeframe was at least 3 years after EMA approval. To identify study updates, the following three sources were included: clinicaltrials.gov, European Public Assessments Reports and PubMed. RESULTS: In total, we identified 102 eligible approval studies. Out of these, a negative difference in median OS or no information was available in 43 (42.2%) instances. During monitoring, 14 updates with accessible positive information on OS could be identified. Including monitoring results, there are still 29 remaining therapies (28.4%) where no or negative information (n = 24 [23.5%] and n = 5 [4.9%], respectively) regarding OS is present at least 3 years after EMA approval. CONCLUSION: One-third of oncology drugs with ambiguous benefit-risk profiles at the time of approval fail to demonstrate a survival benefit even after several years of marketing authorisation. Systematic and transparent postapproval monitoring mechanisms will be of high relevance to assure a clinically relevant patient benefit, since the trend towards faster access to medicines with uncertain benefit is increasing rather than declining.