Enrichment of Fruit Peels' Nutritional Value by Solid-State Fermentation with Aspergillus ibericus and Rhizopus oryzae.

The fruit processing industry is responsible for disposing of huge amounts of byproducts, especially fruit peels (FPs), which are often discarded in landfills. Using FPs in biotechnological processes contributes to a circular economy, reducing the environmental burden of FPs and increasing the revenue of the fruit processing industry. This study was focused on upgrading the nutritional value of orange (OPs) and banana (BPs) peels by solid-state fermentation (SSF) with filamentous fungi. SSF factors (moisture, fermentation time, inoculum size, ammonium sulfate (AS), and corn steep liquor (CSL)) and fungi species (Aspergillus ibericus and Rhizopus oryzae) were studied by a variable screening Plackett-Burman design. Both fungi grew on untreated FPs, increasing their protein content and antioxidant activity. Moisture, AS, and CSL were further studied by a Box-Behnken design with A. ibericus. Fermented OPs at 70% moisture and 0.005 g/g AS increased their protein content by 200%, whereas BPs at 70% moisture and 0.005 g/g CSL increased by 123%. Fermented peels were enriched in protein, fiber, and minerals, with a low content of carbohydrates and soluble sugars. Fermented OPs and BPs showed higher antioxidant activity than unfermented peels. The SSF of these FPs is an innovative approach that contributes to obtaining rich nutrient-fermented peels for food.

Green Approaches for the Extraction of Banana Peel Phenolics Using Deep Eutectic Solvents.

Banana peels, comprising about 35% of the fruit's weight, are often discarded, posing environmental and economic issues. This research focuses on recycling banana peel waste by optimizing advanced extraction techniques, specifically microwave-assisted (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), for the isolation of phenolic compounds. A choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) with glycerol in a 1:3 ratio with a water content of 30% (w/w) was compared to 30% ethanol. Parameters, including sample-to-solvent ratio (SSR), extraction time, and temperature for MAE or amplitude for UAE, were varied. Extracts were analyzed for hydroxycinnamic acid (HCA) and flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity using FRAP and ABTS assays. DES outperformed ethanol, with HCA content ranging from 180.80 to 765.92 mg/100 g and flavonoid content from 96.70 to 531.08 mg/100 g, accompanied by higher antioxidant activity. Optimal MAE conditions with DES were an SSR of 1:50, a temperature of 60 °C, and a time of 10 min, whereas an SSR of 1:60, time of 5 min, and 75% amplitude were optimal for UAE. The polyphenolic profile of optimized extracts comprised 19 individual compounds belonging to the class of flavonols, flavan-3-ols, and phenolic acids. This study concluded that DESs, with their superior extraction efficiency and environmental benefits, are promising solvents for the extraction of high-value bioactive compounds from banana peels and offer significant potential for the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Effect of gastrointestinal resistant encapsulate matrix on spray dried microencapsulated Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG powder and its characterization.

This study investigated spray drying a method for microencapsulating Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG using a gastrointestinal resistant composite matrix. An encapsulate composite matrix comprising green banana flour (GBF) blended with maltodextrin (MD) and gum arabic (GA). The morphology of resulted microcapsules revealed a near-spherical shape with slight dents and no surface cracks. Encapsulation efficiency and product yield varied significantly among the spray-dried microencapsulated probiotic powder samples (SMPPs). The formulation with the highest GBF concentration (FIV) exhibited maximum post-drying L. rhamnosus GG viability (12.57 ± 0.03 CFU/g) and best survivability during simulated gastrointestinal digestion (9.37 ± 0.05 CFU/g). Additionally, glass transition temperature (Tg) analysis indicated good thermal stability of SMPPs (69.3 - 92.9 ℃), while Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the structural integrity of functional groups within microcapsules. The SMPPs characterization also revealed significant variation in moisture content, water activity, viscosity, and particle size. Moreover, SMPPs exhibited differences in total phenolic and flavonoid, along with antioxidant activity and color values throughout the study. These results suggested that increasing GBF concentration within the encapsulating matrix, while reducing the amount of other composite materials, may offer enhanced protection to L. rhamnosus GG during simulated gastrointestinal conditions, likely due to the gastrointestinal resistance properties of GBF.

Fluorescent probe based on GO/g-C3N4-PEG@Cu NPs/MIP for the detection of dopamine in banana.

Graphene oxide (GO) and copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) were incorporated to modulate and enhance the fluorescence properties of pegylated graphite phase carbon nitride (g-C3N4-PEG). Combined with the specific recognition capability of a molecular imprinted polymer (MIP), a highly sensitive and selective fluorescent molecular imprinted probe for dopamine detection was developed. The fluorescent g-C3N4-PEG was synthesized from melamine and modified with GO and Cu NPs to obtain GO/g-C3N4-PEG@Cu NPs. Subsequently, MIP was prepared on the surface of GO/g-C3N4-PEG@Cu NPs using dopamine as the template molecule. Upon elution of the template molecule, a dopamine-specific GO/g-C3N4-PEG@Cu NPs/MIP fluorescence probe was obtained. The fluorescence intensity of the probe was quenched through the adsorption of different concentrations of dopamine by the MIP, thus establishing a novel method for the detection of dopamine. The linear range of dopamine detection was from 5 × 10-11 to 6 × 10-8 mol L-1, with a detection limit of 2.32 × 10-11 mol L-1. The sensor was utilised for the detection of dopamine in bananas, achieving a spiked recovery rate between 90.3% and 101.3%. These results demonstrate that the fluorescence molecular imprinted sensor developed in this study offers a highly sensitive approach for dopamine detection in bananas.

A ribonuclease T2 protein FocRnt2 contributes to the virulence of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4.

Banana Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc TR4), is a major disease of banana plants worldwide. Effector proteins play critical roles in banana-Foc TR4 interaction. Our previous studies highlighted a ribonuclease protein belonging to the T2 family (named as FocRnt2) in the Foc TR4 secretome, which was predicted to be an effector. However, its biological function in Foc TR4 infection is still unclear. Herein, we observed significant expression of FocRnt2 during the early stage of fungal infection in planta. A yeast signal sequence trap assay showed that FocRnt2 contained a functional signal peptide for secretion. FocRnt2 possessed ribonuclease activity that could degrade the banana total RNA in vitro. Subcellular localization showed that FocRnt2 was localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Transient expression of FocRnt2 suppressed the expression of salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid-signalling marker genes, reactive oxygen species accumulation, and BAX-mediated cell death in N. benthamiana. FocRnt2 deletion limited fungal penetration, reduced fusaric acid biosynthesis in Foc TR4, and attenuated fungal virulence against banana plants, but had little effect on Foc TR4 growth and sensitivity to various stresses. Furthermore, FocRnt2 deletion mutants induced higher expression of the defence-related genes in banana plants. These results suggest that FocRnt2 plays an important role in full virulence of Foc TR4, further improving our understanding of effector-mediated Foc TR4 pathogenesis.

Enhancing prebiotic, antioxidant, and nutritional qualities of noodles: A collaborative strategy with foxtail millet and green banana flour.

Foxtail millet (FM) and green banana (GB) are rich in health-promoting nutrients and bioactive substances, like antioxidants, dietary fibers, and various essential macro and micronutrients. Utilizing GB and FM flour as prebiotics is attributed to their ability to support gut health and offer multiple health benefits. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of incorporating 10% GB flour (GBF) and different proportions (10-40%) of FM flour (FMF) on the prebiotic potential, antioxidant, nutrient, color, cooking quality, water activity and sensory attributes of noodles. The prebiotic potential, antioxidant, and nutrient of the produced noodles were significantly improved by increasing the levels of FMF. Sensorial evaluation revealed that noodles containing 30% FMF and 10% GBF attained comparable scores to the control sample. Furthermore, the formulated noodles exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) higher levels of protein, essential minerals (such as iron, magnesium, and manganese), dietary fiber (9.37 to 12.71 g/100 g), total phenolic compounds (17.81 to 36.35 mg GA eq./100 g), and total antioxidants (172.57 to 274.94 mg AA eq./100 g) compared to the control. The enriched noodles also demonstrated substantially (p < 0.05) increased antioxidant capacity, as evidenced by enhanced DPPH and FRAP activities, when compared to the control noodles. Overall, the incorporation of 30% FMF and 10% GBF led to a noteworthy improvement in the nutritional and antioxidant qualities of the noodles, as well as the prebiotic potential of the noodles with regard to L. plantarum, L. rhamnosus, and L. acidophilus. The implementation of this enrichment strategy has the potential to confer a multitude of health advantages.

Endophytic microbial diversity associated with commercial cultivar and crop wild relative banana variety could provide clues for microbial community management.

Endophytes, microorganisms inhabiting internal plant tissues, play a pivotal role in plant growth and disease resistance. Moreover, previous studies have established that Musa plants derive disease protective functions from their microbiome. Notably, one of the crop wild relatives of banana, the Calcutta 4 variety, exhibits resistance to various phytopathogens such as Pseudocercospora fijiensis (P. fijiensis), while the Williams commercial cultivar (cv.) is highly susceptible. Therefore, this study aims primarily to characterize and compare the endophytic microbiota composition of Calcutta 4 and Williams banana plants when grown sympatrically. Alongside, differences in endophytic microbiome between plant sections (shoot or roots), growth phases (in vitro or greenhouse) and fitness factors such as the addition of plant growth-promoting bacteria Bacillus subtilis EA-CB0575 (T2 treatment) or infection by P. fijiensis (T3 treatment) were examined. Both culture-dependent and -independent techniques were used to evaluate these differences and assess the culturability of banana endophytes under varying conditions. Microbial cultures resulted in 331 isolates distributed across 54 genera when all treatments were evaluated, whereas 16 S sequencing produced 9510 ASVs assigned in 1456 genera. Alpha and beta diversity exhibited significant differences based on plant section, with an increase in phylogenetic diversity observed in plants with pathogen infection (T3) compared to control plants (T1). Additionally, four differentially abundant genera associated with nitrogen metabolism were identified in T3 plants and seven genera showed differential abundance when comparing varieties. When culture-dependent and -independent methods were compared, it was found that isolates represented 3.7 % of the genera detected by culture-independent methods, accounting for 12-41 % of the total data depending on the treatment. These results are crucial for proposing management strategies derived from crop wild relatives to enhance the resilience of susceptible commercial varieties against fitness factors affecting crop development. Additionally, they help to decipher the pathogenic effects of P. fijiensis in banana plants and advance the understanding of how plant domestication influences the endosphere.

Role of green banana consumption in the treatment of acute and persistent diarrhea in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Green banana Musa paradisiaca (GB) has been traditionally used to aid in the treatment of diarrhea. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate current evidence of the effect of GB consumption as a complement to standard treatment in the population with acute or persistent diarrhea. We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and LILACS from inception to January 2024; there was no language restriction. Only randomized controlled trials using GB as an intervention were included, and studies using antidiarrheal medication were excluded. A meta-analysis was performed to compare the effect of GB on the resolution of acute and persistent diarrhea. To measure the certainty of evidence, the GRADE assessment was used. Nine randomized controlled trials (seven open and two blinded) were included. Studies were conducted in the pediatric population comprising a total of 3996 patients aged 8 to 34 months, eight studies were written in English and one in Spanish. GB-based food consumption significantly increased the hazard of resolution of diarrhea compared to standard treatment (HR 1.96, 95% CI [1.62; 2.37], p < 0.01; I2 = 52%). The subgroup analysis showed a higher hazard of resolution of diarrhea for children with persistent diarrhea (HR 2.34, 95% CI [1.78; 3.08] compared to acute diarrhea (HR 1.74, 95% CI [1.45; 2.09]).Conclusions: The use of green banana-based foods as a complement to standard treatment in children is probably associated with a faster resolution in acute diarrhea and may aid in the treatment of persistent diarrhea. More clinical trials are necessary to assess if a synergistic effect between GB and other foods exists and proves to be better than GB alone. These findings need to be confirmed in diverse socioeconomic contexts, within the adult population, and under varying health conditionsTrial registration: CRD42024499992.

Streptomyces-Secreted Fluvirucin B6 as a Potential Bio-Fungicide for Managing Banana Fusarium Wilt and Mycotoxins and Modulating the Soil Microbial Community Structure.

Banana Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc TR4) is the most destructive soil-borne fungal disease. Until now, there has been a lack of effective measures to control the disease. It is urgent to explore biocontrol agents to control Foc TR4 and the secretion of mycotoxin. In this study, fluvirucin B6 was screened from Streptomyces solisilvae using an activity-guided method. Fluvirucin B6 exhibited strong antifungal activity against Foc TR4 (0.084 mM of EC50 value) and significantly inhibited mycelial growth and spore germination. Further studies demonstrated that fluvirucin B6 could cause the functional loss of mitochondria, the disorder of metabolism of Foc TR4 cells, and the decrease of enzyme activities in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and electron transport chain, ultimately inhibiting mycotoxin metabolism. In a pot experiment, the application of fluvirucin B6 significantly decreased the incidence of banana Fusarium wilt and the amount of Foc TR4 and controlled fungal toxins in the soil. Additionally, fluvirucin B6 could positively regulate the changes in the structure of the banana rhizosphere microbial community, significantly enriching beneficial microbes associated with disease resistance. In summary, this study identifies fluvirucin B6, which plays versatile roles in managing fungal diseases and mycotoxins.

Adsorption of methane by modified-biochar aiming to improve the gaseous fuels storage/transport capacity: process evaluation and modeling.

The CH4 storage by adsorption on activated carbons for natural gas handling has gained interest due to the appearance of lightweight materials with large surface areas and pore volumes. Consequently, kinetic parameters estimation of the adsorptive process can play a crucial role in understanding and scaling up the system. Concerning its versatility, banana peel (BP) is a biomass with potential for obtaining different products, such as biochar, a solid residue from the biomass' thermal decomposition of difficult disposal, where through an activation process, the material porous features are taken advantage to application as adsorbent of gaseous substances. This research reported data for the CH4 adsorption kinetic modeling by biochar from BP pyrolysis. The activated biochar textural characterization showed particles with fine mesoporous structure (pore diameter ranging between 29.39 and 55.62 Å). Adsorption kinetic analysis indicated that a modified pseudo-first-order model was the most suitable to represent the experimental data, with equilibrium adsorption of 28 mg g-1 for the samples activated with 20.0% vol wt.-1 of H3PO4 and pyrolysis at 500 °C. The equilibrium constant was consistent with the Freundlich isotherm model, suggesting a physisorption mechanism, and led to a non-ideal, reversible, and not limited to monolayer CH4 adsorption.

Cattleya walkeriana Gardner (Orchidaceae) propagation: culture medium, sealing system and irradiance.

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of culture media, irradiance, and sealing system on the in vitro and ex vitro growth of Cattleya walkeriana Gardner. We used MS medium as culture medium, supplemented with 30 g L-1 of sucrose and solidified with 7.0 g L-1 of bacteriological agar. This medium served as a control, while for the other treatments we supplemented the media as follows: 2) MS with 150 g L-1 of banana pulp = P150; 3) MS with 300 g L-1 of banana pulp = P300; 4) MS with 150 g L-1 of banana peel = PE150; and 5) MS with 300 g L-1 of banana peel = PE300. The irradiances were provided by 3000K LED lamps: 86 µmol m-2 s-1 (Irradiance-1) and 128 µmol m-2 s-1 (Irradiance-2) and the conventional sealing (CSS) and sealing systems that allow gas exchange (GESS). After 120 (in vitro) and 180 days (ex vitro) of cultivation, we evaluated them for pseudobulb (PN), leaf (LN) and root number (RN), plant height (PH), pseudobulb diameter (PD), longest leaf (LL) and root length (RL), fresh mass (TFM) and survival (%SURV). There was a significant interaction for all the variables analyzed. The CM x SS double interaction was significant for PH, LL, and RL. The CM x I x SS interaction was significant for PN, LN, RN, PD, TFM, and %SURV traits of C. walkeriana grown in vitro. There was a significant interaction between CM x I x SS for all C. walkeriana traits evaluated in ex vitro culture. Using the medium with up to 150 g L-1 of banana pulp combined with Irradiance-2 and CSS provided the highest values for in vitro plant growth. However, prior cultivation in MS medium, Irradiance-1, and CSS provided the greatest survival and establishment of this species plants in ex vitro culture.

Reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis in Musa acuminata genotypes contrasting in resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense subtropical race 4.

Banana (Musa spp.) is the most widely consumed fruit globally. Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), is a highly threatening disease to banana production. Resistance genes to Foc exist in wild Musa genotypes such as Musa acuminata subsp. burmannicoides var. Calcutta 4. Whilst real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) is appropriate for accurate analysis of gene expression in pathways involved in host defence responses, reference genes with stable expression under specific biotic stress conditions and host tissue types are necessary for normalization of sample variation. In this context, the stability in potential host reference genes ACT1, APT, EF1α, GAPDH, αTUB, RAN, UBIQ1, UBIQ2, ßTUB1, ßTUB3, L2 and ACTA1 was evaluated in total RNA samples from root tissues in Calcutta 4 (resistant) and Musa sp. cultivar Prata-anã (susceptible) extracted during interaction with Foc subtropical race 4 (STR4). Expression stability was calculated using the algorithms geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper. ßTUB3 and L2 were identified as the most stable in Calcutta 4, with ACTA1 and GAPDH the most stable in Prata-anã. These reference genes for analysis of gene expression modulation in the Musa-Foc STR4 pathosystem are fundamental for advancing understanding of host defence responses to this important pathogen.

Perspectives on carboxylates generation from Ecuadorian agro-wastes.

Carboxylates generation from banana (peel and pulp), coffee, and cacao fermentation agro-waste, upon uncontrolled and controlled pHs of 6.6 (heat-driven methanogens inactivation) and 5.2 (pH inactivation), was studied. Regarding volatile fatty acids (VFAs), acetic was the highest for cocoa (96.2 g kg-1TVS) at pH 4.5. However, butyric was relevant for banana pulp (90.7 g kg-1TVS), at controlled pH 6.6. The highest medium chain fatty acid (MCFAs) level was hexanoic (cocoa, 3.5 g kg-1TVS), while octanoic reached a maximum of 2.8 g kg-1TVS for coffee at pH 6.6. At pH 5.2 MCFAs yield was relatively low. Uncontrolled pH conditions, using banana resulted in superior VFAs production compared to controlled conditions. Thus, pH became a determining variable when deciding the time and kind of carboxylic acid to be recovered. The bacterial community at the end of the chain elongation process was dominated by phyla Firmicutes, and Clostridium as the most common genera.

Transcription factor FoAce2 regulates virulence, vegetative growth, conidiation, and cell wall homeostasis in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense.

Fusarium wilt of banana, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), is a serious fungal disease that affects banana plants globally. To explore the virulence mechanisms of this pathogen, we created a null mutation of the transcription factor gene FoAce2 (encoding F. oxysporum angiotensin converting enzyme 2). Deletion of FoAce2 resulted in slower growth, decreased aerial mycelia and conidiation, and a significant decrease in fungal virulence against banana hosts relative to those of the wild-type (WT) fungus. Additionally, transmission electron microscopy showed that the cell wall was thicker in the FoAce2 deletion mutants. Consistent with this finding, the cell wall glucose level was decreased in the ΔFoAce2 mutants compared with that in the WT and complemented strain, ΔFoAce2-C1. Complementation with the WT FoAce2 gene fully reversed the mutant phenotypes. Analysis of the transcriptome of ΔFoAce2 and the WT strain showed alterations in the expression levels of many genes associated with virulence and growth. Thus, FoAce2 appears to be essential for Foc virulence, cell wall homeostasis, conidiation, and vegetative growth.

Molecular Characteristics and Functional Identification of a Key Alpha-Amylase-Encoding Gene AMY11 in Musa acuminata.

Alpha-amylase (AMY) plays a significant role in regulating the growth, development, and postharvest quality formation in plants. Nevertheless, little is known about the genome-wide features, expression patterns, subcellular localization, and functional regulation of AMY genes (MaAMYs) in the common starchy banana (Musa acuminata). Twelve MaAMY proteins from the banana genome database were clustered into two groups and contained a conserved catalytic domain. These MaAMYs formed collinear pairs with the AMYs of maize and rice. Three tandem gene pairs were found within the MaAMYs and are indicative of putative gene duplication events. Cis-acting elements of the MaAMY promoters were found to be involved in phytohormone, development, and stress responses. Furthermore, MaAMY02, 08, 09, and 11 were actively expressed during fruit development and ripening. Specifically, MaAMY11 showed the highest expression level at the middle and later stages of banana ripening. Subcellular localization showed that MaAMY02 and 11 were predominately found in the chloroplast, whereas MaAMY08 and 09 were primarily localized in the cytoplasm. Notably, transient attenuation of MaAMY11 expression resulted in an obvious increase in the starch content of banana fruit, while a significant decrease in starch content was confirmed through the transient overexpression of MaAMY11. Together, these results reveal new insights into the structure, evolution, and expression patterns of the MaAMY family, affirming the functional role of MaAMY11 in the starch degradation of banana fruit.

Sampling-rate calibration vs. equilibrium calibration for in vivo solid-phase microextraction: Analysis of neonicotinoids in bananas.

In vivo solid-phase microextraction (in vivo SPME) is an emerging fascinating sample pretreatment technique, but its quantitative correction method is different from the traditional correction methods, which has become a bottleneck limiting its development. At present, the sampling-rate calibration and equilibrium calibration are mainly used, however, their characteristics and applicability are not clear. In this study, the sampling-rate calibration and equilibrium calibration were evaluated in the case of the determination of neonicotinoids in bananas by in vivo SPME. The factors that affect the sampling rate (Rs), such as the matrix states, sampling durations, and individual differences were studied, and they all had impacts on Rs. Conversely, the equilibrium distribution coefficient (Kfs) remained constant after extraction equilibrium and the individual differences were smaller. The highest accuracy and precision were achieved by equilibrium calibration, and the relative recoveries were in the range of 83.2 %-104.3 % with the relative standard deviations below 8.1 % compared to a standard QuEChERS-based method. The lower limits of quantification for 4 neonicotinoids in bananas were below 5 ng g-1, lower than the standard method and the maximum residue levels in China and the European Union. This work clarifies the characteristics, rules and performance of the sampling-rate calibration and equilibrium calibration, which is of crucial importance for the development and application of in vivo SPME. The developed method is convenient, sensitive, and accurate for the determination of pesticide residues, which is of great significance to guide the safe use of pesticides in the field and prevent products with excessive pesticide residues from entering the market.

Natural wax recovery from Musa acuminata biomass using organic solvents.

The main aim of this study is to experimentally investigate the yield of extraction and the presence of wax in the extracted yield from Musaacuminata (banana) biomass based on various functional groups that are present in natural wax. Extraction of natural wax from Musaacuminata (banana) biomass has been done by using the Soxhlet apparatus method in the presence of both polar (ethyl acetate and ethanol) and non-polar (toluene and hexane) solvents. The extracted yield has been found as 3.58% from hexane, 5.16% from toluene, 7.03% from ethyl acetate, and 10.26% from ethanol. The wax was also found in the extracted yield only in the case of nonpolar solvents (toluene and hexane). The novelty of this work is that Musaacuminata (banana) waste biomass has been utilized to recover the natural wax using nonpolar solvents and also compared with that of polar solvents to check the scope of wax extraction using polar solvents. Also, statistical analysis has been performed of the extracted yield using both solvents. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) methods have been used to determine the various hydrocarbon chains present in the extracted yield which is similar to that of natural wax.

Analysis of banana plant health using machine learning techniques.

The Indian economy is greatly influenced by the Banana Industry, necessitating advancements in agricultural farming. Recent research emphasizes the imperative nature of addressing diseases that impact Banana Plants, with a particular focus on early detection to safeguard production. The urgency of early identification is underscored by the fact that diseases predominantly affect banana plant leaves. Automated systems that integrate machine learning and deep learning algorithms have proven to be effective in predicting diseases. This manuscript examines the prediction and detection of diseases in banana leaves, exploring various diseases, machine learning algorithms, and methodologies. The study makes a contribution by proposing two approaches for improved performance and suggesting future research directions. In summary, the objective is to advance understanding and stimulate progress in the prediction and detection of diseases in banana leaves. The need for enhanced disease identification processes is highlighted by the results of the survey. Existing models face a challenge due to their lack of rotation and scale invariance. While algorithms such as random forest and decision trees are less affected, initially convolutional neural networks (CNNs) is considered for disease prediction. Though the Convolutional Neural Network models demonstrated impressive accuracy in many research but it lacks in invariance to scale and rotation. Moreover, it is observed that due its inherent design it cannot be combined with feature extraction methods to identify the banana leaf diseases. Due to this reason two alternative models that combine ANN with scale-invariant Feature transform (SIFT) model or histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) combined with local binary patterns (LBP) model are suggested. The first model ANN with SIFT identify the disease by using the activation functions to process the features extracted by the SIFT by distinguishing the complex patterns. The second integrate the combined features of HOG and LBP to identify the disease thus by representing the local pattern and gradients in an image. This paves a way for the ANN to learn and identify the banana leaf disease. Moving forward, exploring datasets in video formats for disease detection in banana leaves through tailored machine learning algorithms presents a promising avenue for research.

Phenylphenalenones and Linear Diarylheptanoid Derivatives Are Biosynthesized via Parallel Routes in Musella lasiocarpa, the Chinese Dwarf Banana.

Here, we use transcriptomic data from seeds of Musella lasiocarpa to identify five enzymes involved in the formation of dihydrocurcuminoids. Characterization of the substrate specificities of the enzymes reveals two distinct dihydrocurcuminoid pathways leading to phenylphenalenones and linear diarylheptanoid derivatives, the major seed metabolites. Furthermore, we demonstrate the stepwise conversion of dihydrobisdemethoxycurcumin to the phenylphenalenone 4'-hydroxylachnanthocarpone by feeding intermediates to M. lasiocarpa root protein extract.

Banana fruit bruise detection using fractal dimension based image processing.

The study used the fractal dimension (FD), browning incidence, and grayscale values using machine vision to describe the bruise magnitude and quality of mechanically damaged 'Fard' bananas bruised from 20, 40, 60 cm drop heights by 66, 98, and 110 g ball weights conditioned at different storage temperatures (5, 13, 22 °C) after 48 h. Conventional analyses like bruise area (BA), bruise volume (BV), and bruise susceptibility (BS) were also conducted. A correlation was performed to determine the relationship between image processing and conventional assessment of bruise damage in bananas. Weight, firmness, color, sugar content, and acidity were investigated. The results demonstrated that bananas bruised from the highest force and stored at 5 and 22 °C reported the lowest FD with values of 1.7162 and 1.7403, respectively. Increasing the level of damage reduced the fractal dimension and grayscale values and increased browning incidence and bruise susceptibility values after 48 h of storage. The total color change values showed a strong Pearson's correlation coefficient (r≥-0.81) with image analysis fractal dimension and grayscale values. The findings also indicated that higher bruising and temperature can induce weight loss, firmness reduction, lightness, and yellowness increment, and sugar and acidity changes. Overall, the fractal image analysis conducted in this study was highly effective in describing the bruising magnitude of bananas under different conditions.