SURGICAL SITE INFECTION IN RESECTIONS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM TUMOURS.

Postoperative infectious complications are extremely important to surgeons and the entire medical care team. Among these complications, surgical site infection (SSI) appears to be one of the earliest and most prevalent events and is considered an inherent complication of surgical procedures. In oncological patients submitted to resections of digestive system tumors, there is a confluence of several risk factors for SSI, making it necessary to establish measures to maximize the control of this condition to provide a better prognosis for these patients. Some risk factors for SSI are the manipulation of structures hosting the highest density of pathogenic microorganisms, such as the colon, the patient's performance status, the patient's nutritional status, the use of chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, and the surgical procedure itself, which tends to last longer and be more complex than surgeries for benign conditions of the digestive system. Therefore, this review sought to provide a qualitative analysis and a summary of the literature regarding the SSI of postoperative tumor patients who underwent surgical resection and were well-structured postoperatively, to provide objective data on this problem, and alert about the well-structured needs of individualized pre-, peri-, and post-protocols to avoid the development of these events.

Estado y prevención del cáncer digestivo en el norte de Chile / Status and prevention of digestives cancer in the north of Chile

In Chile, the cancer has become the main cause of death; the Northern Regions of Chile do not escape to this rea- lity. Both nationally and in the North of Chile, digestives cancers constitute the main cause of death over cancers of other organs. There is currently a National Cancer Law and a National Cancer Plan that provide the legal and technical framework for the implementation of preventive strategies that include the establishment of screening tests according to the local reality of each health service, however, there is still a limitation in the resources avai- lable for its implementation. Local experiences, such as the one carried out in the Region of Antofagasta , have shown in Colorectal Cancer (CRC) that by using a quantitative fecal immunochemcal test for occult blood in stools (FIT) as a screening method, asymptomatic patients carrying CRC can be detected in early stages of their disease, it also allows us to detect patients with CRC precursor lesions (adenomas with high and/or low grade dysplasias). It is important to continue advancing for the moment with the support of Regional Governments in obtaining fi- nancial resources to implement the different screening tests with clinical evidence for the main digestive cancers that affect the population of the Northern Macrozone of Chile.

En Chile el cáncer se ha convertido en la principal causa de muerte, las Regiones del Norte de Chile no escapan a esta realidad. Tanto a nivel Nacional como en el Norte de Chile, los cánceres digestivos en grupo constituyen la principal causa de muerte por sobre los cánceres de otros órganos. Existe actualmente una Ley Nacional del Cáncer y un Plan Nacional del Cáncer que dan el marco legal y técnico para la implementación de estrategias preventivas que incluyen la instauración de test de tamizajes o cribados según la realidad local de cada servicio de salud, sin embargo, aún existe limitación en los recursos disponibles para su implementación. Experiencias locales como la realizada en la Región de Antofagasta, han demostrado que en Cáncer Colorrectal (CCR), mediante el uso de un test inmunoquímico de sangre oculta en deposiciones cuantitativo (TSODi) como método de tamizaje, se pueden detectar pacientes asintomáticos portadores de CCR en etapas precoces de su enfermedad, además, permite detectar pacientes portadores de lesiones precursoras del CCR (adenomas con displasias de alto y/o bajo grado). Es importante seguir avanzando por el momento con apoyo de Gobiernos Regionales en la obtención de los recursos financieros para implementar los distintos test de tamizajes con evidencia clínica para los principales cánceres digestivos que afectan a la población de la Macrozona Norte de Chile

Adenocarcinoma de vesícula biliar: una entidad poco frecuente y mortal. A propósito de un caso / Gallbladder adenocarcinoma: a rare and fatal entity. A case report

Introducción: El adenocarcinoma de vesícula biliar es de las neoplasias digestivas con peor pronóstico; es poco común, y está asociado a una alta mortalidad. La mayoría de los diagnósticos son incidentales cuando se realiza exploración quirúrgica por sospecha de colelitiasis; encontrando malignidad en el 1 a 2% de estos casos. Produce síntomas inespecíficos, llevando a diagnósticos tardíos, empeorando así el pronóstico. Las características de esta neoplasia y el diagnóstico tardío hacen que muchas veces la resección curativa no sea posible. Caso Clínico : Paciente femenino de 45 años, quien refiere inicio de enfermedad actual (IEA) en diciembre de 2021 cuando posterior a ingesta de comida presenta dolor de aparición súbita, opresivo, de fuerte intensidad en epigastrio, intermitente. Ultrasonido abdominal (USA) reporta LOE vesicular. Se decide resolución mediante colecistectomía abierta extendida, donde se encuentra vesícula biliar (VB), con tumor en su interior que ocupa 30% de la luz, se realiza biopsia intraoperatoria, diagnosticándose ADC de vesícula. La paciente evolucionó satisfactoriamente y es egresada. En controles periódicos no hay evidencia de recidiva de la enfermedad. Conclusión : El cáncer de vesícula biliar (CVB) es una patología poco común, de difícil diagnóstico y asociado a una alta tasa de mortalidad, que produce síntomas inespecíficos por lo que es necesario un alto índice de sospecha para su diagnóstico. El manejo y conducta terapéutica depende de la extensión y el estadiaje del tumor. Es necesaria la realización de más estudios para determinar y estandarizar el manejo de esta infrecuente neoplasia(AU)

Introduction: Gallbladder adenocarcinoma is one of the digestive neoplasms with the worst prognosis; it is uncommon and is associated with high mortality. Most diagnoses are incidental when surgical exploration is performed due to suspected cholelithiasis, with malignancy found in 1 to 2% of these cases. It produces nonspecific symptoms, leading to late diagnoses, thereby worsening the prognosis. The characteristics of this neoplasm and the late diagnosis often make curative resection impossible.Clinical Case : A 45-year-old female patient who reported the onset of the current illness in December 2021. After a meal, she experienced sudden, intense, and intermittent epigastric pain. Abdominal ultrasound (US) reported gallbladder wall thickening. It was decided to perform an extended open cholecystectomy, and a tumor was found inside the gallbladder, occupying 30% of its lumen. An intraoperative biopsy was performed, diagnosing gallbladder adenocarcinoma. The patient recovered satisfactorily and was discharged. Subsequent follow-up visits have shown no evidence of disease recurrence.Conclusion : Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a rare condition with a challenging diagnosis and a high mortality rate. It produces nonspecific symptoms, so a high index of suspicion is necessary for its diagnosis. The management and therapeutic approach depend on the tumor's extent and staging. Further studies are needed to determine and standardize the management of this uncommon neoplasm(AU)

Mortalidade prematura por doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis / Premature mortality from non-communicable chronic diseases

As Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis (DCNTs) têm origem não infecciosa e são compostas pelas doenças respiratórias crônicas (DRC), neoplasias malignas ou cânceres (CA), diabetes mellitus (DM) e doenças do aprelho respiratório (DAC). Em todo o mundo, essas doenças são responsáveis por 63% das mortes, correspondendo a 36 milhões de óbitos anualmente e dentre essas, 15 milhôes ocorrem prematuramente em indivíduos com menos de 70 anos de idade. Diante desse cenário, e na perspectiva de enfrentamento das DCNTs, foi instituído em 2011 o Plano de Ações Estratégicas (2011-2022) com meta a reduzir, anualmente, 2% da taxa de mortalidade prematura. Sendo assim, essa revisão traz uma análise dos indicadores estratégicos, comparando dados que comprovem se as metas foram alcançadas e as tendências futuras das DCNTs que compõe o indicador Taxa de mortalidade prematura

Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs) have a non-infectious origin and are composed of chronic respiratory diseases (CKD), malignant neoplasms or cancers (CA), diabetes mellitus (DM) and diseases of the respiratory system (CAD). Worldwide, these diseases are responsible for 63% of deaths, corresponding to 36 million deaths annually and of these, 15 million occur prematurely in individuals under 70 years of age. Given this scenario, and with a view to tackling NCDs, the Strategic Action Plan (2011-2022) was established in 2011 with the goal of reducing the premature mortality rate by 2% annually. Therefore, this review provides an analysis of strategic indicators, comparing data that prove whether the goals were achieved and future trends in NCDs that make up the indicator Premature mortality rate

Desempeño asistencial en la formación del residente de gastroenterología / Heath care performance in the training of the gastroenterology resident

Introducción: El desempeño asistencial del residente de gastroenterología en cuanto al diagnóstico y tratamiento de pacientes con enfermedades digestivas condiciona su pertinencia profesional en la salud pública. Objetivo: Profundizar en el proceso de formación del residente de gastroenterología. Métodos: Se realizaron un análisis epistemológico y un diagnóstico fáctico del proceso de formación del residente de gastroenterología en cuanto a la atención a pacientes con neoplasias digestivas, en el Hospital General Docente Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas de Santiago de Cuba, durante el bienio 2017-2018, a partir de la observación del desempeño asistencial, la aplicación de una encuesta a residentes y de entrevistas a especialistas de esa rama en la provincia. Resultados: Existieron inconsistencias en esta formación como resultado de una visible polarización médico-instrumental de la práctica en la asistencia, orientada hacia la endoscopia digestiva diagnóstica y terapéutica en detrimento de lo preventivo. Conclusiones: Pudo confirmarse que no se había sistematizado lo suficiente la dimensión de asistencia a pacientes con neoplasias digestivas a partir de la integración formativa de la prevención, el diagnóstico y la terapéutica en la praxis endoscópica de ese profesional.

Introduction: The heath care performance of the gastroenterology resident conditions his professional pertinence in the public health as for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with digestive diseases. Objective: To deepen in the training process of the gastroenterology resident. Method: An epistemologic analysis and factic diagnosis of the training process of the gastroenterology resident regarding the care to patients with digestive neoplasm in Juan Bruno Zayas Teaching General Hospital from Santiago de Cuba during the biennium from the observation of the health care performance, the survey to residents and interviews to specialists of this branch in the province. Results: There were inconsistencies in this training as a result of a visible polarization doctor-tools of practice in the care, orientated to the endoscopic and therapeutic digestive endoscopy contrary to the preventive procedure. Conclusion: It could be confirmed that the care dimension had not been sufficiently systematized while giving care to patients with digestive neoplasm taking into account the training integration of prevention, diagnosis and therapeutics in the endoscopic praxis of this professional.

Multiple Biliary Stones: a Rare Long-term Complication after Whipple Procedure / Múltiplos cálculos biliares: uma complicação rara a longo prazo após o procedimento de Whipple

A hypertensive, diabetic woman underwent a successful Whipple procedure at the age of 84 due to carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater. She presented an extremely rare complication 24 months after the surgery, consisting of acute cholangitis due to multiple biliary lithiases associated with a bilioenteric anastomotic stricture. The diagnosis was confirmed with computed tomography, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, and cholangiography. The patient was successfully treated with multiple percutaneous transhepatic cholangioplasties (AU)

Uma mulher hipertensa e diabética foi submetida a um procedimento bem-sucedido de Whipple aos 84 anos devido a um carcinoma da ampola de Vater e apresentou uma complicação extremamente rara 24 meses após da cirurgia, consistindo em colangite aguda devido à presença de litíase biliar múltipla associada com estenose da anastomose bilio-entérica. O diagnóstico foi confirmado com tomografia computadorizada, colangiopancreatografia por ressonância mag-nética e colangiografia.O paciente foi tratado com sucesso com múltiplas colangioplastias transhepáticas percutâneas (AU)

Surgical Outcomes in Patients With Malignant Small Bowel Obstruction: A National Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: The study objectives were to characterize surgical outcomes for malignant small bowel obstruction (MaSBO) as compared to other small bowel obstructions (SBO) and to develop a prediction model for postoperative mortality for MaSBO. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: MaSBO is a morbid complication of advanced cancers for which the optimal management remains undefined. METHODS: Patients who underwent surgery for MaSBO or SBO were identified from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (2005-2017). Outcomes [30-day morbidity, unplanned readmissions, mortality, postoperative length of stay (LOS)] were compared between propensity score-matched MaSBO and SBO patients. An internally validated prediction model for mortality in MaSBO patients was developed. RESULTS: Of 46,706 patients, 1612 (3.5%) had MaSBO. Although MaSBO patients were younger than those with SBO (median 63 vs 65 years, P < 0.001), they were otherwise more clinically complex, including a higher proportion with recent weight loss (22.0% vs 4.0%, P < 0.001), severe hypoalbuminemia (18.6% vs 5.2%, P < 0.001), and cytopenias. After matching (N = 1609/group), MaSBO was associated with increased morbidity [odds ratio (OR) 1.2, P = 0.004], but not readmission (OR 1.1, P = 0.48) or LOS (incidence rate ratio 1.0, P = 0.14). The odds of mortality were significantly higher for MaSBO than SBO (OR 3.3, P < 0.001). A risk-score model predicted postoperative mortality for MaSBO with an optimism-adjusted Brier score of 0.114 and area under the curve of 0.735. Patients in the highest-risk category (11.5% of MaSBO population) had a predicted mortality rate of 39.4%. CONCLUSION: Surgery for MaSBO is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality, necessitating careful patient evaluation before operative intervention.

Formación del residente en gastroenterología: una propuesta pedagógica para la atención holística endoscópica a pacientes con neoplasias del sistema digestivo / Gastroenterology residents training: a pedagogical proposal for the endoscopic holistic care to patients with digestive system neoplasms

Introducción: En el proceso de formación del residente en Gastroenterología se perciben limitaciones en la atención a pacientes con neoplasias digestivas, las cuales tienen su base en una insuficiente dinámica, en tanto se revela una visible polarización médico-instrumental de la práctica asistencial, orientada más hacia la endoscopia digestiva diagnóstica y terapéutica, en detrimento de lo preventivo, como parte indisoluble de esa formación. Objetivo: Proponer una estrategia para la formación del residente en gastroenterología en la atención holística endoscópica a pacientes con neoplasias del sistema digestivo. Desarrollo: Se propone una estrategia pedagógica para sistematizar la atención holística preventivo-diagnóstico-terapéutica en la formación del residente en gastroenterología, que deviene un instrumento práctico y flexible, contentivo de etapas, subetapas, orientaciones metodológicas y un sistema de evaluación que permite articular los contenidos clínico-endoscópicos, en un movimiento integrador, a través del diagnóstico, elaboración, implementación y evaluación de acciones para la formación del futuro especialista. Conclusiones: Este instrumento práctico se encamina a sistematizar la formación praxiológico-endoscópico-asistencial de este especialista en la atención holística preventivo-diagnóstico-terapéutica a pacientes con neoplasias digestivas, para el desarrollo de la excelencia en la profesión.

Introduction: In the process of the Gastroenterology resident training there are limitations in the care to patients with digestive neoplasms, which have their base in an scarce dynamics, while a visible polarization doctor-tools in the healthcare practice is observed, which is addressed towards the diagnostic and therapeutical digestive endoscopy more than to the preventive digestive endoscopy, as an indispensable part of the training process. Objective: To propose a pedagogical strategy, for the training of the Gastroenterology resident in the holistic and endoscopic care to patients with neoplasms of the digestive system. Development: A pedagogical strategy is proposed to systematize the preventive-diagnostic-therapeutical and holistic care in the training of the gastroenterology resident, which becomes a practical and flexible instrument, that includes stages and substages, methodological orientations and an evaluation system which allows to articulate the clinical and endoscopic contents, in an comprehensive movement, through the diagnosis, elaboration, implementation and evaluation of actions for the training of the future specialist. Conclusions: This practical instrument proposed is aimed at systematizing the praxiological-endoscopic training of these specialists in the holistic, preventive-diagnostic-therapeutic treatment to patients with digestive neoplasms, so as to reach professional excellence in the profession.

Características epidemiológicas y tendencia de las enfermedades oncológicas, crónicas e infecciosas en un hospital público de Lima / Epidemiological characteristics and trend of oncological, chronic and infectious diseases in a public hospital of Lima

Las enfermedades oncológicas, crónicas e infecciosas son las causas más importantes de hospitalización. Sin embargo, existen pocos datos sobre su frecuencia y tendencia temporal. Por eso, el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las características epidemiológicas y la tendencia de las enfermedades oncológicas, crónicas e infecciosas en un hospital público de Lima. Se realizó un estudio de tipo transversal en el periodo del 2008-2017. El tamaño mínimo muestral se calculó en 1225 pacientes. Los datos se tomaron a partir de las fichas de recolección de datos del Ministerio de Salud del Perú. Las variables principales fueron las enfermedades más comunes de los grupos: Oncológico, infeccioso y crónicos, teniendo en cuenta su clasificación final del CIE-10. De los 5086 pacientes la mediana de edades fue 57, con un rango intercuartílico de 42-70 años; las enfermedades crónicas fueron las más frecuentes (39%) y tienen una tendencia temporal estacionaria, le siguieron las enfermedades oncológicas y con tendencia al incremento, las menos frecuentes fueron las enfermedades infecciosas y con tendencia a disminuir. En conclusión, las enfermedades crónicas fueron las más frecuentes, con una tendencia temporal estacionaria en el tiempo, las enfermedades oncológicas fueron las segundas más frecuentes, con una tendencia de incremento en el tiempo y las enfermedades infecciosas fueron las menos frecuentes, con una tendencia a disminuir en el tiempo(AU)

Oncologic, chronic and infectious diseases are the most important causes of hospitalization. However, there is little data on their frequency and time trend. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the epidemiological characteristics and trend of oncologic, chronic and infectious diseases in a public hospital in Lima. An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out. The minimum sample size was calculated at 1225 patients; the data were taken from the data collection forms of the Peruvian Ministry of Health. The main variables were the most common diseases of the groups: oncologic, infectious and chronic, taking into account their final ICD-10 classification. Of the 5086 patients, the median age was 57, with an interquartile range of 42-70 years; chronic diseases were the most frequent (39%) and have a stationary temporal trend, followed by oncological diseases with a tendency to increase, the least frequent were infectious diseases and with a tendency to decrease. In conclusion, chronic diseases were the most frequent, with a stationary temporal trend over time, oncologic diseases were the second most frequent, with an increasing trend over time, and infectious diseases were the least frequent, with a tendency to decrease over time(AU)

COVID-19: Revue des lignes directrices et recommandations pour la prise en charge des cancers digestifs hauts en contexte de pandémie / COVID-19: Review of guidelines and recommendations for the management of upper digestive cancers in the context of a pandemic

CONTEXTE: Le présent document a été rédigé en réponse à une interpellation du ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux (MSSS) dans le contexte de l'urgence sanitaire liée à la maladie à coronavirus (COVID-19) au Québec. L'objectif est de réaliser une recension sommaire des recommandations publiées afin d'appuyer les travaux du MSSS visant à se doter de directives provinciales en matière de prise en charge des patients atteints d'un cancer digestif haut, destinées aux décideurs publics et aux professionnels de la santé et des services sociaux. Vu la nature rapide de cette réponse, les présents travaux ne reposent pas sur un repérage exhaustif des données publiées et une évaluation de la qualité méthodologique des publications avec une méthode systématique. Dans les circonstances d'une telle urgence de santé publique, l'INESSS reste à l'affût de toutes nouvelles publications susceptibles de lui faire modifier cette réponse rapide. PRÉSENTATION DE LA DEMANDE: Dans le présent contexte d'urgence sanitaire, une réorganisation significative des soins destinés aux patients atteints de cancer a été entreprise afin de protéger les patients des risques de contracter la COVID-19 et aussi de permettre une réallocation de certaines ressources à la prise en charge de la COVID-19. Le ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux a entrepris des travaux dans le but d'orienter les équipes de soins sur ce qui devra être maintenu, délesté ou adapté dans un contexte où le système ne permettrait qu'un accès limité à certains services. Une recension sommaire des principales lignes directrices et prises de position par des associations, des sociétés savantes et des consensus d'experts en lien avec la priorisation des soins en contexte d'urgence sanitaire a été effectuée. Un comité d'experts québécois spécialisés en cancers digestifs hauts a par la suite été formé par le MSSS pour discuter des informations extraites de la littérature et formuler, par consensus, des recommandations en lien avec la priorisation des soins propres au contexte québécois. Le document présente la revue de la littérature qui a appuyé les travaux du groupe d'experts. Les recommandations finales sont disponibles sur le site du MSSS au lien suivant : Priorisation des patients. MÉTHODOLOGIE: Question d'évaluation Quels sont les principales lignes directrices et prises de position des associations, des sociétés savantes et des consensus d'experts en lien avec la priorisation des soins pour le traitement des cancers digestifs hauts en contexte d'urgence sanitaire? Revue de littérature Repérage des publications : Littérature scientifique : La revue de la littérature (langue anglaise et française) a été effectuée entre le 29 mars et le 1er avril 2020, dans PubMed avec les mots clés suivant : COVID, COVID-19, coronavirus, neoplasia, digestive cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, biliary tract cancer. Les listes de références des documents retenues ont été consultées afin de repérer d'autres publications admissibles. Les liens similar articles et cited by de l'interface PubMed ont été consultés pour chacune des publications scientifiques retenues ainsi que des revues narratives pertinentes. Littérature grise: Une recherche dans google a été faite avec les mots-clés suivants : priorisation, adaptation, recommandations, guides, consensus, cancer du pancréas, cancer de l'œsophage, cancer de l'estomac, cancer des voies biliaires, cancer hépatique (langue française et anglaise). Sélection des publications : Les publications pertinentes (lignes directrices, orientations cliniques, éditoriaux, lettres d'opinion, communications scientifiques ou documents de travail) et spécifiques à la priorisation de cas et à la prise en charge des cancers digestifs hauts en contexte de pandémie de COVID-19 ont été retenues. Certains documents ont été transmis à l'INESSS et au MSSS mais ne sont pas disponibles en ligne. Les recommandations d'ordre général quant aux mesures de protection contre le coronavirus n'ont pas été retenues. La sélection des publications a été effectuée par une professionnelle scientifique en cancérologie selon les critères d'inclusion suivants: Population: patients atteints d'un cancer digestif haut (pancréas, œsophage, estomac, voies biliaires, foie, tumeur neuroendocrine, GIST); Intervention: procédure diagnostique, suivi, imagerie, chirurgie, radiothérapie, radio-chimiothérapie, chimiothérapie, thérapie ciblée. oContexte: priorisation des soins (maintien, délestage ou adaptation thérapeutique) en contexte d'urgence sanitaire liée à la pandémie de COVID19. Extraction des données et synthèse: L'extraction des données a été effectuée par une professionnelle scientifique en cancérologie. Les données extraites comprennent, s'il y a lieu (si applicable et selon la disponibilité de l'information): Caractéristiques de la publication : auteur, date de publication ou de diffusion, source des recommandations, type de publication, juridiction; Recommandations: siège tumoral, situation clinique (stade, grade, symptômes, etc.), intervention, risque de progression de la maladie, alternative de prise en charge proposée (maintien, délestage ou adaptation thérapeutique), technique, source des données probantes en appui à la décision (p. ex. une étude clinique), autres particularités. Les recommandations ont été extraites telles que publiées, et celles rédigées en anglais ont été traduites en français (traduction libre). Les recommandations ont été classées selon les sites tumoraux (pancréas, foie, voies biliaires, œsophage thoracique proximal et moyen, œsophage distal et jonction gastro-œsophagienne, estomac, tumeur neuroendocrine, GIST) et la situation clinique considérée. SOMMAIRE DES RÉSULTATS: Positions des sociétés savantes, associations médicales, consensus ou opinions d'experts: Neuf publications rapportant les prises de position et les lignes directrices relatives à la priorisation des soins selon le contexte d'urgence sanitaire ainsi que les alternatives thérapeutiques proposées concernant la prise en charge des cancers digestifs hauts ont été retenues. L'ensemble des recommandations se trouvent dans le tableau suivant.

Ptaquiloside and Pterosin B Levels in Mature Green Fronds and Sprouts of Pteridium arachnoideum.

Pteridium arachnoideum, a fern of the Pteridium aquilinum species complex found in South America, is responsible for several different syndromes of poisoning. Cases of bovine enzootic hematuria and upper alimentary squamous cell carcinoma are both frequent occurrences in Brazil, whereas only bovine enzootic hematuria is noted with any frequency around the world. The reason for the high frequency of upper alimentary squamous cell carcinoma in Brazil is not currently known. One possible explanation may be the higher levels of ptaquiloside and pterosin B in Brazilian Pteridium than those present in the plant in other countries. However, these levels have not yet been determined in P. arachnoideum. Thus, the present study aimed to measure and compare ptaquiloside and pterosin B levels in mature green fronds and sprouts of P. arachnoideum collected from different locations in Brazil. Samples of P. arachnoideum were collected from the states of Minas Gerais and Rio Grande do Sul. A total of 28 mature leaf samples and 23 sprout samples were used. The mean concentrations of ptaquiloside and pterosin B present in the mature green fronds of P. arachnoideum ranged from 2.49 to 2.75 mg/g and 0.68 to 0.88 mg/g, respectively; in P. arachnoideum sprouts, mean concentrations of ptaquiloside and pterosin B ranged from 12.47 to 18.81 mg/g, and 4.03 to 10.42 mg/g for ptaquiloside and pterosin B, respectively. Thus, ptaquiloside and pterosin B levels in P. arachnoideum samples collected in Brazil were higher in sprouts than in mature green fronds, as observed in other countries. However, there was no variation in ptaquiloside levels among plants collected from different cities in Brazil. The high frequency of upper alimentary squamous cell carcinoma in Brazilian cattle may not be attributed to greater levels of ptaquiloside and pterosin B in P. arachnoideum than in other Pteridium species in other countries.

Dinámica praxiológica, endoscópica y asistencial del residente de Gastroenterología en la atención a pacientes con neoplasias del sistema digestivo / Praxiologic, endoscopic and assistance dynamic of the gastroenterology resident in the care to patients with digestive system neoplasms

Introducción: En la formación del residente de Gastroenterología todavía se perciben limitaciones en cuanto al tratamiento, la prevención y la pesquisa de neoplasias del sistema digestivo, lo que indica la necesidad de un proceso pedagógico que tipifique y eleve la importancia de una praxis asistencial más coherente y comprometida con las necesidades de salud de la población. Desarrollo: Los referentes epistemológicos sobre este tema revelan una limitada sistematización de la dimensión asistencial respecto a la atención a pacientes con tumores digestivos, pues no se ha logrado integrar el diagnóstico, la prevención y la terapéutica en la intervención holística endoscópica de los especialistas de esta rama de la medicina. Conclusiones: La dinámica praxiológica, endoscópica y asistencial que se propone en esta investigación deviene lógica de sistematización formativa que favorece el perfeccionamiento de la práctica clinicoendoscópico-asistencial de este especialista en la atención holística a pacientes con neoplasias del tracto gastrointestinal.

Introduction: In the training of the Gastroenterology resident are still limitations perceived as for the treatment, prevention and investigation of the digestive system neoplasms, what indicates the necessity of a pedagogic process that typifies and elevate the importance of a more coherent and committed assistance practice with the population's health needs. Development: The epistemological referents on this topic reveal a limited systematization of the assistance dimension regarding care to patients with digestive tumors, because it has not been possible to integrate the diagnosis, prevention and therapy in the holistic endoscopic intervention of the specialists of this branch of medicine. Conclusions: The praxiologic, endoscopic and assistance dynamic that is suggested in this investigation becomes logic of training systematizing that favors the improvement of this specialist's clinicoendoscopic-assistance practice in the holistic care to patients with gastrointestinal tract neoplasms.

The risk of malignancies in patients receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is widely used in the treatment of malignant and non-malignant diseases. Due to advances in the number of survivors of this treatment, the number of survivors is increasing, but the late complications of this therapeutic approach such as secondary cancers have been long term and have not been fully controlled. METHODS: The present meta-analysis study was performed by considering English-language articles in the databases including Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed. This meta-analysis included cohort studies that reported an incidence of cancer following stem cell transplantation (SCT). Random/fixed effect size meta-analyses were used to standardize the incidence ratio for different cancers. RESULTS: 22 studies that evaluated patients receiving SCT (n = 270,063) were included in the study. The study found 9233 cases of cancer after transplantation. Meta-analysis showed that the risk of cancer after SCT was SIR = 1.66 (95% CI 1.47-1.86). The most common cancers observed in SCT recipients were bone tissue, head and neck cancers, and melanoma, with SIRs of 10.04 (3.48-16.61), 6.35 (4.76-7.93) and 3.52 (2.65-4.39), respectively. CONCLUSION: The meta-analysis findings showed that the risk of secondary cancers after HSCT was significantly increased in most types of cancers. Consequently, diagnostic tests for common cancers should be included in the screening program of these patients for the prevention and early detection of high-risk cancers.

Cancer of the digestive system in Veracruz. The magnitude of the problem by 2025. / Cáncer del aparato digestivo en Veracruz. La magnitud del problema al año 2025.

INTRODUCTION: Malignant tumors of the digestive system are a public health problem with epidemiologic variations attributed to factors resulting from the aging of the population and lifestyle changes. Therefore, estimating the future magnitude of the problem is prudent. AIM: To determine the epidemiologic projection up to 2025 of malignant tumors of the digestive system in Veracruz. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A predictive, analytic, observational study was conducted on patients belonging to the Public health sector of Veracruz that presented with digestive system cancer, within the time frame of 2000-2016, carrying out a disease projection up to 2025. The IBM SPSS 22.0 program was utilized for the statistical analysis, employing simple linear regression. A comparative analysis of the data was carried out and results are shown in scatter graphs. RESULTS: A total of 2,540 cases were included in the study. Mean patient age was 63.25±13.43, with a predominance of men at 56.65%. The most frequent tumor locations were in the colon and rectum (25.04%), liver (23.66%), and stomach (21.93%). Less frequent sites were the esophagus (4.88%) and small bowel (5.08%). A general 7.63% increase in the disease was predicted for 2025, with increases to 11.51% for esophageal cancer, 7.22% for gastric cancer, 9.09% for colorectal cancer, 5.98% for liver cancer, 7.88% for pancreatic cancer, and 6.86% for cancer of the gallbladder and bile ducts. Only cancer of the small bowel showed a predicted decrease to 3.33%. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study predict that digestive system cancers in Veracruz will increase importantly by 2025, with colorectal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and gastric cancer as the most frequent tumors, in descending order. The other cancers are estimated to maintain a discrete line of growth. In addition to predicting the behavior of those cancers, the results of the present study are useful for estimating the resources that will be needed for their care by 2025.

Tratamiento del cáncer de canal anal. Descripción de técnica y resultados de tratamiento radiante con o sin quimioterapia. Estudio retrospectivo en una población no seleccionada (1988 - 2016) / Treatment of cancer of the anal canal. Description of technique and results of radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy. Retrospective study in a non-selected population (1988 - 2016) / Tratamento do câncer de canal anal. Descrição de técnica e resultados de tratamento radiante comou sem quimioterapia. Estudo retrospectivo em uma população não selecionada (1988 - 2016)

Introducción: el cáncer de canal anal representa aproximadamente un 2% a 3% de todas las neoplasias digestivas. Nigro describió el tratamiento conservador del cáncer de canal anal utilizando radioterapia y quimioterapia con 5-fluorouracilo (5-FU) y mitomicina C (MMC), desde entonces este tratamiento es estándar. Objetivo: describir la técnica utilizada en nuestro servicio y los resultados en el control locorregional del cáncer de canal anal. Método: descriptivo, longitudinal, retrospectivo. Se analizaron historias de 72 pacientes consecutivos sin exclusiones, portadores de cáncer de canal anal, entre 1988 y 2016. El 67% recibió radioquimioterapia y el 33% de los pacientes radioterapia exclusiva por presentar contraindicaciones médicas específicas y fueron analizados en su conjunto. No se planificaron interrupciones en los tratamientos. Las interrupciones obligatorias fueron de 1 a 17 días con una media de 3 días. Las reacciones agudas fueron moderadas y no se comprobaron complicaciones tardías. Todos recibieron radioterapia locorregional. Resultados: el control local en N0 fue de 86% en T1 y T2 versus 42% en T3 y T4 a seis años, p=0,01 significativo. Conclusiones: la radioterapia con la técnica utilizada en nuestro servicio es efectiva en el tratamiento del cáncer de canal anal. La recidiva local ha sido la causa principal de persistencia lesional o recidiva. La curabilidad de la enfermedad está en relación directa con la extensión clínica/imagenológica de la lesión local.

Introduction: cancer of the anal canal accounts for approximately 2 to 3% of all digestive neoplasms. Nigro described the conservative treatment of cancer of the anal canal using radiation and chemotherapy of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and mitomycin-C (MMC). Since then, this is the standard therapy. Objective: to describe the technique used in our service and its results in the locoregional follow up of cancer of the anal canal. Method: descriptive, longitudinal, retrospective. The medical history of 72 consecutive patients with no exclusions, who were carriers of cancer of the anal canal were analysed between 1988 and 2016. 67% underwent radiation and chemotherapy and 33% only radiation therapy due to specific medical contraindications. All cases were comprehensively studied and no interruption of treatments were planned. Mandatory interruptions were from 1 to 17 days long and average length was 3 days. Severe reactions were moderate and no late complications were seen. All patients underwent locoregional radiation therapy. Results: local control in N0 was 86% in T1 and T2 versus 42% in T3 and T4 after 6 years p=0,01 meaningful. Conclusions: radiation therapy with the technique used in our service is effective to treat cancer of the anal canal. Local relapse has been the main cause of lesions or relapse. Curability of the disease is directly linked to the clinical/imaging extent of the local lesion.

Introdução: o câncer de canal anal representa aproximadamente 2 a 3% das neoplasias digestivas. Nigro descreveu o tratamento conservador do câncer de canal anal utilizando radioterapia e quimioterapia com 5-Fluorouracilo (5-FU) e Mitomicina C (MMC) que tem sido o tratamento padrão. Objetivo: descrever a técnica utilizada no nosso serviço e os resultados do controle locorregional do câncer de canal anal. Método: descritivo, longitudinal, retrospectivo. Foram analisados os prontuários de 72 pacientes consecutivos sem exclusões, portadores de câncer de canal anal, do período 1988-2016. 67% receberam radio quimioterapia e 33% radioterapia exclusivamente devido a contraindicações médicas específicas; os resultados foram analisados conjuntamente. Não se planejou interrupções nos tratamentos. As interrupções obrigatórias foram de 1 a 17 dias com uma média de 3 dias. As reações agudas foram moderadas e não se comprovaram complicações tardias. Todos receberam radioterapia locorregional. Resultados: o controle local em N0 foi de 86% em T1 e T2 versus 42% em T3 e T4 a 6 anos p=0,01 significativo. Conclusões: a radioterapia com a técnica utilizada no nosso Serviço é efetiva no tratamento do câncer de canal anal. A recidiva local foi a causa principal de persistência lesional ou recidiva. A curabilidade da enfermidade está diretamente relacionada com a extensão clínica e das imagens da lesão local.

Evolución de operaciones por enfermedades del intestino proximal y glándulas anexas realizadas en Chile entre 2011 y 2016 / Evolution of surgeries due to diseases of the proximal intestine and anexal glands perfomed in Chile between 2011 and 2016

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los datos sobre número de operaciones realizadas en Chile en patología del intestino proximal y glándulas anexas, han sido cada vez más precisas en los registros estadísticos del MINSAL en los últimos años. OBJETIVO: a) Incorporar datos de otras operaciones no incluidas en reportes previos, b) comparar los resultados de operaciones de alta complejidad reportadas el año 2011 y confrontarlos con los datos del año 2016. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: En el DEIS (Departamento de Estadística e Información de Salud) se obtuvo el número total de operaciones realizadas en Chile el año 2016 y mortalidad operatoria al momento del egreso de diferentes patologías del intestino proximal y glándulas anexas, siendo la mayoría tumores malignos: cáncer de esófago, estómago, páncreas, hígado y vías biliares intrahepáticas y vesícula biliar. Los resultados se compararon con los obtenidos del año 2011. RESULTADOS: La letalidad anual de cánceres digestivos demostró un alza del cáncer de páncreas e hígado, mientras que se aprecia una baja en el cáncer de esófago y vesícula biliar. Operaciones de patología benigna, como la esofagocardiomiotomía y cirugías antirreflujo laparoscópica no mostraron mortalidad, al igual que el bypass gástrico. La colecistectomía y la gastrectomía vertical laparoscópicas, tuvieron una muy baja mortalidad operatoria. En las intervenciones quirúrgicas por tumores malignos se apreció en todos una disminución de la mortalidad operatoria comparado con el año 2011, aunque no fue estadísticamente significativo. CONCLUSIÓN: El presente estudio muestra un aumento de las operaciones por enfermedades del intestino proximal y glándulas anexas así como una disminución de la mortalidad operatoria el año 2016 comparado con el 2011.

INTRODUCTION: The number of operations performed in Chile due to diseases for the foregut, have been every time more precise and complete in the National Register Data of Statistics in Health (MINSAL), and published in several reports (years 1983, 2005 and 2011). OBJECTIVES: a) to incorporate data of new operations not included before and b) to compare the results of high complex operations reported on 2011 and 2016. MATERIAL AND METHODS: from the DEIS (Department of Statistics and Information of Health) we obtained the total number of operations performed during 2016, and the operative mortality at the time of discharge from the hospital for different diseases of the foregut been the majority malignant tumors: esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver and bile ducts carcinoma, and cancer of the gallbladder. The results were compared to dose obtained the year 2011. RESULTS: The annual lethality of digestive malignant tumors showed an increase in pancreatic and liver cancer, while a decrease was observed in patients with esophageal cancer al gallbladder cancer. Operations for benign pathology like esophagomiotomy and laparoscopic antireflux surgery showed no mortality, as well as gastric bypass. Laparoscopic cholecistectomy, and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy presented a very low mortality. Surgical procedures for malignant diseases showed a decrease in operative mortality compare to 2011, although not significant. CONCLUSIONS: The present study shows an increase in the operations for foregut diseases performed during 2016 compared with the year 2011, as well as a decrease in operative mortality.

Concordancia de la sobrevida global, evaluando el tejido adiposo intra-abdominal en cancer de vesicula biliar / Concordance of overall survival, evaluating intra-abdominal adipose tissue in gallbladder cancer

El uso del rol predictor del tejido adiposo intra-abdominal puede ser un criterio útil para estimar la concordancia del tiempo de supervivencia, comparándolo al sistema de estadiaje TNM, en cáncer primario de vesícula biliar. Su beneficio es no requerir de métodos invasivos para su evaluación. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, de cohortes, con un grupo conformado por pacientes con obesidad según el valor del tejido adiposo intra-abdominal, evaluado por tomografía, así como otro grupo sin obesidad. El estudio incluyó 19 pacientes, con seguimiento desde diciembre de 2009 hasta febrero de 2013, divididos en el primer grupo 8 y en el grupo sin obesidad a 11 pacientes. La estadística usada para evaluar su concordancia fue el método Kaplan-Meier y la prueba Logrank (Mantel-Haezel). El tiempo de supervivencia global en el grupo de obesidad fue 13,6 meses y del grupo sin obesidad 11,7 meses. El valor del tejido adiposo intra-abdominal no muestra concordancia para pronosticar sobrevida, comparado a la estadificación de eoplasias TNM(AU)

The use of the predicting roll of intraabdominal fat can be a useful to consider the agreement of the time of survival, being compared it the characters of the system of TNM stage. Its benefit is not to require of invasive methods for its evaluation. A cohorts prospective study was made, with a group conformed by patients to obesity according to the value of the intraabdominal fat, evaluated by tomografía, and another group without obesity. The group I include population of patients from December of the 2009 to February of the 2013, being 19 cases, divided in first group 8 and the group without obesity to 11 patients. The used statistic to evaluate its agreement was the Kaplan-Meier method and the Logrank test (Mantel-Haezel).The overall survival in group I (Obesity) was 13.6 months and of group without obesity was 11.7 months. The value of the intra-abdominal fat does not show agreement to forecast of survivor, compared to neoplasm staging TNM(AU)

Mantle cell lymphoma with involvement of the digestive tract. / Linfoma del manto con afección del tubo digestivo.

INTRODUCTION AND AIM: Mantle cell lymphoma is an aggressive subtype of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and its incidence is 0.5/100,000 inhabitants. Gastrointestinal involvement at diagnosis is 15-30%. The aim of our study was to analyze the clinical and endoscopic characteristics of mantle cell lymphoma affecting the digestive tract. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted, based on a case series of patients with mantle cell lymphoma affecting the gastrointestinal tract that were diagnosed over a 10-year period. RESULTS: Ten patients (11.7%) had gastrointestinal tract involvement. The upper endoscopic findings were polypoid lesions (66%), thickened folds (44%), and nonspecific changes in the mucosa (33%). At colonoscopy, polypoid lesions were viewed in 100% of the patients and ulcerated lesions in 40%. CONCLUSION: Polypoid lesions are the most common endoscopic characteristics in patients with mantle cell lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract. Upper endoscopy and colonoscopy should be carried out on patients with mantle cell lymphoma, even those with nonspecific symptoms, to check their gastrointestinal status. Gastrointestinal involvement has an impact on disease staging.