Preliminary Investigation of a Rapid and Feasible Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Method for the Real-Time Estimation of Blood Pazopanib Concentrations.

Pazopanib is a multi-kinase inhibitor used to treat advanced/metastatic renal cell carcinoma and advanced soft tissue tumors; however, side effects such as diarrhea and hypertension have been reported, and dosage adjustment based on drug concentration in the blood is necessary. However, measuring pazopanib concentrations in blood using the existing methods is time-consuming; and current dosage adjustments are made using the results of blood samples taken at the patient's previous hospital visit (approximately a month prior). If the concentration of pazopanib could be measured during the waiting period for a doctor's examination at the hospital (in approximately 30 min), the dosage could be adjusted according to the patient's condition on that day. Therefore, we aimed to develop a method for rapidly measuring blood pazopanib concentrations (in approximately 25 min) using common analytical devices (a tabletop centrifuge and a spectrometer). This method allowed for pazopanib quantification in the therapeutic concentration range (25-50 µg/mL). Additionally, eight popular concomitant medications taken simultaneously with pazopanib did not interfere with the measurements. We used the developed method to measure blood concentration in two patients and obtained similar results to those measured using the previously reported HPLC method. By integrating it with the point of care and sample collection by finger pick, this method can be used for measurements in pharmacies and patients' homes. This method can maximize the therapeutic effects of pazopanib by dose adjustment to control adverse events.

Screening DNA Damage in the Rat Kidney and Liver by Untargeted DNA Adductomics.

Air pollution, tobacco smoke, and red meat are associated with renal cell cancer (RCC) risk in the United States and Western Europe; however, the chemicals that form DNA adducts and initiate RCC are mainly unknown. Aristolochia herbaceous plants are used for medicinal purposes in Asia and worldwide. They are a significant risk factor for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) and RCC to a lesser extent. The aristolochic acid (AA) 8-methoxy-6-nitrophenanthro-[3,4-d]-1,3-dioxolo-5-carboxylic acid (AA-I), a component of Aristolochia herbs, contributes to UTUC in Asian cohorts and in Croatia, where AA-I exposure occurs from ingesting contaminated wheat flour. The DNA adduct of AA-I, 7-(2'-deoxyadenosin-N6-yl)-aristolactam I, is often detected in patients with UTUC, and its characteristic A:T-to-T:A mutational signature occurs in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in AA-associated UTUC. Identifying DNA adducts in the renal parenchyma and pelvis caused by other chemicals is crucial to gaining insights into unknown RCC and UTUC etiologies. We employed untargeted screening with wide-selected ion monitoring tandem mass spectrometry (wide-SIM/MS2) with nanoflow liquid chromatography/Orbitrap mass spectrometry to detect DNA adducts formed in rat kidneys and liver from a mixture of 13 environmental, tobacco, and dietary carcinogens that may contribute to RCC. Twenty DNA adducts were detected. DNA adducts of 3-nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA), an atmospheric pollutant, and AA-I were the most abundant. The nitrophenanthrene moieties of 3-NBA and AA-I undergo reduction to their N-hydroxy intermediates to form 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG) and 2'-deoxyadenosine (dA) adducts. We also discovered a 2'-deoxycytidine AA-I adduct and dA and dG adducts of 10-methoxy-6-nitro-phenanthro-[3,4-d]-1,3-dioxolo-5-carboxylic acid (AA-III), an AA-I isomer and minor component of the herbal extract assayed, signifying AA-III is a potent kidney DNA-damaging agent. The roles of AA-III, other nitrophenanthrenes, and nitroarenes in renal DNA damage and human RCC warrant further study. Wide-SIM/MS2 is a powerful scanning technology in DNA adduct discovery and cancer etiology characterization.

The Role of Nurses in the Management of Adverse Events in Patients Receiving First-Line Axitinib Plus Immuno-Oncology Agents for Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: The recent approval of first-line tyrosine kinase inhibitor plus immuno-oncology agent combination therapy for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma offers substantially improved response rates and survival compared with the previous standard of care. This expansion of treatment options has also led to a greater range and complexity of potential treatment-related adverse events related to overlapping toxicities. The aim of this article is to discuss the management of common treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) associated with axitinib plus immuno-oncology therapy, highlight the specific roles of oncology nurses in managing these events, and provide AE management resources to aid oncology nurses in their care of patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. DATA SOURCES: Author experience, journal articles, and treatment guidelines were used. CONCLUSION: The use of oncology nurses and nurse-led innovations to monitor and assess treatments can have a positive impact on the management of AEs in cancer patients by identifying those who are most at risk, providing regular assessment, appropriate patient education, and supporting the monitoring of patient safety. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Skilled oncology nurses should be a key part of a team that addresses the supportive care needs and management of AEs that are associated with novel cancer treatments. Early and ongoing communication between the patient and oncology nurses regarding the development of adverse events is a critical component of maximizing treatment outcomes and quality of life.

Druggable site near the upper vestibule determines the high affinity and P2X3 homotrimer selectivity of sivopixant/S-600918 and its analogue DDTPA.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The P2X3 receptor, a trimeric ionotropic purinergic receptor, has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for refractory chronic cough (RCC). Nevertheless, gefapixant/AF-219, the only marketed P2X3 receptor antagonist, might lead taste disorders by modulating the human P2X2/3 (hP2X2/3) heterotrimer. Hence, in RCC drug development, compounds exhibiting strong affinity for the hP2X3 homotrimer and a weak affinity for the hP2X2/3 heterotrimer hold promise. An example of such a molecule is sivopixant/S-600918, a clinical Phase II RCC candidate with a reduced incidence of taste disturbance compared to gefapixant. Sivopixant and its analogue, (3-(4-([3-chloro-4-isopropoxyphenyl]amino)-3-(4-methylbenzyl)-2,6-dioxo-3,6-dihydro-1,3,5-triazin-1(2H)-yl)propanoic acid (DDTPA), exhibit both high affinity and high selectivity for hP2X3 homotrimers, compared with hP2X2/3 heterotrimers. The mechanism underlying the druggable site and its high selectivity remains unclear. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: To analyse mechanisms that distinguish this drug candidate from other inhibitors of the P2X3 receptors we used a combination of chimera construction, site covalent occupation, metadynamics, mutagenesis and whole-cell recording. KEY RESULTS: The high affinity and selectivity of sivopixant/DDTPA for hP2X3 receptors was determined by the tri-symmetric site located close to the upper vestibule. Substitution of only four amino acids inside the upper body domain of hP2X2 with those of hP2X3, enabled the hP2X2/3 heterotrimer to exhibit a similar level of apparent affinity for sivopixant/DDTPA as the hP2X3 homotrimer. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: From the receptor-ligand recognition perspective, we have elucidated the molecular basis of novel RCC clinical candidates' cough-suppressing properties and reduced side effects, offering a promising approach to the discovery of novel drugs that specifically target P2X3 receptors.

Case-Cohort Study of the Association between PFAS and Selected Cancers among Participants in the American Cancer Society's Cancer Prevention Study II LifeLink Cohort.

BACKGROUND: Previous epidemiological studies found associations between exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and some cancer types. Many studies considered highly exposed populations, so relevance to less-exposed populations can be uncertain. Additionally, many studies considered only cancer site, not histology. OBJECTIVES: We conducted a case-cohort study within the American Cancer Society's prospective Cancer Prevention Study II (CPS-II) LifeLink cohort to examine associations between PFAS exposure and risk of selected cancers, considering histologic subtypes. METHODS: Serum specimens were collected from cohort participants during the period 1998-2001. This study included a subcohort (500 men, 499 women) randomly selected from participants without prior cancer diagnoses at serum collection, and all participants with incident (after serum collection) first cancers of the breast (females only, n=786), bladder (n=401), kidney (n=158), pancreas (n=172), prostate (males only, n=1,610) or hematologic system (n=635). PFAS concentrations [perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA)] were measured in stored serum. We assessed associations between PFAS concentrations and incident cancers, by site and histologic subtype, using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models stratified by sex and controlling for age and year at blood draw, education, race/ethnicity, smoking, and alcohol use. RESULTS: Serum PFOA concentrations were positively associated with renal cell carcinoma of the kidney among women [hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) per PFOA doubling: 1.54 (95% CI: 1.05, 2.26)] but not men. Among men, we observed a positive association between PFHxS concentrations and chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma [CLL/SLL, HR and 95% CI per PFHxS doubling: 1.34 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.75)]. We observed some heterogeneity of associations by histologic subtype within sites. DISCUSSION: This study supports the previously observed association between PFOA and renal cell carcinoma among women and suggests an association between PFHxS and CLL/SLL among men. Consideration of histologic subtypes might be important in future studies of PFAS-cancer associations. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13174.

Per- and Poly-fluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Exposure and Risk of Kidney, Liver, and Testicular Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a large, complex group of synthetic chemicals humans can be exposed to from occupational or environmental sources. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we examined the association between PFAS exposure, particularly Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA), and Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid (PFOS), and risk of kidney, liver, and testicular cancer. METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed to identify cohort and case-control studies reported after the Monograph of the International Agency for Research on Cancer and the Toxicological Profile of the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. We assessed the quality of the studies by using a modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Forest relative risk (RR) plots were constructed for liver, kidney, and testicular cancer. We conducted stratified analyses by geographic region, study design, quality score, outcome, years of publication, exposure source, and PFAS type. A random-effects model was used to address heterogeneity between studies. RESULTS: Fifteen studies, including ten cohort studies, three case-control studies nested in a cohort, and two case-control studies were included after removing duplicate and irrelevant reports. We found an association between overall PFAS exposure and the risk of kidney cancers (RR=1.18, 95% CI =1.05-1.32; I =52.8%, 11 studies). Also, we showed an association between high-level exposure to PFAS and kidney cancer (RR=1.74, 95% CI =1.23-2.47; p=0.005) and testicular cancer (RR=2.22, 95% CI =1.12-4.39; p=0.057). There was no association with liver cancer. We found no heterogeneity by geographical region, PFAS type, study design, outcome, quality score, year of publication, or exposure source. Only two studies reported results among women. CONCLUSIONS: We detected an association between overall PFAS exposure and kidney cancer and high doses of PFAS with testicular cancer. However, bias and confounding cannot be excluded, precluding a conclusion in terms of causality.

Association between Asbestos Exposure and the Incidence of Kidney Cancer: a Weight-of-Evidence Evaluation and Meta-analysis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Occupational asbestos exposure has been extensively linked to various cancers, with ongoing debates regarding its association with kidney cancer. This study aims to investigate the correlation between occupational asbestos exposure and kidney cancer incidence. Additionally, potential influencing factors are analyzed to enhance the comprehension of the relationship between asbestos exposure and kidney cancer. RECENT FINDING: While asbestos has established strong associations with malignant mesothelioma and lung cancer, its connection to other malignancies such as gastric, colorectal, and kidney cancers remains under scrutiny. The current study presents mixed opinions on the relationship between asbestos exposure and kidney cancer. Our analysis revealed a potential association between asbestos exposure and the incidence of kidney cancer. Notably, among different types of asbestos, exposure to amphibole appeared to be particularly linked to a higher incident risk of kidney cancer.

Evaluation of statin use and renal cell carcinoma risk identifies sex-specific associations with RCC subtypes.

Background: The association between statin use and risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has been debated. We aimed to evaluate whether statin use is associated with RCC risk.Material and methods: We studied 100,195 women in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) from 1994 to 2016; 91,427 women in the Nurses' Health Study II (NHS II) from 1999 to 2015; and 45,433 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) from 1990 to 2016. Statins and covariate data were collected at baseline and then biennially. Outcome was measured as incidence of total RCC and clinically relevant disease subgroups. Cox proportional hazards models estimated covariate-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).Results: During follow-up, 661 participants developed RCC. There was no significant association between the use of statins and the risk of overall RCC, fatal RCC, or advanced or localized disease. Across cohorts, the adjusted HR for ever vs. never users was 0.97 (95% CI 0.81-1.16). Female ever users of statins were at increased risk of high-grade disease in the NHS only (HR 1.75, 95% CI 1.07-2.85). Among men only, ≥4 years of statin use was associated with an increased risk of clear cell RCC (HR 1.65, 95% CI 1.10-2.47).Conclusions: Statin use was not associated with the overall risk of RCC. However, it was associated with an increased risk of high-grade disease among women in the NHS cohort and an increased risk of clear cell RCC among men. The reasons for these inconsistent results by sex are unclear.

Autoimmune encephalitis related to nivolumab followed by tumor regression.

Immune checkpoints inhibitors have shown a remarkable improvement in overall survival of stage IV renal cell carcinoma patients. Nevertheless, there is a wide range of immune-related adverse events (IRAE) that arise from these revolutionary treatments. Autoimmune encephalitis is a rare but severe central nervous system IRAE in these cancer patients. The severities of these IRAEs preclude patients from continuing immunotherapy treatment. Few cases of autoimmune encephalitis with immunotherapy have been described in the literature and optimal clinical management of these events as well as patient's immune-mediated response after treatment suspension is still unclear. Here, we report a case of a 67 years-old woman with stage IV renal cell carcinoma under treatment with nivolumab who developed autoimmune encephalitis. After high doses of corticosteroids patient's condition improved significantly with full recovery after 5 days of treatment. Even though nivolumab was not reinstalled, a persistent response of her oncologic disease was evidenced. We expect that this case can contribute to the existing literature of both subjects, the management of autoimmune encephalitis as grade IV immune related adverse event and the responses of immune checkpoint inhibitors after IRAE.

Los inhibidores de puntos de control inmunológico han mostrado una importante mejoría en la supervivencia global de los pacientes con carcinoma de riñón estadio IV. Sin embargo, existe una amplia variedad de efectos adversos inmunomediados que surgen a partir de estos tratamientos revolucionarios. La encefalitis autoinmune es un infrecuente pero grave efecto adverso inmunomediado del sistema nervioso central en estos pacientes. La gravedad de este cuadro impide que los pacientes continúen con el tratamiento de inmunoterapia. Se han descrito pocos casos de encefalitis autoinmune con inmunoterapia en la literatura y aún no está claro el manejo clínico óptimo de estos eventos, ni cómo continua la respuesta inmunomediada después de la suspensión del tratamiento. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 67 años con carcinoma de células renales estadio IV que desarrolló encefalitis autoinmune durante el tratamiento con nivolumab. La paciente mejoró significativamente luego del inicio del tratamiento con altas dosis de corticoides, con una recuperación completa después de 5 días del mismo. Si bien el nivolumab no se reinició, se evidenció una respuesta persistente de su enfermedad oncológica. Esperamos que este caso pueda contribuir a la literatura existente de ambos temas, el manejo de la encefalitis autoinmune como efecto adverso inmunomediado grado IV y las respuestas que se obtienen con la inmunoterapia luego de estos efectos adversos.

Risk of urinary tract cancers following arsenic exposure and tobacco smoking: a review.

Bladder cancer, prostate cancer, and kidney cancer, due to their high morbidity and mortality rates, result in significant economic and health care costs. Arsenic exposure affects the drinking water of millions of people worldwide. Long-term exposure to arsenic, even in low concentrations, increases the risk of developing various cancers. Smoking is also one of the leading causes of bladder, prostate and kidney cancers. Accordingly, this research reviews the relationship between arsenic exposure and smoking with three kinds of urinary tract cancers (bladder cancer, prostate cancer, and kidney cancer) due to their widespread concern for their negative impact on public health globally. In this review, we have gathered the most current information from scientific databases [PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, ISI web of science] regarding the relationship between arsenic exposure and tobacco smoking with the risk of bladder, prostate, and kidney cancer. In several studies, a significant relationship was determined between the incidence and mortality rate of the above-mentioned cancers in humans with arsenic exposure and tobacco smoking. The decrease or cessation of smoking and consumption of arsenic-free water significantly declined the incidence of bladder, prostate, and kidney cancers.

Association between dietary 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDE) and renal cancer in Peninsular Malaysia: exposure assessment and matched case-control study.

3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDE) are food contaminants commonly found in refined vegetable oils and fats, which have possible carcinogenic implications in humans. To investigate this clinically, we conducted an occurrence level analysis on eight categories of retail and cooked food commonly consumed in Malaysia. This was used to estimate the daily exposure level, through a questionnaire-based case-control study involving 77 subjects with renal cancer, with 80 matching controls. Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) was calculated using the multiple logistic regression model adjusted for confounding factors. A pooled estimate of total 3-MCPDE intake per day was compared between both groups, to assess exposure and disease outcome. Among the food categories analysed, vegetable fats and oils recorded the highest occurrence levels (mean: 1.91 ± 1.90 mg/kg), significantly more than all other food categories (p < .05). Risk estimation found the Chinese ethnic group to be five times more likely to develop renal cancer compared to Malays (AOR = 5.15, p = .001). However, an inverse association was observed as the 3-MCPDE exposure among the Malays (median: 0.162 ± 0.229 mg/day/person) were found to be significantly higher than the Chinese (p = .001). There was no significant difference (p = .405) in 3-MCPDE intake between the cases (median: 0.115 ± 0.137 mg/day/person) and controls (median: 0.105 ± 0.151 mg/day/person), with no association between high intake of 3-MCPDE and the development of renal cancer (OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 0.5091-2.5553). Thus, there was insufficient clinical evidence to suggest that this contaminant contributes to the development of renal malignancies in humans through dietary consumption. Further research is necessary to support these findings, which could have significant public health ramifications for the improvement of dietary practices and food safety measures.

Association between pazopanib exposure and safety in Japanese patients with renal cell carcinoma or soft tissue sarcoma.

The safety and effectiveness of pazopanib are related to plasma trough concentrations in renal cell carcinoma (RCC); however, data on pazopanib plasma trough concentrations with soft tissue sarcoma (STS) are limited. This study investigated the relationship between plasma trough concentrations and pazopanib safety in 45 Japanese patients with RCC or STS. Among the 33 patients included, the median pazopanib trough concentration was 37.5 (range, 12.1-67.6) µg/mL, which was not significantly different between Japanese RCC and STS patients. The plasma trough concentrations showed significant and positive correlations with aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase values in blood samples taken for pharmacokinetic measurements after the administration. The incidence of pazopanib treatment discontinuation were significantly higher in RCC patients (p = 0.027). The primary reason for treatment discontinuation was hepatic dysfunction (5/6, 83.3%). Furthermore, this study revealed that pazopanib trough concentration was affected significantly by proton pump inhibitors but not by histamine 2-receptor blockers. In conclusion, the observed pazopanib trough levels and their safety in the Japanese RCC and STS populations in this study were similar to those of the global population. This is the first study to correlate the hepatotoxicity and pharmacokinetic property of pazopanib plasma trough levels by comparing Japanese patients with RCC or STS.

Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Caused by Long-Term Nivolumab Administration Followed by Nivolumab plus Cabozantinib Combination.

Nivolumab, an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI), is now used to treat many advanced cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and renal cancer. Immune-related adverse events are characteristic side effects of ICIs. Among them, fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus is an infrequent but potentially life-threatening and clinically significant concern. Cabozantinib is known as a multikinase inhibitor. In recent years, combination therapy with nivolumab and cabozantinib has begun to be used to treat renal cell carcinoma. A 74-year-old man with no history of diabetes was treated with nivolumab for 5 years for NSCLC, followed by the combination of nivolumab and cabozantinib for clear cell renal cell carcinoma. He was diagnosed with fulminant type 1 diabetes 5 weeks after starting combination therapy, with symptoms of nausea and dry mouth. He was admitted to the intensive care unit and improved clinically with continuous insulin infusion and saline. The involvement of cabozantinib in the development of fulminant type 1 diabetes with long-term nivolumab use, which has not been reported previously, is unknown, but caution may be necessary in terms of glycemic control in combination therapy with nivolumab and cabozantinib.

Aristolochic acid-containing Chinese herbal medicine and upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma in Taiwan: a narrative review.

PURPOSE: The high incidence of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) in Taiwan is largely due to exposure to aristolochic acid (AA), a principal component of Aristolochia-based herbal medicines. Here we systematically review the molecular epidemiology, clinical presentation and biomarkers associated with AA-induced UTUC. METHODS: This is a narrative review. Medline, Embase, and Web of Science were searched from inception to December 31, 2021. Studies evaluating the association, detection, and clinical characteristics of AA and UTUC were included. RESULTS: A nationwide database revealed 39% of the Taiwanese population had been exposed to AA-containing herbs between 1997 and 2003. Epidemiological reports revealed AA posed a significantly higher hazard for renal failure and UTUC in herbalists and the general population who ingested AA-containing herbs. The presence of aristolactam-DNA adducts and a distinctive signature mutation, A:T to T:A transversions, located predominantly on the non-transcribed DNA strand, with a strong preference for deoxyadenosine in a consensus sequence (CAG), was observed in many UTUC patients. Clinically, AA-related UTUC patients were characterized by a younger age, female gender, impaired renal function and recurrence of contralateral UTUC. To date, there are no preventive measures, except prophylactic nephrectomy, for subjects at risk of AA nephropathy or AA-related UTUC. CONCLUSION: AA exposure via Aristolochia-based herbal medicines is a problem throughout Taiwan, resulting in a high incidence of UTUC. Aristolactam-DNA adducts and a distinctive signature mutation, A:T to T:A transversions, can be used as biomarkers to identify AA-related UTUC. AA-related UTUC is associated with a high recurrence rate of contralateral UTUC.

Treatment and Implications of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Inhibitor-Induced Blood Pressure Rise: A Clinical Cohort Study.

Background Anti-cancer vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors (VEGFI) frequently induce a rise in blood pressure (BP). The most effective treatment of this BP rise is currently unknown, and risk factors and its association with survival remain inconclusive. Methods and Results Baseline characteristics and BP readings were retrospectively collected from oncology patients who received oral VEGFI treatment (sorafenib, sunitinib, pazopanib, regorafenib, lenvatinib, or cabozantinib). Risk factors for a clinically relevant BP rise (increase of ≥20 mm Hg in systolic BP or ≥10 mm Hg in diastolic BP) were investigated via logistic regression (relative), efficacy of antihypertensives via unpaired t-tests, and association of BP rise with survival via Cox regression analysis. In total, 162 (47%) of 343 included patients developed a clinically relevant BP rise ≥7 days after VEGFI treatment initiation. Both calcium channel blockers and renin-angiotensin system inhibitors effectively reduced systolic BP (-24.1 and -18.2 mm Hg, respectively) and diastolic BP (-12.0 and -11.0 mm Hg, respectively). Pazopanib therapy (odds ratio, 2.71 [95% CI, 1.35-5.42; P=0.005], compared with sorafenib) and estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 (OR, 1.75 [95% CI, 0.99-3.18, P=0.054]) were risk factors for a BP rise, whereas a baseline BP ≥140/90 mm Hg associated with a lower risk (OR, 0.39 [95% CI, 0.25-0.62, P<0.001]). Only for renal cell carcinoma, BP rise was associated with a substantially improved median overall survival compared with no BP rise: 45.4 versus 20.3 months, respectively, P=0.003. Conclusions The type of VEGFI, baseline BP, and baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate determine the VEGFI-induced BP rise. Both calcium channel blockers and renin-angiotensin system inhibitors are effective antihypertensive treatments. Particularly in patients with renal cell carcinoma, a BP rise is associated with improved overall survival.

Anti-programmed death-1 inhibitor nivolumab-induced immune-related adverse events: hepatitis, renal insufficiency, myositis, vitiligo, and hypothyroidism: a case-based review.

Nivolumab (NIVO) is a monoclonal antibody used to treat renal cell cancer. It is an anti-programmed death-1 (anti-PD-1) inhibitor, enhancing the tumor-targeted immune response of T lymphocytes, resulting in immune-mediated adverse events (AEs). We present five immunological AEs in a single patient treated with NIVO. A 68-year-old male patient with metastatic renal cell carcinoma and right-sided nephrectomy received NIVO after pazopanib and sunitinib treatment. Two and a half months after starting NIVO, hepatocellular enzymes and creatinine were elevated. Concomitantly, the patient noticed hypopigmentation of the hand skin and a change in voice and speech. Due to hepatitis, he has been treated with dexamethasone 16 mg daily for 22 days, after which hypothyroidism and increased creatine kinase were found without muscle pain and functional impairment. Dexamethasone was continued, and a rapid decline in all parameters except thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and vitiligo was observed. Myositis was initially considered a part of hypothyroidism and elevated renal parameters due to hypohydration. The rapid regression on glucocorticoid treatment and a longer time for creatinine normalization than expected with hydration were noticed. Nivolumab likely induced those side effects as assessed by Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction Probability Scale. The literature review shows that the consequences of PD-1 inhibition are not uniform. Side effects of checkpoint inhibitors should be monitored carefully in the early and later treatment schedules evaluating subclinical manifestations like myositis and worsening of kidney parameters. Early administered higher doses of glucocorticoids can stop drug toxicity and reverse-induced tissue damage.

Arsenic in drinking water and kidney cancer: a systematic review.

OBJECT: Arsenic as a chemical is found in rock, soil, air and used in various industries and their products, such as colors, hairs, and fertilizers. Humans may be exposed to arsenic mainly through food and drinking water. Due to its adverse health effects, its presence in drinking water has become a public health concern. METHODS: In this systematic review, we investigated the relationship between arsenic concentration in drinking water and the risk of kidney cancer in humans. For this reason, various electronic databases were searched from 1992 February to November 2021. In this review, three ecological studies, two case-control studies, and four cohort studies were investigated. RESULTS: High levels of arsenic (100 µg/L) have been reported in many countries such as southwest Taiwan, Niigata, Argentine, and northern Chile. A significant relationship was observed between kidney cancer incidence and its mortality rate with high arsenic levels in drinking water. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the limitations in some previous studies, reviewing and comparing the data of different regions indicates a scientific relationship between kidney cancer incidence and high concentrations of arsenic in drinking water.

Exposure to pesticides and pediatric Wilms' tumor. A meta-analysis on pre-conception and pregnancy parental exposure with an IARC/WHO commentary.

BACKGROUND: There are hereditary types of nephroblastoma or Wilms' tumor associated with exposure of the germ cells of either parent to harmful environmental factors. Some studies have examined the exposure of compounds used pesticides and herbicides as a risk factor for Wilms' tumor. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out on case-control studies to establish the potential link between exposure to these organic molecules and Wilms' tumor occurrence in children rigorously. We examined the monographs on some organo-phosphate insecticides and herbicides issued by the International Association for the Research on Cancer (IARC) under the auspices of the World Health Organization (WHO). PUBMED, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar studies (1960-2021) were identified and systematically reviewed following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Subgroup analyses were conducted after stratification for occupational versus residential exposure and before birth (prenatal) vs. after birth (postnatal) exposure. In addition, we revised the monographs on chemical compounds issued recently by the IARC/WHO. RESULTS: Our findings seem to consolidate that parental pesticide exposure during the preconception or pregnancy period is correlated with an increased occurrence risk for Wilms' tumor. We confirm the validity of the WHO essays on certain organophosphate herbicides and insecticides, which support these compounds, may be highly relevant in future cancer prevention policies. CONCLUSION: Parental exposure to pesticides, particularly in household settings, is poorly emphasized in our society. There is a strong association between these organophosphate compounds and pediatric cancer. Public health agencies may need to take stronger action than in the past.

Mycotoxin Exposure and Renal Cell Carcinoma Risk: An Association Study in the EPIC European Cohort.

BACKGROUND: Mycotoxins have been suggested to contribute to a spectrum of adverse health effects in humans, including at low concentrations. The recognition of these food contaminants being carcinogenic, as co-occurring rather than as singularly present, has emerged from recent research. The aim of this study was to assess the potential associations of single and multiple mycotoxin exposures with renal cell carcinoma risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. METHODS: Food questionnaire data from the EPIC cohort were matched to mycotoxin food occurrence data compiled by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) from European Member States to assess long-term dietary mycotoxin exposures, and to associate these with the risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC, n = 911 cases) in 450,112 EPIC participants. Potential confounding factors were taken into account. Analyses were conducted using Cox's proportional hazards regression models to compute hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) with mycotoxin exposures expressed as µg/kg body weight/day. RESULTS: Demographic characteristics differed between the RCC cases and non-cases for body mass index, age, alcohol intake at recruitment, and other dietary factors. In addition, the mycotoxin exposure distributions showed that a large proportion of the EPIC population was exposed to some of the main mycotoxins present in European foods such as deoxynivalenol (DON) and derivatives, fumonisins, Fusarium toxins, Alternaria toxins, and total mycotoxins. Nevertheless, no statistically significant associations were observed between the studied mycotoxins and mycotoxin groups, and the risk of RCC development. CONCLUSIONS: These results show an absence of statistically significant associations between long-term dietary mycotoxin exposures and RCC risk. However, these results need to be validated in other cohorts and preferably using repeated dietary exposure measurements. In addition, more occurrence data of, e.g., citrinin and fumonisins in different food commodities and countries in the EFSA database are a prerequisite to establish a greater degree of certainty.

Determinants of Drug-Coated Balloon Failure in Patients Undergoing Femoropopliteal Arterial Intervention.

BACKGROUND: Drug-coated balloons (DCB) are frequently used to treat femoropopliteal artery disease. However, patency loss occurs in ≥10% of patients within 12 months posttreatment with poor understanding of the underlying mechanisms. OBJECTIVES: The authors sought to investigate the determinants of DCB failure in femoropopliteal disease. METHODS: Data from randomized clinical trials (IN.PACT SFA, MDT-2113 SFA Japan) and 2 prespecified imaging cohorts of the IN.PACT Global Clinical Study were included. Influential procedural characteristics were evaluated by an independent angiographic core laboratory. The primary endpoint was DCB failure (patency loss during follow-up). Additional endpoints were binary restenosis and clinically driven target lesion revascularization. Multivariable analyses evaluated the clinical, anatomical, and procedural predictors of DCB failure. RESULTS: Included were 557 participants with single lesions and 12-month core laboratory-adjudicated duplex ultrasonography. Key clinical characteristics were as follows: mean age 68.8 years, 67.5% male, 87.6% with hypertension, 76.9% with hyperlipidemia, 40.5% with diabetes mellitus, 90.5% in Rutherford Classification Category (RCC) 2 to 3, and 9.5% in RCC 4 to 5. Average length and reference vessel diameter (RVD) were 16.37 cm and 4.66 mm, respectively; 49.7% of lesions were totally occluded. In multivariable analysis, only residual stenosis >30% was associated with patency loss, whereas residual stenosis >30% and smaller preprocedure RVD were associated with increased binary restenosis risk. RCC >3 and residual stenosis >30% were associated with increased 12-month clinically driven target lesion revascularization risk. CONCLUSIONS: Patency loss after DCB treatment was influenced by procedural and clinical factors. Residual stenosis >30%, smaller preprocedure RVD, and higher RCC may be considered predictors of increased risk of DCB failure and its components in femoropopliteal artery disease. (Randomized Trial of IN.PACT Admiral® Drug Coated Balloon vs Standard PTA for the Treatment of SFA and Proximal Popliteal Arterial Disease [INPACT SFA I]; NCT01175850; IN.PACT Admiral Drug-Coated Balloon vs. Standard Balloon Angioplasty for the Treatment of Superficial Femoral Artery [SFA] and Proximal Popliteal Artery [PPA] [INPACT SFA II]; NCT01566461; MDT-2113 Drug-Eluting Balloon vs. Standard PTA for the Treatment of Atherosclerotic Lesions in the Superficial Femoral Artery and/or Proximal Popliteal Artery [MDT-2113 SFA]; NCT01947478; IN.PACT Global Clinical Study; NCT01609296).