Allogeneic Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Transplantation Induces Dentin Pulp Complex-like Formation in Immature Teeth with Pulp Necrosis and Apical Periodontitis.

INTRODUCTION: Dental pulp regeneration is challenging in endodontics. Cellular therapy is an alternative approach to induce dental pulp regeneration. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have the capacity to induce dental pulp-like tissue formation. In this study, we evaluated the capacity of allogeneic bone marrow MSCs (BM-MSCs) to regenerate pulp following necrosis and apical periodontitis in children's permanent immature apex teeth. METHODS: Patients aged 8 to 12 years with pulp necrosis and apical periodontitis were evaluated. The study included 15 teeth (13 incisors and 2 molars) from 14 patients (8 boys and 6 girls). Radiographic evaluation showed periapical radiolucency and immature apex teeth. There was no response to cold or electric pulp testing. The root canal of each tooth was cleaned, shaped, and Ca(OH)2 used as an interappointment medication. Cryopreserved allogeneic BM-MSCs were thawed, expanded, incorporated into preclotted platelet-rich plasma, and implanted into the tooth's pulp cavity. They were sealed with bioceramic cement and composite. Sensibility, apical foramen, calcium deposits within the root canal, and resolution of periapical lesions were evaluated in each tooth over the following 12 months. RESULTS: Based on 9 variables established for dental pulp-like tissue regeneration, all MSC-treated teeth showed evidence of successful regeneration. Clinical and radiographic evaluation of the treated teeth showed periapical lesion healing, sensitivity to cold and electricity, decreased width of the apical foramen, and mineralization within the canal space. CONCLUSIONS: Transplantation of allogeneic MSCs induces the formation of dental pulp-like tissue in permanent immature apex teeth with pulp necrosis and apical periodontitis. Implant of MSCs constitutes a potential therapy in regenerative endodontics in pediatric dentistry. Future studies incorporating a larger sample size may confirm these results.

Cell-Based Regenerative Endodontics for the Treatment of Irreversible Pulpitis: AnIn VivoInvestigation.

INTRODUCTION: This study aims to investigate the ability of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSC) to enhance the regeneration of pulp-dentin complex in immature permanent teeth with irreversible pulpitis. METHODS: A total of 32 mandibular premolar teeth with immature apices in 5 dogs were used in this in-vivo randomized controlled trial (RCT). Eight healthy teeth without pre-existing pathosis served as the positive control samples and received no treatment, while in another 8 teeth, the pulp was completely extirpated (negative control). Class V cavities were prepared to induce inflammation in the remaining 16 teeth (groups 3 and 4) and the pulp was extirpated 2-4 mm short of the radiographic apex. Of the 16, the 8 teeth in group 4 received 1 mL of cord blood stem cells with a hydrogel scaffold. Blood clots were covered with mineral trioxide aggregates at the cementoenamel junction in the experimental groups, and teeth were filled with RMGI and composite. Three months later, block sections were removed for histologic evaluations for the evaluation of postoperative apical closure, degree of inflammation, and presence of normal pulp tissue. The data were statistically analyzed with the chi-square test (P < .05). RESULTS: All teeth with complete pulp extirpation demonstrated pulpal necrosis with no postoperative closure of their apices, while apical closure was seen in all the teeth in the remaining groups. There was a statistically significant (P < .001) difference in the presence of inflammation and normal pulp tissue between the experimental groups. The teeth in group 3 showed normal pulp tissue extending to the level of MTA, but there was inflammation within the canal space. In contrast, the teeth in the UC-MSC group demonstrated organized, normal pulp tissue with no inflammation. CONCLUSION: Based on these results, the regeneration of the pulp-dentin complex is possible with no inflammation when UC-MSCs are used and 2-4 mm of the apical pulp remains intact in immature teeth with irreversible pulpitis.

Reparative Dentin Formation Following Dental Pulp Capping is Mediated by TNFR1 In Vivo.

INTRODUCTION: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that promotes biomineralization in vitro in dental pulp cells. However, the role of TNF-α-TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) signaling in reparative dentin formation and related inflammatory pathways is not known. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the role of the TNF-α-TNFR1 axis in dental pulp repair following pulp capping in vivo. METHODS: Dental pulp repair response of genetically deficient TNF-α receptor-1 mice (TNFR1-/-; n = 20) was compared with that of C57Bl6 mice (wild type [WT]; n = 20). Pulp capping was performed with mineral trioxide aggregate on the mandibular first molars of mice. After 7 and 70 days, tissues were collected and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histopathological and histometric evaluation, and assessed by the Brown and Brenn methods for histomicrobiological analysis and by immunohistochemistry to localize TNF-α, Runt-related transcription factor 2, Dentin Sialoprotein (DSP) and Osteopontin (OPN) expression. RESULTS: Compared with WT mice, TNFR1-/- mice showed significantly decreased reparative dentin formation with a lower mineralized tissue area (P < .0001). Unlike WT mice, TNFR1-/- mice also exhibited significant dental pulp necrosis, neutrophil recruitment, and apical periodontitis formation (P < .0001) without bacterial tissue invasion. TNFR1-/- animals further exhibited decreased TNF-α, DSP, and OPN expression (P < .0001), whereas Runt-related transcription factor 2 expression was unchanged (P > .05). CONCLUSION: The TNF-α-TNFR1 axis is involved in reparative dentin formation following dental pulp capping in vivo. Genetic ablation of TNFR1 modified the inflammatory process and inhibited the expression of the DSP and OPN mineralization proteins, which culminated in dental pulp necrosis and development of apical periodontitis.

Histologic and Electron Microscopic Characterization of a Human Immature Permanent Premolar with Chronic Apical Abscess 16 Years after Regenerative Endodontic Procedures.

Previous studies have reported successful clinical outcomes after regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) for immature permanent teeth with pulpal infection. However, it remains unclear whether the procedures promote true regeneration or repair. This case report describes the histologic and electron microscopic characteristics of a human immature permanent premolar with a chronic apical abscess that was treated with an REP. Tooth #20 of a 9-year-old girl underwent an REP. At the 6-year follow-up, the patient was asymptomatic, and closure of the apex and thickening of the dentinal walls were observed. However, 16 years after the procedure, apical periodontitis recurred, necessitating apical surgery. The resected root fragments were obtained during the surgery and analyzed using micro-computed tomography, light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Distinct dentinal tubules and interglobular dentin were observed in the regenerated hard tissue. Cementum-like tissue and a root canal were also observed in the apical fragment. The regenerated root tissue in this case exhibited a structure similar to the native root structure. Therefore, we believe that cell-free REPs possess regenerative potential for teeth diagnosed with pulp necrosis and chronic apical abscess.

Interdisciplinary management of combined periodontal-endodontic lesions with palatogingival grooves of the maxillary lateral incisors: a case report.

A palatogingival groove of the maxillary lateral incisor is an anatomic malformation, which always predisposes the tooth to pulpal and periodontal disease. The diagnosis and treatment planning become complicated, with uncertain prognosis. Herein, we present an effective interdisciplinary management of a case of combined periodontal-endodontic lesions caused by palatogingival grooves. A series of treatment modalities were undertaken to preserve the two teeth, including root canal treatment, periodontal initial therapy, splinting the mobile teeth, occlusal adjustment, apical microsurgery, grinding and sealing grooves, and guided tissue regeneration. An apparent healing of the lesions was visible after 12 months. Therefore, interdisciplinary management of combined periodontal-endodontic lesions with palatogingival grooves of the maxillary lateral incisors is necessary for a favourable long-term outcome.

Endodontic treatment of an immature maxillary lateral incisor with type II dens invaginatus in an orthodontic patient: A case report.

This paper presents a case report of an immature maxillary lateral incisor with type II dens invaginatus, with a periapical lesion. The tooth was treated with MTA apical barrier followed by root filling with thermoplasticised GP and restoration with resin composite. Three-year radiographic follow-up showed healing of the apical lesion and normal clinical parameters.

Generalized pulp canal obliteration in a patient on long-term glucocorticoids: a case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: The calcification of the tooth pulp is a pathological condition that occurs in response to various factors. A uncommon haematological condition known as paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) is characterized by bouts of haemolysis, and it requires long-term use of glucocorticoids (GCs). CASE PRESENTATION: A female patient who was diagnosed with PNH and had a history of long-term use of GCs came to our department for root canal therapy (RCT) for teeth 25, 26, and 27. The radiographs showed generalized pulp canal obliteration (PCO) in most of the patients. None of these teeth (25, 26, or 27) were sensitive to percussion, and they did not respond to thermal or electrical sensitivity tests. A diagnose of pulp necrosis was made for these teeth. RCT was carried out with the help of an oral microscope, and then a prosthodontic procedure was created for the teeth. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the patient's long history use of GCs and a series of related studies, we conclude that the long-term usage of GCs contributes significantly to the onset of PCO.

Unusual Lesion Caused by Food Displacement Into the Oral Mucosa, Mimicking a Sinus Tract.

This article reports an unusual case of foreign body lesion on the oral mucosa. A 61-year-old man, with no previous traumatic episode, presented with a small swelling resembling a sinus tract on the mucosa in the anterior mandible, adjacent to the left central and lateral incisors. Because of a discrete drainage of serous/purulent exudate, the clinician initially suspected endodontic involvement; however, the adjacent teeth were caries-free, responded positively to pulp tests, and the periapical tissues were radiographically normal. Exploration of the lesion opening under an operating microscope revealed a small seed associated with a dark filamentous structure; both were removed and processed for histologic examination. The seed was from a fig, and was germinating under the mucosa conditions. Bacterial colonization of the vegetable structures and polymorphonuclear leukocyte accumulations were histologically observed. The mucosa healed completely and uneventfully over the following weeks.

Analysis and Assessment of Pulp Vitality of 102 Intrinsically Stained Teeth in Dogs.

Our prospective study analyzed clinical, radiographic, and histological characteristics of 102 intrinsically stained teeth. Sixty-nine dogs ranging from one to fifteen years of age were included in this study. Little more than half of the intrinsically stained teeth had no evidence of coronal injury (53.9%, 55/102). We found that most intrinsically stained teeth were histologically nonvital (87.6%, 85/97) and approximately 2/3 of these (57.7%, 56/97) had no histological endodontic or periodontal inflammation at the time of evaluation. Radiographic evidence of endodontic disease was present in 57% (58/102) of the intrinsically stained teeth. Radiographic evidence of periodontal disease was present in 48% (49/102) of intrinsically stained teeth and 28% (29/102) had radiographic evidence of tooth resorption. 18.6% (19/102) of intrinsically stained teeth were radiographically normal. Evidence of pulp necrosis was common in these intrinsically stained teeth, while only occasional teeth (12.4%, 12/97) had histologically confirmed pulpitis. All teeth with radiographic evidence of periapical lucency had pulp necrosis. Based on our histological findings, the majority of intrinsically stained teeth 87.6% are truly nonvital.

Radiographic and Clinical Findings of Single-Visit Root Canal Treatments with Apical Enlargement in Necrotic Teeth: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

This study evaluated the long-term clinical outcomes of single-visit root canal treatments with apical enlargement on patients with necrotic pulp tissue retrospectively. A total of 137 teeth with necrotic pulp tissue which underwent single-visit root canal treatments were included. The root canals were shaped up until the apical constriction, which was determined by an apex locator. The outcomes were evaluated by two independent and calibrated endodontists clinically and radiographically. Teeth were dichotomized into healed (PAI ≤ 2, no signs or symptoms) and nonhealed (PAI > 2, with/without signs or symptoms) groups. Each patients' preoperative PAI and lesion size were recorded to evaluate the preoperative periapical status as well as several other prognostic factors. Statistical analyses were performed (p = 0.05) on ninety teeth. The mean observation time was 60 months. Out of ninety teeth, 87 (96.7%) were healed and 3 (3.3%) were nonhealed. No correlations were found between the prognostic factors and the outcomes (p > 0.05). Cohen's kappa and Gwet's agreement coefficient scores between the preoperative PAI scores and preoperative lesion sizes showed good agreements, with values of 0.834 and 0.898, respectively. Apical enlargement is a viable treatment option for single-visit root canal treatments.

Cytokines and chemokines associated with Treg/Th17 response in chronic inflammatory periapical disease.

Cytokines and chemokines have a fundamental role in the maintenance of inflammation and bone response, which culminate in the development of chronic periapical lesions. Regulatory (Treg) and Th17 cytokines play a key role in regulating the immune response involved in this process. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Treg and Th17 cells in chronic inflammatory periapical disease, by comparing the expression of the immunoregulatory mediators TGF-ß, IL-10, CCL4, and the proinflammatory IL-17 and CCL20 in the periapical tissue of teeth with pulp necrosis, with and without associated chronic lesions. Eighty-six periapical tissue samples were obtained from human teeth. The samples were divided into three groups: pulp necrosis with a periapical lesion (n=26); pulp necrosis without a periapical lesion (n=30), and control (n=30). All samples were submitted to histopathological analysis and cytokine and chemokine measurement through ELISA. Statistical analyses were done with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests and Spearman correlation. The group with pulp necrosis and a periapical lesion showed a higher expression of CCL4 and TGF-ß in comparison with pulp necrosis without a lesion. CCL20 was higher in the group with a periapical lesion when compared to the control. In all groups there was a weak positive correlation between IL-17/CCL20, IL-10/CCL4, and IL-17/TGF-ß. Both types of cytokines, pro-inflammatory and immunoregulatory, occur simultaneously in periapical tissue. However, a rise in immunosuppressive cytokines and chemokines (CCL4 and TGF-ß) in periapical lesions suggests a role of these cytokines in stable periapical disease.

Influence of photobiomodulation therapy on root development of rat molars with open apex and pulp necrosis.

This study aimed to evaluate the role of photobiomodulation (PBM) in apexification and apexogenesis of necrotic rat molars with an open apex. Rat molars were exposed to the oral environment for 3 weeks. Canals were rinsed with 2.5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA, filled with antibiotic paste and sealed. After 7 days, canals were rinsed and divided into six groups (n=6): mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA); blood clot (BC); human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSC); MTA+PBM; BC+PBM; and hDPSC+PBM. In hDPSC groups, a 1% agarose gel scaffold was used. Two groups were not exposed: healthy tooth+PBM (n = 6), healthy tooth (n = 3); and one was exposed throughout the experiment: necrotic tooth (n = 3). In PBM groups, irradiation was performed with aluminum gallium indium phosphide (InGaAlP) diode laser for 30 days within 24-h intervals. After that, the specimens were processed for histological and immunohistochemical analyses. Necrotic tooth showed greater neutrophil infiltrate (p < 0.05). Necrotic tooth, healthy tooth, and healthy tooth+PBM groups showed absence of a thin layer of fibrous condensation in the periapical area. All the other groups stimulated the formation of a thicker layer of fibers (p < 0.05). All groups formed more mineralized tissue than necrotic tooth (p < 0.05). PBM associated with MTA, BC, or hDPSC formed more mineralized tissue (p < 0.05). MTA+PBM induced apexification (p < 0.05). Rabbit polyclonal anti-bone sialoprotein (BSP) antibody confirmed the histological findings of mineralized tissue formation, and hDPSC groups exhibited higher percentage of BSP-positive cells. It can be concluded that PBM improved apexification and favored apexogenesis in necrotic rat molars with an open apex.

Development and evaluation of calcium hydroxide-coated, pericardium-based biomembranes for direct pulp capping.

AIM: The aim of the present study was to develop a bovine pericardium biomembrane (BPB) and to evaluate pulp response in vivo. METHODS: A double-layer bovine BPB/chitosan was manufactured, and the porous chitosan side was coated with calcium hydroxide. The microstructure of the matrices was evaluated with electron microscopy. To test pulp response, cavities were prepared on the occlusal surface of Wistar rats' mandibular left first molars and capped with matrices, followed by appropriate adhesives/composite restorations. The animals were divided into three groups: group 1, calcium hydroxide alone; group 2, BPB without calcium hydroxide; and group 3, BPB coated with calcium hydroxide. Specimens were processed and histologically evaluated at 7, 14, and 30 days, postoperatively. RESULTS: Electron microscopy showed porous chitosan surface and a cohesive calcium hydroxide layer. Histological analysis showed that groups 1 and 3 had mild odontoblast layer disorganization, but normal pulp tissue appearance at 7, 14, and 30 days. At the same time points, group 2 showed a loss of general pulp tissue, pulp necrosis, and periapical abscess in some teeth. CONCLUSION: Coated bovine pericardium-based biomembranes resulted in favorable outcomes in cases of pulp exposure after a 30-day observation period, and might protect against injuries caused by adhesive systems and composites.

Cytokines and chemokines associated with Treg/Th17 response in chronic inflammatory periapical disease

Abstract Cytokines and chemokines have a fundamental role in the maintenance of inflammation and bone response, which culminate in the development of chronic periapical lesions. Regulatory (Treg) and Th17 cytokines play a key role in regulating the immune response involved in this process. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Treg and Th17 cells in chronic inflammatory periapical disease, by comparing the expression of the immunoregulatory mediators TGF-β, IL-10, CCL4, and the proinflammatory IL-17 and CCL20 in the periapical tissue of teeth with pulp necrosis, with and without associated chronic lesions. Eighty-six periapical tissue samples were obtained from human teeth. The samples were divided into three groups: pulp necrosis with a periapical lesion (n=26); pulp necrosis without a periapical lesion (n=30), and control (n=30). All samples were submitted to histopathological analysis and cytokine and chemokine measurement through ELISA. Statistical analyses were done with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests and Spearman correlation. The group with pulp necrosis and a periapical lesion showed a higher expression of CCL4 and TGF-β in comparison with pulp necrosis without a lesion. CCL20 was higher in the group with a periapical lesion when compared to the control. In all groups there was a weak positive correlation between IL-17/CCL20, IL-10/CCL4, and IL-17/TGF-β. Both types of cytokines, pro-inflammatory and immunoregulatory, occur simultaneously in periapical tissue. However, a rise in immunosuppressive cytokines and chemokines (CCL4 and TGF-β) in periapical lesions suggests a role of these cytokines in stable periapical disease.

Influence of photobiomodulation therapy on root development of rat molars with open apex and pulp necrosis

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the role of photobiomodulation (PBM) in apexification and apexogenesis of necrotic rat molars with an open apex. Rat molars were exposed to the oral environment for 3 weeks. Canals were rinsed with 2.5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA, filled with antibiotic paste and sealed. After 7 days, canals were rinsed and divided into six groups (n=6): mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA); blood clot (BC); human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSC); MTA+PBM; BC+PBM; and hDPSC+PBM. In hDPSC groups, a 1% agarose gel scaffold was used. Two groups were not exposed: healthy tooth+PBM (n = 6), healthy tooth (n = 3); and one was exposed throughout the experiment: necrotic tooth (n = 3). In PBM groups, irradiation was performed with aluminum gallium indium phosphide (InGaAlP) diode laser for 30 days within 24-h intervals. After that, the specimens were processed for histological and immunohistochemical analyses. Necrotic tooth showed greater neutrophil infiltrate (p < 0.05). Necrotic tooth, healthy tooth, and healthy tooth+PBM groups showed absence of a thin layer of fibrous condensation in the periapical area. All the other groups stimulated the formation of a thicker layer of fibers (p < 0.05). All groups formed more mineralized tissue than necrotic tooth (p < 0.05). PBM associated with MTA, BC, or hDPSC formed more mineralized tissue (p < 0.05). MTA+PBM induced apexification (p < 0.05). Rabbit polyclonal anti-bone sialoprotein (BSP) antibody confirmed the histological findings of mineralized tissue formation, and hDPSC groups exhibited higher percentage of BSP-positive cells. It can be concluded that PBM improved apexification and favored apexogenesis in necrotic rat molars with an open apex.

Characterization of the apical bridge barrier formed following amelogenin apexification.

BACKGROUND: Recombinant amelogenin protein (RAP) is reported to induce complete root apex formation in dog model when used as apexification therapy. It also induces pulp regeneration in 85% of the treated group. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the nature of the remaining regenerated calcified tissues of the RAP group that showed no pulp regeneration compared to the calcium hydroxide treated group (CH). METHODS: A total of 240 dogs' open apex root canals were used, after establishment of canals contamination. Canals were cleaned, irrigated, and filled with RAP as an apexification material and compared with CH. Treated teeth were assessed by H&E, trichrome staining, and/or immunohistochemistry technique, at 1, 3, and 6 months. RESULTS: A time-dependent increase in the calcified tissue barrier was observed in the apex of the RAP-treated group compared to the CH-treated group. The newly formed dentin in this RAP group was mainly tubular dentin and was functionally attached to the bone by periodontal ligament, while the CH group showed dentin-associated mineralized tissue (DAMT) associated with the newly formed apical barrier. CONCLUSIONS: Out results suggest that RAP can be used as novel apexification material, resulting in a thickening and strengthening of the canal walls, and achieving apical closure.

Induced post-traumatic apexification: 20 year follow-up and morphological study after new fracture.

Apexification is an endodontic technique used in immature necrotic teeth, the primary goal of which is to induce a calcified barrier in roots with open apices and to promote the continuation of apical root development. A 7-year-old patient with a coronal fracture in a maxillary central incisor was treated with an apexification technique using calcium hydroxide. The apical closure was obtained after one year, then a permanent root canal filling was performed. The tooth was monitored for a period of 20 years, up to when a trauma caused its extraction. The newly formed root was analyzed macroscopically, histologically and through scanning electron microscopy. A morphologically normal root was observed, with a large apex and accessory foramina, showing a combination of tissue structures similar to secondary and tertiary dentine, close to amorphous mineralized areas. Despite the final evolution of the case, calcium hydroxide apexification is a good therapy in order to treat pulp necrosis in an immature tooth, leading to complete development of the root and allowing the tooth to be kept in the mouth.

Novel navigation technique for the endodontic treatment of a molar with pulp canal calcification and apical pathology.

Apical periodontitis, the inflammation of periapical tissue, commonly requires root canal treatment to achieve apical healing. However, if it is accompanied by pulp canal calcification, the treatment becomes complicated, and locating the root canal can be challenging. This case report describes a novel approach for treating a molar with pulp canal calcification and apical pathology. Due to the risk of perforation during treatment, a digitally printed template was used to assist in accurately locating the root canal. After six months, the patient was asymptomatic and the periradicular radiolucency was gradually reducing in size.

What happens to unprepared root canal walls: a correlative analysis using micro-computed tomography and histology/scanning electron microscopy.

AIM: To microscopically examine the cleanliness of root canal walls that remained unprepared as revealed by micro-CT. METHODOLOGY: The root canals of 10 freshly extracted mandibular premolars with necrotic pulps and apical periodontitis along with the mesiobuccal canals of 11 mandibular molars with vital pulps were prepared using Reciproc instruments R40 and R25, respectively, and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite irrigation. Specimens were scanned in micro-CT before and after preparation, and the unprepared areas were identified. The outer root surface corresponding to the untouched areas was marked on each root third to guide further analysis using histological (for teeth with vital pulps) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM; for necrotic teeth) examination. In the teeth with vital pulps, the root canal area occupied by tissue remnants was calculated. In SEM analysis of teeth with necrotic pulps, scores were attributed for the amount of debris on the untouched areas. RESULTS: The proportion of unprepared areas in the mesiobuccal molar canals was 18.1% and 9.6% over the full canal length and apical canal, respectively. In premolars, corresponding figures were 34.6% and 17.6%, respectively. Histological analysis of canals with vital pulps revealed tissue remnants over the untouched walls almost exclusively in the apical canal. SEM analysis of the canals with necrotic pulps revealed debris along the untouched walls in all root canal thirds. CONCLUSION: The areas that remain untouched by Reciproc instruments used with 2.5% NaOCl irrigation as revealed by micro-CT analysis were usually covered with debris, in the form of pulp tissue remnants, bacteria and dentine chips, especially in the apical root canal.