Effect of proteinuria on the rapid kidney function decline in chronic kidney disease depends on the underlying disease: A post hoc analysis of the BRIGHTEN study.

AIMS: It is unclear whether the effect of proteinuria on rapid kidney function decline is equivalent among diabetic kidney disease (DKD), non-DKD with diabetes (NDKD+DM), and nephrosclerosis without diabetes (NS-DM), particularly in advanced chronic kidney disease patients. METHODS: In total, 1038 chronic kidney disease patients who participated in the BRIGHTEN study were included in the present study. A linear mixed effect model was applied to estimate the annual estimated glomerular filtration rate decline in each disease group. RESULTS: The prevalence of rapid decliners (rapid kidney function decline, defined as an eGFR loss of > 5 mL/min/1.73 m2/year) in the DKD group (44.6 %) was significantly higher compared with the NDKD+DM (27.9 %) and NS-DM (27.0 %) groups. By contrast, the prevalence of rapid decliners in different urine total protein to creatinine ratio (UPCR) categories (<0.5, 0.5 to < 1.0, 1.0 to < 3.5, and ≥ 3.5 g/g) were equivalent between the DKD and NS-DM groups. Moreover, the prevalence of a UPCR < 1.0 g/g in rapid decliners of the NS-DM group was more than double than in those of the DKD and NDKD+DM groups. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of rapid kidney function decline in NS-DM patients with low levels of proteinuria may be greater than initially predicted.

Diagnostic Yield of Exome Sequencing in Early-Onset Hypertensive Nephropathy in Adults.

INTRODUCTION: Hypertensive nephrosclerosis (HN) ranks as one of the most frequent causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD), but its very existence has repeatedly been called into question, especially in young adults. Its diagnostic framework is established chiefly on non-specific clinical criteria, and its defining histopathological set of features is in fact shared by numerous other conditions. Genetic testing based on exome sequencing (ES) has emerged as a comprehensive tool to detect Mendelian diseases in timely fashion in nephrology, with a significant number of re-established diagnoses. The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic yield of ES in patients with a clinical diagnosis of hypertensive nephropathy. METHOD: Since September 2018, ES has been readily available as part of the routine diagnostic work-up in our institution. The indication of ES includes hypertensive nephropathy of early onset (i.e., <45 years old). We retrospectively collected the ES data performed in the context of hypertensive nephropathy in our institution between September 2018 and February 2021. RESULTS: A total of 128 patients were sequenced in the context of hypertensive nephropathy with early onset. The chief indications of ES were an early onset of CKD (47%), family history of kidney disease (8%), or both (18%). We detected diagnostic variants in 19 of the 128 patients (15%), encompassing a total of 13 different monogenic disorders. The diagnostic yield of ES was lower in patients of African ancestry (diagnostic yield of 7 vs. 30% in non-African ancestry patients, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The high diagnostic yield of ES (15%) in a population of patients thought to have HN casts further doubts on the validity of the existing diagnosis criteria, including histological criteria, supposed to characterize the condition. This was especially true in patients with no African ancestry, where ES positivity reached 30%.

Razões derivadas do hemograma durante a pandemia da Sars-Cov-2: um estudo observacional retrospectivo em pacientes em hemodiálise / Complete blood count derived ratios during the Sars-Cov-2 pandemic: a retrospective observational study in hemodialysis patients / Ratios derivados del hemograma durante la pandemia de Sars-Cov-2: un estudio observacional retrospectivo en pacientes en hemodiálisis

Biomarcadores de inflamação derivados do hemograma como a razão neutrófilos/linfócitos (NLR), a razão plaquetas/linfócitos (PLR), a razão neutrófilos/plaquetas (NPR) e o índice de inflamação imune sistêmico (SII) já foram investigados como preditores de prognóstico de doenças inflamatórias sistêmicas, cardiovasculares, malignas, etc., e com a ocorrência da pandemia de SARS-CoV-2, também passaram a ser estudadas como biomarcadores de interesse nessa doença. Objetivo: Comparar retrospectivamente o valor dessas 4 razões hematimétricas durante os dois anos da pandemia (2020-2021), com o período anterior (os anos de 2018-2019), em uma população de pacientes doentes renais em hemodiálise. Métodos: Esta pesquisa foi submetida ao Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa (CEP-UEPG) e foi aprovada sob o número do parecer 5.024.864. Foram incluídos pacientes tratados no setor de Terapia Renal Substitutiva do Hospital Santa Casa de Ponta Grossa durante os anos 2018 ­ 2021, com n amostral de 155 pacientes. A coleta dos dados se baseou na consulta de prontuários eletrônicos. O valor das razões NLR, NPR, PLR e SII foram calculados a partir da contagem dos neutrófilos, linfócitos e plaquetas dos hemogramas, considerou-se um hemograma a cada trimestre nesse intervalo de 4 anos. Como a normalidade dos dados não foi atestada, seguiu-se a metodologia não-paramétrica, o valor de α foi fixado em 0,05. Resultados: O teste de Skillings-Mack apresentou um valor de p-simulado significativo (< 2.2e-16) na comparação de cada uma das quatro razões. Na análise post-hoc, as comparações trimestrais das medianas do SII, não apresentaram diferença significativa, as razões PLR, NPR e NLR apresentaram respectivamente, duas, três e seis, comparações com diferenças significativas. Conclusão: Houve comparações com diferenças significativas pontuais, não houve um aumento geral no valor das razões SII, PLR, NPR e NLR durante o período de pandemia (2020 - 2021) entre os pacientes em hemodiálise.

Complete blood count derived inflammation biomarkers such as neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), neutrophil/platelet ratio (NPR) and systemic immune inflammation index (SII) have already been investigated as predictors of prognosis of systemic inflammatory, cardiovascular, malignant diseases, etc., and with the imminent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, they also began to be studied as biomarkers of interest in this disease. Objective: To retrospectively compare the value of these 4 hematimetric ratios during the two years of the pandemic (2020-2021), with the previous period (2018-2019), in a population of kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis. Methods: This research was submitted to the Ethics and Research Committee of the State University of Ponta Grossa (CEP-UEPG) and was approved under protocol number 5.024.864. Patients treated in the Renal Replacement Therapy sector of Hospital Santa Casa de Ponta Grossa during the years 2018 ­ 2021 were included, with a sample size of 155 patients. Data collection was based on consultation of electronic medical records. The value of the NLR, NPR, PLR and SII ratios were calculated from the count of neutrophils, lymphocytes and platelets in the blood counts, considering one blood count every quarter in this 4-year interval. As the normality of the data was not attested, the non-parametric methodology was followed, the value of α was set at 0.05. Results: The Skillings-Mack test showed a significant simulated p-value (< 2.2e-16) when comparing each of the four ratios. In the post-hoc analysis, the quarterly comparisons of the SII medians did not show a significant difference, the PLR, NPR and NLR ratios showed two, three and six comparisons with significant differences, respectively. Conclusion: There were comparisons with significant specific differences, there was no general increase in the value of the SII, PLR, NPR and NLR ratios during the pandemic period (2020 - 2021) among hemodialysis patients.

Los biomarcadores de inflamación derivados del hemograma, como el índice de neutrófilos/linfocitos (NLR), el índice de plaquetas/linfocitos (PLR), el índice de neutrófilos/plaquetas (NPR) y el índice de inflamación inmune sistémica (SII), ya se han investigado como predictores del pronóstico de enfermedades sistémicas. enfermedades inflamatorias, cardiovasculares, malignas, etc., y con la inminente pandemia del SARS-CoV-2 también comenzaron a estudiarse como biomarcadores de interés en esta enfermedad. Objetivo: Comparar retrospectivamente el valor de estos 4 ratios hematimétricos durante los dos años de la pandemia (2020-2021), con el período anterior (2018-2019), en una población de pacientes con enfermedad renal en hemodiálisis. Métodos: Esta investigación fue presentada al Comité de Ética e Investigación de la Universidad Estadual de Ponta Grossa (CEP-UEPG) y fue aprobada con el dictamen número 5.024.864. Se incluyeron pacientes atendidos en el sector de Terapia de Reemplazo Renal del Hospital Santa Casa de Ponta Grossa durante los años 2018 ­ 2021, con un tamaño de muestra de 155 pacientes. La recolección de datos se basó en la consulta de historias clínicas electrónicas. El valor de los índices NLR, NPR, PLR y SII se calcularon a partir del recuento de neutrófilos, linfocitos y plaquetas en los hemogramas, considerando un hemograma cada trimestre en este intervalo de 4 años. Como no se comprobó la normalidad de los datos, se siguió la metodología no paramétrica, fijándose el valor de α en 0,05. Resultados: La prueba de Skillings-Mack mostró un valor p-simulado significativo (< 2,2e-16) al comparar cada una de las cuatro proporciones. En el análisis post-hoc, las comparaciones trimestrales de las medianas del SII no mostraron diferencia significativa, los ratios PLR, NPR y NLR presentaron, respectivamente, dos, tres y seis comparaciones con diferencias significativas. Conclusión: Hubo comparaciones con diferencias específicas significativas, no hubo un aumento general en el valor de los índices SII, PLR, NPR y NLR durante el período pandémico (2020 - 2021) entre los pacientes en hemodiálisis.

Nephroangiosclerosis: an update / Nefroangioesclerosis: actualización

Nephroangiosclerosis or kidney disease that accompanies chronic essential arterial hypertension has been known for more than a hundred years. The definitive diagnosis is established by renal biopsy, which is reserved for doubtful cases or atypical presentation, being in most cases a presumptive clinical diagnosis. The objective of this review is to analyse the main controversies that currently exist related to nephroangiosclerosis: inaccuracy in epidemiological aspects (prevalence and incidence unknown), diagnostic difficulties and lack of correlation studies between clinical data and histopathology, progression factors in Caucasians. Currently, with advances in genetic studies in hypertension, not using or redefining the term hypertensive kidney disease for another condition such as nephropathy related to the present genetic alteration is being considered. (AU)

La nefroangioesclerosis o enfermedad renal que acompaña a la hipertensión arterial esencial crónica, es una entidad conocida desde hace más de 100 años. El diagnóstico definitivo se establece por biopsia renal, la cual se reserva para casos dudosos o presentación atípica, siendo en la mayoría de casos un diagnóstico clínico de presunción. El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar las principales controversias que existen actualmente relacionadas con la nefroangioesclerosis: inexactitud en aspectos epidemiológicos (prevalencia e incidencia real desconocida), dificultades diagnósticas y falta de estudios de correlación entre datos clínicos e histopatología, factores de progresión en raza caucásica. Actualmente con los avances en estudios genéticos en hipertensión se está planteando abandonar o redefinir el término de enfermedad renal hipertensiva por otro como nefropatía relacionada con la alteración genética presente. (AU)

Diagnóstico de nefrosclerosis en fallecidos autopsiados / Diagnosis of nephrosclerosis in autopsied deceased

Introducción: La nefrosclerosis se produce debido al daño de la microvasculatura glomerular. El daño vascular a nivel glomerular, reduce su capacidad funcional y el daño se acelera debido a la hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus, obesidad y otros causantes de daño renal. Objetivo: Identificar el diagnóstico histopatológico de nefrosclerosis y describir características de fallecidos autopsiados con esta entidad. Métodos: Fueron analizados 135 449 fallecidos autopsiados en Cuba, de 15 o más años de edad, entre los años 1963 y 2015, se revisaron los diagnósticos histopatológicos de nefrosclerosis. Se precisaron además los diagnósticos de causa directa de muerte y de causa básica de muerte, así como su asociación con otras entidades. Se analizó además: edad, sexo, diagnóstico histopatológico de nefrosclerosis, diagnósticos de causa directa y básica de muerte, y asociación con otras entidades patológicas. Resultados: Hubo diagnóstico histopatológico de nefrosclerosis en 56 422 (40,2 por ciento), de ellos el 91,8 por ciento tenían 55 o más años de edad, el 52,9 por ciento fue del sexo masculino y el 47,0 por ciento femenino. La bronconeumonía (25,88 por ciento) fue la principal causa directa de muerte, los trastornos ateroscleróticos y la hipertensión arterial se identificaron como las principales causas básicas de muerte. Conclusiones: Hubo un elevado porcentaje de diagnósticos de nefrosclerosis en los fallecidos autopsiados en Cuba, en un período de 52 años. Predominaron los pacientes mayores de 55 años, del sexo masculino, así como la asociación con enfermedades básicas ateroscleróticas e hipertensión arterial(AU)

Introduction: Nephrosclerosis occurs due to damage to the glomerular microvasculature. Vascular damage at the glomerular level reduces its functional capacity and the damage is accelerated due to high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, obesity and other causes of kidney damage. Objective: To identify the histopathological diagnosis of nephrosclerosis and describe characteristics of autopsied deceased with this entity. Methods: 135,449 autopsied deceased in Cuba, aged 15 or over, between 1963 and 2015 were analyzed, the histopathological diagnoses of nephrosclerosis were reviewed. The diagnoses of direct cause of death and basic cause of death were also specified, as well as their association with other entities. It was also analyzed: age, sex, histopathological diagnosis of nephrosclerosis, diagnoses of direct and basic cause of death, and association with other pathological entities. Results: There was a histopathological diagnosis of nephrosclerosis in 56,422 (40.2 percent), of them 91.8 percent were 55 years of age or older, 52.9 percent were male and 47.0 percent female. Bronchopneumonia (25.88 percent) was the main direct cause of death, atherosclerotic disorders and arterial hypertension were identified as the main basic causes of death. Conclusions: There was a high percentage of nephrosclerosis diagnoses in autopsied deceased in Cuba, in a period of 52 years. Male patients over 55 years of age predominated, as well as the association with basic atherosclerotic diseases and arterial hypertension(AU)

Current characteristics of dialysis therapy in Korea: 2015 registry data focusing on elderly patients

Because of increases in the elderly population and diabetic patients, the proportion of elderly among dialysis patients has rapidly increased during the last decades. The mortality and morbidity of these elderly dialysis patients are obviously much higher than those of young patients, but large analytic studies about elderly dialysis patients' characteristics have rarely been published. The registry committee of the Korean Society of Nephrology has collected data about dialysis therapy in Korea through an Internet online registry program and analyzed the characteristics. A survey on elderly dialysis patients showed that more than 50% of elderly (65 years and older) patients had diabetic nephropathy as the cause of end-stage renal disease, and approximately 21% of elderly dialysis patients had hypertensive nephrosclerosis. The proportion of elderly hemodialysis (HD) patients with native vessel arteriovenous fistula as vascular access for HD was lower than that of young (under 65 years) HD patients (69% vs. 80%). Although the vascular access was poor and small surface area dialyzers were used for the elderly HD patients, the dialysis adequacy data of elderly patients were better than those of young patients. The laboratory data of elderly dialysis patients were not very different from those of young patients, but poor nutrition factors were observed in the elderly dialysis patients. Although small surface area dialyzers were used for elderly HD patients, the urea reduction ratio and Kt/V were higher in elderly HD patients than in young patients.

Diagnosis and treatment of patients with IgA nephropathy in Japan

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide public health problem that affects millions of people from all racial and ethnic groups. Although CKD is not one specific disease, it is a comprehensive syndrome that includes IgA nephropathy. As reported by the Japanese Society of Nephrology, 13.0 million people have CKD. In Japan, major causes of end-stage kidney disease are type 2 diabetic nephropathy, chronic glomerulonephritis, especially IgA nephropathy, hypertensive nephrosclerosis, and polycystic kidney disease. IgA nephropathy is characterized by polymeric IgA1 with aberrant galactosylation (galactose-deficient IgA1) increased in the blood and deposited in the glomerular mesangial areas, as well as partially in the capillary walls. The tonsils are important as one of the responsible regions in this disease. The clarification of the mechanism of galactose-deficient IgA1 production will pave the way for the development of novel therapies. The results of future research are eagerly awaited. At present, the most important therapeutic goals in patients with IgA nephropathy are the control of hypertension, the decrease of urinary protein excretion, and the inhibition of progression to end-stage kidney disease. Several investigators have reported that renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors reduce levels of urinary protein excretion and preserve renal function in patients with IgA nephropathy. In Japan, tonsillectomy and steroid pulse therapy are more effective for patients with IgA nephropathy.

Estudio traslacional de la vía Notch en nefropatía hipertensiva / Translational study of the Notch pathway in hypertensive nephropathy

Introducción: La ruta de señalización de Notch está activada en una gran variedad de patologías renales humanas. Recientemente hemos demostrado que la activación de esta ruta no estaría implicada en la fibrosis renal experimental inducida por angiotensina II o hipertensión. Objetivos: Evaluar si la vía Notch está activada en la fibrosis renal asociada a nefroesclerosis hipertensiva. Para validar la hipótesis se estudiaron varias patologías glomerulares caracterizadas por fibrosis túbulo-intersticial. Métodos: Se utilizaron biopsias renales de pacientes con nefroesclerosis hipertensiva, en comparación con nefropatía diabética y nefropatía membranosa en diferentes etapas de progresión. La expresión génica y proteica se evaluó por hibridación in situ e inmunohistoquímica, respectivamente. Resultados: En nefroesclerosis hipertensiva se observó baja expresión renal de proteínas de la vía Notch, no existiendo asociación entre la fibrosis túbulo-intersticial y los niveles de estas proteínas. Por el contrario, en las patologías glomerulares estudiadas se observó una elevada expresión de los transcritos Jagged-1, HES-1 y TGF-β, y de las proteínas Jagged-1 y Notch-1, localizados principalmente en células túbulo-epiteliales. Los niveles de expresión de los componentes de la vía Notch se relacionaron con el grado de fibrosis túbulo-intersticial, lo que confirma la activación de esta vía en nefropatías progresivas. Conclusiones: Nuestros datos muestran que la vía Notch no está activada en el riñón de pacientes con nefropatía hipertensiva, ampliando los resultados de los modelos experimentales de daño renal asociado a hipertensión a la patología humana. Nuestros estudios aportan nueva información sobre la compleja regulación del sistema Notch en el riñón (AU)

Introduction: The Notch signalling pathway is activated in a wide variety of human renal diseases. We have recently demonstrated that the activation of this pathway is not involved in experimental renal fibrosis induced by angiotensin II or hypertension. Objectives: To assess whether the Notch pathway is activated in renal fibrosis related to hypertensive nephrosclerosis. To test the hypothesis, various glomerular diseases characterised by tubulointerstitial fibrosis were analysed. Method: Renal biopsies were performed on patients with hypertensive nephrosclerosis, in comparison with diabetic nephropathy and membranous nephropathy at various stages. Gene and protein expression were evaluated by in-situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry respectively. Results: In hypertensive nephrosclerosis low renal expression of notch-related proteins was observed. There was no link between tubulointerstitial fibrosis and the levels of these proteins. By contrast, in the glomerular diseases studied we observed high expression of the transcripts Jagged-1, HES-1 and TGF-β and the proteins Jagged-1 y Notch-1, localised primarily in tubuloepithelial cells. The levels of expression of the components of the Notch pathway correlate to the degree of tubulointerstitial fibrosis, which confirms the activation of this pathway in progressive nephropathies. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that the Notch pathway is not activated in the kidneys of patients with hypertensive nephropathy, which extends the results of experimental models of kidney damage related to hypertension to the realm of human pathology. Our studies provide new information on the complex regulation of the Notch pathway in the kidney (AU)

Thrombotic microangiopathy resulting from neglected blood pressure control

Hypertensive nephrosclerosis is usually associated with chronic hypertension, which increases the risk of progressive renal disease. Among the causes of malignant hypertension, thrombotic microangiopathy is complicated and is associated with renal dysfunction at the time of diagnosis. In this case, a young man with hypertension presented with renal failure and thrombocytopenia in the emergency department. This case emphasizes the importance of early recognition of renal failure and thrombocytopenia among patients with uncontrolled hypertension.

Renal replacement therapy in Korea, 2012

The Korean Society of Nephrology (KSN) launched the official end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patient registry in 1985, and an Internet online registry program was opened in 2001 and revised in 2013. The ESRD Registry Committee of KSN has collected data on dialysis therapy in Korea through the online registry program in the KSN Internet website. The status of renal replacement therapy in Korea at the end of 2012 is described in the following. The total number of ESRD patients was 70,211 at the end of 2012, which included 48,531 hemodialysis (HD) patients, 7,552 peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, and 14,128 functioning kidney transplant (KT) patients. The prevalence of ESRD was 1,353.3 patients per million population (PMP), and the distribution of renal replacement therapy among ESRD patients was as follows: HD, 69.1%; PD, 10.8%; and KT, 20.2%. The number of new ESRD patients in 2012 was 11,742 (HD, 8,811; PD, 923; and KT, 1,738; the incidence rate was 221.1 PMP). The primary causes of ESRD were diabetic nephropathy (50.6%), hypertensive nephrosclerosis (18.5%), and chronic glomerulonephritis (18.1%). The mean urea reduction ratio was 67.9% in male and 74.1% in female HD patients. The mean Kt/V was 1.382 in male and 1.652 in female HD patients. The 5-year survival rates of male and female dialysis patients were 70.6% and 73.5%, respectively.

Avaliação laboratorial em pacientes com doença renal crônica submetidos à hemodiálise / Laboratory evaluation in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis

Objetivo: avaliar as alterações nos exames laboratoriais e de capacidade funcional nos pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC), submetidos à hemodiálise. Métodos: Para a avaliação dos pacientes foram coletados os dados pessoais, histórico de fatores de risco e de comorbidades associadas à DRC, bem como o tempo e a frequência no tratamento hemodilítico, além dos resultados dos exames laboratoriais e da capacidade funcional máxima. Resultados: Dos 23 pacientes estudados, 21,7% apresentavam nefroesclerose como a principal causa de DRC. O sedentarismo apresentou-se como o principal fator de risco. Todos os pacientes apresentaram alteração nos resultados dos exames laboratoriais e de capacidade funcional, sendo que a anemia manifestou-se na totalidade dos pacientes estudados. Observou-se uma associação significativa entre creatinina e ureia. Conclusão: O comprometimento da homeostase corporal, como também da capacidade física em pacientes DRC em homodiálise foi evidenciado.

Current status of dialysis therapy for ESRD patients in Korea

The Korean Society of Nephrology (KSN) launched the End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Patient Registry in 1985, and the online internet registry program was begun in 2001. The increasing number of elderly people and diabetic patients in Korea has resulted in a very rapid increase in the number of ESRD patients. The total number of dialysis patients was 50,289: 42,596 receiving hemodialysis (HD) and 7,694 receiving peritoneal dialysis (PD) at the end of 2011. The prevalence of dialysis therapy was 972.4 patients per million population (PMP), and the proportion of dialysis therapy was HD: 84.7% and PD: 15.3%. The primary causes of ESRD were diabetic nephropathy (47.1%), hypertensive nephrosclerosis (19.6%), and chronic glomerulonephritis (10.4%). The mean urea reduction ratio of hemodialysis was 68.11% in male HD patients and 74.09% in female HD patients. The mean Kt/V was 1.395 in male patients and 1.660 in female patients. The most common cause of death was cardiac arrest (26%), followed by sepsis (9.7%), cerebro-vascular accident (8.7%), respiratory infection (8.4%), and myocardial infarction (6.6%), respectively. The five-year survival rates of male and female dialysis patients were 65.3% and 68.0% in Korea.

Analysis of ultrastructural glomerular basement membrane lesions and podocytes associated with proteinuria and sclerosis in Osborne-Mendel rats with progressive glomerulonephropathy

The renal glomeruli of 12 male Osborne-Mendel (OM) rats 3 to 24 weeks old were examined by electron microscopy. Effacement of podocyte foot processes (FPs) developed at 3 weeks of age and became progressively worse over time. Loss or dislocation of the slit membrane was also found. Vacuoles and osmiophilic lysosomes appeared in the podocytes starting at 6 weeks of age. Podocyte detachment from the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) was apparent at 18 weeks of age. Laminated GBM was occasionally observed in all animals. These features might lead to the development of spontaneous proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis in OM rats.

Brief Report: Renal replacement therapy in Korea, 2010

The Korean Society of Nephrology (KSN) launched the official End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Patient Registry in 1985 and the Internet online registry program was opened in 2001. The ESRD Registry Committee of KSN has collected data on dialysis therapy in Korea through the online registry program in the KSN Internet website. The increasing number of elderly people and diabetic patients in Korea has resulted in a very rapid increase in the number of ESRD patients. The total number of ESRD patients was 58,860 (hemodialysis [HD], 39,509; peritoneal dialysis [PD], 7309; and functioning kidney transplant [KT], 12,042). The prevalence of ESRD was 1144.4 patients per million population (PMP), and the proportion of renal replacement therapy was HD, 67.1%; PD, 12.4%; and KT, 20.5%. The number of new ESRD patients in 2010 was 9335 (HD, 7204; PD, 867; and KT, 1264; the incidence rate was 181.5 PMP). The primary causes of ESRD were diabetic nephropathy (45.2%), hypertensive nephrosclerosis (19.2%), and chronic glomerulonephritis (11.3%). The mean urea reduction ratio was 67.9% in male HD patients and 73.9% in female HD patients. The mean Kt/V was 1.394 in male patients and 1.659 in female patients. Five-year survival rates of male and female dialysis patients were 64.9% and 67.3%, respectively.

Intervention of the Dysfunctional and Thrombosed Autogenous Vascular Access / 한양의대학술지

In South Korea at the end of 2006, the total number of patients that had undergone renal replacement therapy was 46,730 (hemodialysis: 62.1%, peritoneal dialysis: 17.1%, functioning kidney transplantation: 20.8%). There were 9,197 new renal replacement therapy patients in 2006 and the incidence rate per million 185.3. In South Korea, the most common primary cause of end stage renal disease was diabetic nephropathy (42.3%), hypertensive nephrosclerosis (16.9%), and chronic glomerulonephritis (13.0%). The National Kidney Foundation Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) has recommended placement of autogenous arteriovenous fistulas over alternatives including the use of arteriovenous grafts and central venous catheters to improve the overall outcome of patients undergoing hemodialysis. However, autogenous arteriovenous fistulas, like polytetrafluoroethylene grafts, are also subject to dysfunction and eventual failure. Since first described in 1982, percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty has become the mainstay of treatment for accesses failing because of underlying central or peripheral venous stenoses. When angioplasty alone fails, alternative treatment modalities, including stent placement and atherectomy, allow immediate salvage in most cases. Consequently, interventional treatment should be attempted first for dysfunctional and thrombosed autogenous vascular access and should be initiated in all dialysis centers so long as the local radiologists are trained and enthusiastic.

Avaliação da perda de função renal no paciente hipertenso e tratamento dessa patologia / Assessment of renal function loss in hypertensive patients and treatment of this pathology

Entre as várias causas primarias de doenças renal em estágio terminal identificadas em pacientes em diálise nos Estados Unidos, podemos identificar a nefropatia diabética como a mais comum, correspondendo a 40%, seguida pela doença vascular, incluindo a nefroesclerose hipertensiva (20%), doença glomerular primária (18%), doença tubulointerstical (7%) e doença cística (5%). A hipertensão está associada à progressão da doença renal de forma mais rápida, independente da causa da base; acrescido a regra de avanço da doença renal, a hipertensão pode ser o fator de risco mais comum aumentando mais vezes o risco de doença cardiovascular observado em pacientes com insuficiência renal. Clinicamente pode-se verificar um ciclo vicioso: “A hipertensão causando lesão renal, a qual aumento os níveis tensionais...”. Esse artigo discorrerá sobre a importância da um seguimento adequado do paciente hipertenso, como diagnosticar a perda de função renal, potencias lesões sobre o órgão, tratamento para cada subtipo de Nefroesclerose e formas de prevenir a perda de função renal no paciente hipertenso.

Bases clínicas y genéticas de la nefroesclerosis hipertensiva. Estudio NEFROSEN / Clinical and genetic bases of hypertensive nephrosclerosis. NEFROSEN Study

Justificación: Se conoce como nefroesclerosis la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) que complica la hipertensión arterial (HTA) esencial. La ausencia de correlación entre el control de la HTA y la progresión a ERC terminal sugiere la existencia de una enfermedad intrínseca y primitiva. Recientemente se ha asociado con polimorfismos del gen MYH9 en individuos afroamericanos. El objetivo del trabajo que presentamos es determinar si algún polimorfismo de dicho gen se relaciona en raza caucásica con la asociación de HTA esencial y nefroesclerosis y, además, conocer los marcadores de progresión a ERC terminal. Será un estudio retrospectivo que comparará a pacientes con nefroesclerosis frente a pacientes con HTA esencial sin enfermedad renal y, además, se incluirán pacientes con nefroesclerosis y progresión de la enfermedad renal frente a los que se mantienen estables. Métodos: Entre octubre de 2009 y octubre de 2010 se incluirán 500 pacientes con ERC (estadios 3-5) atribuida a nefroesclerosis según criterios clínicos habituales, y 300 pacientes afectados de HTA esencial (FGe >60ml/min/1,73 m2; microalbuminuria <300 mg/g). Para el estudio genético también se incluirán 200 controles sanos de población general. Habrá dos cortes del estudio, la primera visita en el hospital y la visita final (en estadio 5 el inicio del tratamiento sustitutivo constituirá el final del seguimiento). Se registrarán datos clínicos y analíticos, y se recogerán muestras de sangre para el estudio genético. Discusión: Nuestro estudio, con la doble vertiente genética y clínica, tratará de determinar si en la raza caucásica existe relación entre el diagnóstico de nefroesclerosis y el gen MYH9, y estudiará, además, los posibles marcadores de progresión (AU)

Background: Hypertensive nephrosclerosis is a chronic kidney disease (CKD) associated to essential hypertension. The lack of correlation between strict control of hypertension and progression of CKD suggests an intrinsic and primary disease. New evidence suggests that MYH9 gene alterations are associated with nephrosclerosis in African Americans. The aim of this study is to investigate whether a polymorphism of MYH9 in Caucasians is linked to the association of essential hypertension and nephrosclerosis. The secondary objective is to identify the clinical risk factors of progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). This is a retrospective study that will compare patients with nephrosclerosis versus essential hypertensives without renal disease, and also patients with nephrosclerosis and impaired rena l function versu s those that are stable .Methods: Between October 2009 and October 2010, 500patients stages 3-5 CKD attributed to nephrosclerosis according to usual clinical criteria, and 300 essential hypertensives (eGFR > 60 mL/min/1.73m2; mi c roalbuminur ia<300 mg/g) will be recruited. 200 healthy controls from general population will also be included for the genetic study. There will be two sections of the study, first and final visit to the clinic (stage 5, the start of replacement therapy will be the end of follow-up). Clinical and laboratory data will be recorded, and blood samples will be collected. Discussion: Our study will seek to determine if there exists a relationship between the diagnosis of nephrosclerosis and MYH9 gene in the Caucasian race, and to study possible risk factors for progression to ESRD, on both clinical and genetic basis (AU)

Nefroangiosclerosis. La cenicienta de la enfermedad renal crónica / No disponible

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