[Diving accidents]. / Tauchunfälle.

Decompression injuries occur on account of the special hyperbaric effects during the emerge phase and require superior therapeutic knowledge. Vitally important is emergency treatment with high concentrated oxygen at an early stage. Sever decompression injuries require oxygenation in a hyperbaric treatment chamber.

Síndrome por intoxicación aguda de oxígeno: presentación de un caso / Acute oxygen poisoning syndrome: a case report

El aire es una mezcla de diferentes gases que pueden actuar o modificar su comportamiento de modo individual en función de los cambios de presión. Dependiendo de la presión parcial a que se respiren pueden ocasionar diversas alteraciones. Es válido para cualquier mezcla de gases respirable empleada en buceo, y esta posibilidad de producir efectos nocivos por parte de los componentes del aire es lo que ha motivado la búsqueda y empleo de otras mezclas sustituyendo total o parcialmente alguno de sus componentes o añadiendo otros. Durante la práctica del buceo su aparición supone un evidente riesgo de ahogamiento por pérdida del conocimiento. Presentamos el caso de un paciente buzo profesional, que presentó síntomas de intoxicación gaseosa durante la inmersión a grandes profundidades marinas. Hacemos énfasis en las manifestaciones clínicas a su llegada al servicio de Emergencias Médicas, la conducta a seguir. Se realiza una revisión bibliográfica del tema, conclusiones y recomendaciones acerca del manejo adecuado(AU)

The air as mixture of different gases that interact or modify its behaviour in an individual way towards the pressure changes. According to the partial pressure to breath, these changes may cause several alterations. It is valid for any mixture of breathable gases used for diving and this chance to produce noxious effects from the air components is what motivates the searching and use of other mixtures substituting totally or partially any of the components, or adding some others. During the diving practice, it brings about and evident risk of drowning due to the loose of consciousness. It is then, presented a case report of professional diver who presented gaseous poisoning symptoms during the inmersion to the deep sea. it is emphazised on the clinical manifestations when he arrived to the emergency. It is developed a bibliographic revisison of the topic, conclusions and recomiendations about the adequated management of it(EU)

[An analysis of the prospects for elaboration and production of narcosis and respiratory equipment]. / Analiz perspektiv razrabotki i proizvodstva narkozno-dykhatel'noi apparatury v Rossii.

The narcosis-and-respiratory equipment (NRE) is one of the most important categories of equipment in health care. The article contains analytical data on the structure of NRE and sales statistics; a classification of the methods of ventilation support is presented, the appearance of NRE types, developed by ZAO "VNIIMP-VITA" and serially manufactured, is described.

Diving and marine medicine review part II: diving diseases.

Diving is a high-risk sport. There are approximately between 1 to 3 million recreational scuba divers in the USA (with over a quarter-million learning scuba annually); there are about 1 million in Europe and over 50,000 in the United Kingdom. In this population 3-9 deaths/100,000 occur annually in the US alone, and those surviving diving injuries far exceeds this. Diving morbidity can be from near-drowning, from gas bubbles, from barotrauma or from environmental hazards. In reality, the most common cause of death in divers is drowning (60%), followed by pulmonary-related illnesses. The mean number of annual diving fatalities in the USA from 1970 to 1993 was 103.5 (sd 24.0) and the median was 106. This article will focus primarily upon pressure effects on the health of a diver. There are two principle ways pressure can affect us: by direct mechanical effects and by changing the partial pressures of inspired gases. Dysbarism is a general term used to describe pathology from altered environmental pressure, and has two main forms: barotrauma from the uncontrolled expansion of gas within gas-filled body compartments and decompression sickness from too rapid a return to atmospheric pressure after breathing air under increased pressures. Greater than 90% of the human body is either water or bone, which is incompressible; the areas directly affected by pressure changes thus are those that are filled with air or gas. These sites include the middle ear, the eustachian tube, the sinuses, the thorax, and the gastrointestinal tract. Air in these cavities is compressed when the ambient pressure rises because the pressure of inhaled air must equilibrate with the ambient pressure.

Diving medicine.

This discussion focuses on the several pressure-related syndromes that are peculiar to diving and that are collectively known as dysbarism. These include barotrauma of descent, barotrauma of ascent, and air embolism. Also considered are nitrogen narcosis and decompression sickness.

Management of dysbaric diving casualties.

The health problems of diving are due primarily to the breathing of compressed air or other gas mixtures at higher than normal atmospheric pressure. This article focuses on the three main pressure-related syndromes that are collectively known as dysbarism. Emergency physicians should be familiar with the special considerations required in the management of victims of diving casualties.

Reversal of nitrogen narcosis in rats by helium pressure.

Changes in operant behavior were obtained for rats breathing nitrogen, helium, and both gases combined. Exposure to 12.9 ATA of nitrogen (O2 maintained at normobaric value of 0.2 ATA) produced complete cessation of responding on a fixed-ratio reinforcement schedule for 1 hour. The addition of elevated pressure of helium (12.1, 18.2, and 24.2 ATA) to the 12.9 ATA of nitrogen resulted in a reinstatement of responding during 1-hour hyperbaric exposures. The reinstatement of responding indicated a reversal of the nitrogen effects on behavior by increased helium pressures. The functional changes in behavior appeared to parallel the pressure produced reversal of anesthesia obtained at much higher pressures.

Helium pressure effects on avoidance behavior in rats breathing high nitrogen pressures.

3 rats given avoidance training and then exposed to 7, 13, and 19 ATA breathing nitrogen, then to 25, 31, and 37 ATA breathing helium, showed increased avoidance response rates above established baselines to 19 ATA followed by a decline. Narcotic effects of nitrogen were not reduced differentially by addition of helium.