Insulin-like Growth Factor II mRNA-binding Protein 3 is a Highly Sensitive Marker for Intravascular Large B-cell Lymphoma: Immunohistochemical Analysis of 152 Pathology Specimens From 88 Patients.

Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (IVLBCL) is a rare type of aggressive extranodal large B-cell lymphoma characterized by the selective growth of lymphoma cells within the lumina of blood vessels, particularly capillaries. IVLBCL lacks mass formation, and its diagnosis can be challenging. We analyzed the utility of insulin-like growth factor II mRNA-binding protein 3 (IMP3) immunohistochemistry for IVLBCL diagnosis in various organs. Double staining with paired box 5 (PAX5) was performed for validation. Overall, 152 pathological specimens (111 positive and 41 negative for IVLBCL) obtained from 88 patients with a diagnosis of IVLBCL were stained for IMP3 and IMP3/PAX5. As negative controls, 40 pathology specimens from 38 patients with no history of IVLBCL or other B-cell lymphomas were stained for IMP3, which comprised 31 benign pathological specimens from 29 patients in whom malignancy was suspected, 7 cases of appendicitis with intravascular and/or intralymphatic lymphoid proliferations, and 2 cases of intravascular natural killer/T-cell lymphoma. All mononuclear cells with cytoplasmic staining were considered positive for IMP3 expression, but expression restricted to germinal center B cells was excluded from evaluation. All 111 IVLBCL pathological specimens were positive for IMP3 and IMP3/PAX5. In addition, 11 of the 41 specimens originally diagnosed as IVLBCL-negative showed IMP3/PAX5 double-positive cells, raising the suspicion of IVLBCL. However, of the 40 negative control samples, IMP3-positive non-germinal center B cells were detected in only 2 samples ( P = 0.0131) and no intravascular IMP3-positive B cells suspicious for IVLBCL were identified. Altogether, IMP3 immunohistochemistry is a highly sensitive marker of IVLBCL and can be a helpful adjunct for IVLBCL diagnosis.

MED12 exon 2 mutation is uncommon in intravenous leiomyomatosis: clinicopathologic features and molecular study.

Intravenous leiomyomatosis (IVL) is a rare neoplasm that is characterized by smooth muscle cell proliferation within venous vessels. The aim of this study is to investigate the clinicopathological features, immunophenotypes, and MED12 gene mutations in IVL. Nine cases of IVL from the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University were collected, and the clinicopathological features were reviewed. The immunohistochemical expressions of p16, phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), alpha thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked (ATRX), retinoblastoma 1 (RB1), fumarate hydratase (FH), and p53, were evaluated. The mutation status of MED12 gene exon 2 was detected by Sanger sequencing. All the 9 patients were women ranging from 32 to 58 years, and uterine leiomyomas were identified in 5 patients. Immunohistochemical staining showed that all IVL and leiomyoma samples were positive for estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor, but negative for CD34. IVL displayed similar immunostaining patterns with their uterine counterparts with focal p16 immunostaining. FH, PTEN, ATRX, and RB1 were variably positive, and p53 and Ki-67 positive rates were less than 5% in all cases. Two novel genetic variations at MED12 exon 2, a synonymous mutation c.141C>T (p.Asn47=), and an in-frame deletion mutation c.133_147del15 (p.Phe45_Pro49del) were identified in two IVL cases. One missense mutation c.131G>A (p.Gly44Asp) was identified in one uterine leiomyoma. The remaining 11 tumor samples (7 IVL cases and 4 uterine leiomyomas) showed no mutations at MED12 exon 2. Our results showed two novel MED12 mutations in IVL. The MED12 mutations are different between IVL and uterine leiomyoma. These findings indicate that IVL is a unique entity and different from uterine leiomyoma.

Primary leiomyoma of the inferior vena cava mimicking a cystic neoplasm of the pancreas: a case report.

Benign smooth muscle tumors of the inferior vena cava (IVC) are unusual, but mostly consist of intravenous leiomyomatosis, which arises from the uterus. Primary leiomyoma of the IVC is extremely rare. Here, we report a primary leiomyoma of the IVC, misleadingly reported as a cystic neoplasm of the pancreas in images. Immunohistochemical analysis was positive for (estrogen receptor) ER and (progesterone receptor) PR, indicating gynecologic leiomyomas. The use of ER and PR immunostaining is recommended to help distinguish between somatic and gynecologic leiomyomas, whose criteria of malignancy differ.

An autopsy case of pulmonary artery intimal sarcoma: detailed observation of tumor and its related lesions in pulmonary arteries.

We report an autopsy-proven case of a 33-year-old man who died of intimal sarcoma of the pulmonary artery. A large mass (5×4 cm) occluded the main and bilateral pulmonary arteries. Tumor cell morphology was consistent with that of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma. Comprehensive histological observation of 18 pulmonary arteries from proximal to distal revealed continuous extension of the tumor from the main to the subsegmental arteries along the intima, forming an arteriosclerosis-like intimal thickening. Distal small arteries were also affected by eccentric intimal thickening or recanalization. Lung parenchyma was not involved, although there were two wedge-shaped small pulmonary infarctions caused by tumorous obstruction of the associated arteries. Histological results indicated that the intimal sarcoma in the pulmonary artery, which appeared occlusive with growth limited to the proximal artery, had in fact already spread more peripherally than expected. Both the proximal lesions and the distal small arteries were affected by peripheral tumor emboli or by pulmonary hypertension induced by the proximal tumor. However, as seen in this case, most of the occlusive tumor was located locally and intraluminally, in the proximal artery, and removing the proximal tumor by pulmonary endarterectomy was considered effective for symptomatic improvement.

Primary angiosarcoma of the femoral artery in patient with kidney and liver polycystosis and multiple arterial aneurysms: report of the case and review of the literature.

The association between kidney and liver polycystosis and arterial aneurysms is well documented. However, it remains unclear whether these patients are at increased risk of malignant transformation. In this article, we describe a case of a primary angiosarcoma of the femoral artery with metastatic spread into the lungs and hilar lymph node arising in a 74-year-old man with kidney and liver polycystosis and multiple arterial aneurysms.

Putative Intravascular Myofibroma Mimicking a Vascular Malformation With Phleboliths.

Myofibroma is a rare, benign myofibroblastic tumor that commonly presents at birth or in early infancy, usually as a painless, slow-growing, solitary, nodular mass. We present a case of a 40-year-old woman with a painful, solitary, myofibroma on the right elbow. The unique features of this case include age and gender of the patient, site, pain on presentation, tumor morphology, and putative intravascular nature of the tumor.

Primary Leiomyosarcoma of the Great Saphenous Vein: Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Soft tissue sarcomas are very rare tumors, representing less than 1% of all cancers. Leiomyosarcomas are a rare group of them representing about 6% of soft tissue sarcomas and they involve smooth muscles. Less than 2% of all leiomyosarcomas involves large blood vessels. Leiomyosarcomas of vein tunica media are very rare (1/100,000 malignant cancers) and only 10% of these originate from the great saphenous vein. In this article, we report a clinical case that occurred in our institution and review all the literature available at now.

[Pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma: a clinicopathologic analysis of six cases].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinicopathologic characteristics, differential diagnosis and prognosis of pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendotheliomas (PEHs). METHODS: The clinical symptoms and imaging findings of 6 cases of PEHs were investigated and pathologic analyses including histomorphologic and immunohistochemical studies were performed. RESULTS: Clinical symptoms of the patients were nonspecific and insidious. The typical radiological manifestation was characterized by multiple small pulmonary nodules. The pathological findings were well-demarcated hypocellular hyalinized nodules with more cellularity at the periphery of the nodule. The neoplastic cells showed mild nuclear atypia and prominent eosinophilic cytoplasm with vacuoles, attempting to form primitive vasculature. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells were positive to CD31, CD34 and ERG. Follow-up data from 8 months to 5 years showed no tumor progression, except for the development of bone metastases in one case at 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: PEHs are uncommon vascular tumors with low-intermediate malignancy. Using H&E and immunohistochemistry, the final pathological diagnosis can be made and misdiagnosed as a benign fibrotic nodule or other malignant tumors can be avoided. The most effective treatment is surgical resection, if necessary, combined with chemotherapy or radiotherapy.

Hepatic small vessel neoplasm, a rare infiltrative vascular neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential.

Characteristic but rare vascular neoplasms in the adult liver composed of small vessels with an infiltrative border were collected from an international group of collaborators over a 5-year period (N=17). These tumors were termed hepatic small vessel neoplasm (HSVN), and the histologic differential diagnosis was angiosarcoma (AS). The average age of patients was 54years (range, 24-83years). HSVN was more common in men. The average size was 2.1cm (range, 0.2-5.5cm). Diagnosis was aided by immunohistochemical stains for vascular lineage (CD31, CD34, FLI-1), which were uniformly positive in HSVN. Immunohistochemical stains (p53, c-Myc, GLUT-1, and Ki-67) for possible malignant potential are suggestive of a benign/low-grade tumor. Capture-based next-generation sequencing (using an assay that targets the coding regions of more than 500 cancer genes) identified an activating hotspot GNAQ mutation in 2 of 3 (67%) tested samples, and one of these cases also had a hotspot mutation in PIK3CA. When compared with hepatic AS (n=10) and cavernous hemangioma (n=6), the Ki-67 proliferative index is the most helpful tool in excluding AS, which demonstrated a tumor cell proliferative index greater than 10% in all cases. Strong p53 and diffuse c-Myc staining was also significantly associated with AS but not with HSVN or cavernous hemangioma. There have been no cases with rupture/hemorrhage, disseminated intravascular coagulation, or Kasabach-Merritt syndrome. Thus far, there has been no metastasis or recurrence of HSVN, but complete resection and close clinical follow-up are recommended because the outcome remains unknown.

Intravascular Myopericytoma of the Plantar Region: Case Report and Discussion of the Probable Origin From a Cutaneous Vascular Malformation.

Myopericytoma is a perivascular myoid neoplasm of skin and soft tissues characterized by numerous thin-walled blood vessels surrounded concentrically by round to spindle myoid tumor cells, which shows α-smooth muscle actin and h-caldesmon coexpression and commonly negativity for desmin. These tumors arise predominantly in extremities of adult patients with benign clinical course. Based on the architectural pattern, there are various histologic variants as classical-solid myopericytoma, hemangiopericytoma-like myopericytoma, angioleiomyoma-like myopericytoma, myofibroma-like myopericytoma, hipocelular fibroma-like myopericytoma, intravascular myopericytoma, cellular immature myopericytoma, and malignant myopericytoma. The authors report a case that fully satisfies the morphological and immunohistochemical criteria for intravascular myopericytoma, which plantar location is not previously described in the literature. In addition, the authors discuss about its possible development from a preexistent cutaneous vascular malformation.

CNS Masson Tumors: Frequent Association With Therapeutic Radiation.

Masson tumor (MT, papillary endothelial hyperplasia) is an exaggerated form of thrombus reorganization rarely occurring in the central nervous system (CNS), where it presents as a mass or hemorrhage in parenchyma, meninges, or venous sinuses. MT is subclassified as type 1 arising within a histologically normal vessel, type 2 associated with a ruptured vascular malformation, and extravascular. Limited reports of CNS MT after radiosurgery, or especially external radiation therapy, have emerged. We searched our databases for cases reported from 2008 to present. Nine cases were identified, 6 of which were associated with receipt of therapeutic radiation for known lesions, with intervals of 1 to 25+ years to MT development (4 neoplasms=external beam radiation; 1 neoplasm=external beam radiation+radiosurgery, 1 arteriovenous malformation=radiosurgery). MTs were coassociated with radiation-induced vascular malformations (1 cavernoma-like, 1 massive) only in 2 of 6 irradiated patients, whereas the other 4 had MTs only. The 3 MTs in nonirradiated patients were extravascular, with 1 spontaneously developing in a hemangioblastoma. Seven of 9 MTs were intracerebral, 1 was within the spinal cord, and 1 was subdural. Papillary MT architecture was best appreciated by CD31 or CD34 immunohistochemistry, although ERG verified the endothelial monolayer population. Most CNS MTs at our institution have arisen in patients who have received therapeutic cranial radiation, many of whom received only external beam radiation. Although MTs could conceivably represent early, severe phases in radiation-induced cavernoma development, most were not found coassociated with the latter. This study further extends our knowledge of types of radiation-induced CNS vascular abnormalities.

A Case of Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma Arising from the Femoral Vein with 8 Years of Follow-up.

Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma (MCS) is an infrequent malignancy of bone and soft tissue that is characterized by a peculiar bimorphic histologic pattern with areas of undifferentiated malignant small cells surrounding well-differentiated cartilaginous islands. Involvement of the large vessels is a rare occurrence. Here, we report a case of MCS arising from the femoral vein that was treated by wide-margin resection combined with autogenous vein revascularization and then followed up for 8 years. The long-term postoperative results showed distant metastasis to the pancreas and both lobes of the lung, without recurrence at the primary site. This case indicates that for MCS arising from the femoral vein, although wide-margin resection combined with autogenous vein revascularization may avoid recurrence at the primary site, this treatment strategy has no obvious benefit for controlling long-term distant metastases.

Cutaneous Intravascular NK/T-cell lymphoma mimic panniculitis clinically, case report and literature brief review.

Intravascular large cell lymphoma is a rare subtype of extranodal large cell lymphoma characterized by the presence of neoplastic cells within the lumina of small vessels. Most cases of intravascular large cell lymphoma have a B-cell phenotype. To date, 12 cases of intravascular natural killer (NK/)/T-cell lymphoma (IVNKL) have been reported. Our case is A 47-year-old female presented with erythematous patches and plaques on the lower extremities mimicking panniculitis clinically. A skin biopsy revealed intravascular lymphoma (IVL) with a NK/T cell phenotype (positive for CD3, and granzyme B and negative for CD20, CD4, CD8, CD5). The lymphoma cells were also positive for Epstein-Barr virus by Epstein-Barr virus-encoded RNA in situ hybridization test. Because this type of lymphoma is extremely rare, our case is documented and compared with the previously reported cases.

Intimal sarcoma of the abdominal aorta and common iliac arteries presenting as epithelioid angiosarcoma of the skin: a case report.

Intimal sarcoma (IS) is the most common type of sarcoma of the aorta. IS tumor emboli can involve various organs, including the skin. However, a limited number of IS cases with an initial presentation of skin metastasis has been reported. Cutaneous metastasis as a form of epithelioid angiosarcoma (EAS) has not been well described. Herein, we present a 61-year-old Japanese man with an initial presentation of EAS of the skin, followed by multiple metastases to the skin as a form of EAS prior to detection of IS of the infrarenal aorta and common iliac arteries. In our case, the IS was CD31 and cytokeratin positive but did not express CD34 and factor VIII-related antigen. The EASs in our case exhibited diffuse CD31 expression, and focal factor VIII-related antigen and cytokeratin expression were observed throughout the tumor, including the neoplastic vascular structure; CD34 expression was not identifiable. IS metastasis to the skin has been documented as a form of angiosarcoma. However, IS metastasis has not been well described as a form of EAS. Our case could prove a morphological change from IS to EAS. Given the rarity of primary cutaneous EAS, it is recommended that primary sites other than the skin should be thoroughly investigated when EAS of the skin is encountered.

A Primary Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor Arising from Left Subclavian Vein and Extending along Left Brachiocephalic Vein and Superior Vena Cava into Right Atrium.

Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) is an extremely rare malignancy thought to be derived from fetal neuroectodermal precursor cells. It usually occurs in central and peripheral nervous system or soft tissue and bone, while intravenous or intracavitary PNET is considered as an extremely rare tumor. We reported a case of a 44-year-old woman who presented with the left unilateral facial and neck swelling. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a tape-shaped solid mass within left subclavian vein, left brachiocephalic vein, superior vena cava, and right atrium; the proximal end proportion occupied almost the entire right atrium with a pedicle flip protruded into the right ventricle. Ultrasonography revealed an irregular hypoechnoic mass arising from the left subclavian vein, which extended along the left brachiocephalic vein and superior vena cava into the right atrium and up to the right ventricle. Positron emission tomography-computed tomography revealed several hypermetabolic thyroid nodules with no evidence of intravenous hyperactive lesion. The patient underwent tumor resection under cardiopulmonary bypass. At 15 days postoperatively, total thyroidectomy and resection of the left subclavian vein were simultaneously performed. The patient received chemotherapy and radiotherapy later. Histologically, the neoplasm displayed small, round, blue cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and scant cytoplasm. The neoplastic cells showed a strong immunopositivity for CD99, synaptophysin, CD56, CD57, and friend leukemia integration 1, thus confirming a diagnosis of the PNET. Histopathological examination of the thyroid showed papillary carcinoma. Thus, this PNET had no definitive organ or tissue of origin, which primarily originated from the left subclavian vein with tumor extension along the superior vena cava to the right ventricle.

Primary extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma of pulmonary arteries: a rare mimic of acute pulmonary thromboembolism.

Primary extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma of the pulmonary arteries is a very rare entity. Multimodality imaging reports on this entity are few. Myxoid chondrosarcoma is characterized by chondroid and neurogenic differentiation in extraskeletal locations. These tumours represent fewer than 2.5% of all soft-tissue sarcomas, and are most commonly found in the lower extremities, limb girdles, distal extremities and trunk. We report an unusual case of a 31-year old man with histopathologically proven extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma of the pulmonary arteries mimicking acute pulmonary thromboembolism.

Intravascular large B cell lymphoma presenting in the lung: the diagnostic value of transbronchial cryobiopsy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: intravascular large B-cell lymphoma is a distinct subtype of mature B-cell neoplasms, with uncommon primary presentation in the lungs. Diagnosis could be very difficult due to the lack of detectable tumor masses and it is usually made by surgical lung biopsy or autopsy examination. METHODS: two patients occurred primarily with interstitial lung disease and underwent a pulmonary biopsy using cryoprobes. RESULTS: the pathological analysis of the lung biopsies revealed in both cases a conclusive diagnosis of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma with primary lung involvement and patients have been safely diagnosed using transbronchial cryobiopsy for the first time in the literature. CONCLUSIONS: transbronchial cryobiopsy could be used as valid surrogate for surgical lung biopsy in lymphoprolipherative lung disorders (including intravascular lymphomas), as allows larger samples of tissue, greater  diagnostic yield, no crush artifacts and much less complications than surgical biopsy.