Neuroglobin plays as tumor suppressor by disrupting the stability of GPR35 in colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) has increased in recent years. Identification of accurate tumor markers has become the focus of CRC research. Early and frequent DNA methylation tends to occur in cancer. Thus, identifying accurate methylation biomarkers would improve the efficacy of CRC treatment. Neuroglobin (NGB) is involved in neurological and oncological diseases. However, there are currently no reports on epigenetic regulation involvement of NGB in CRC. RESULTS: NGB was downregulated or silenced in majority CRC tissues and cell lines. The hypermethylation of NGB was detected in tumor tissue, but no or a very low methylation frequency in normal tissues. Overexpression of NGB induced G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis, suppressed proliferation, migration, invasion in vitro, and inhibited CRC tumor growth and angiogenesis in vivo. Isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (Itraq)-based proteomics identified approximately 40% proteins related to cell-cell adhesion, invasion, and tumor vessel formation in the tumor microenvironment, among which GPR35 was proved critical for NGB-regulated tumor angiogenesis suppression in CRC. CONCLUSIONS: NGB, an epigenetically silenced factor, inhibits metastasis through the GPR35 in CRC. It is expected to grow into a potential cancer risk assessment factor and a valuable biomarker for early diagnosis and prognosis assessment of CRC.

Neuroglobin deficiency increases seizure susceptibility but does not affect basal behavior in mice.

Neuroglobin (Ngb) is found in the neurones of several different brain areas and is known to bind oxygen and other gaseous molecules and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro, but it does not seem to act as a respiratory molecule for neurones. Using male and female Ngb-knockout (KO) mice, we addressed the role of Ngb in neuronal brain activity using behavioral tests but found no differences in general behaviors, memory processes, and anxiety-/depression-like behaviors. Oxidative stress and ROS play key roles in epileptogenesis, and oxidative injury produced by an excessive production of free radicals is involved in the initiation and progression of epilepsy. The ROS binding properties led us to hypothesize that lack of Ngb could affect central coping with excitatory stimuli. We consequently explored whether exposure to the excitatory molecule kainate (KA) would increase severity of seizures in mice lacking Ngb. We found that the duration and severity of seizures were increased, while the latency time to develop seizures was shortened in Ngb-KO compared to wildtype adult female mice. Consistently, c-fos expression after KA was significantly increased in Ngb-KO mice in the amygdala and piriform cortex, regions rich in Ngb and known to be centrally involved in seizure generation. Moreover, the measured c-fos expression levels were correlated with seizure susceptibility. With these new findings combined with previous studies we propose that Ngb could constitute an intrinsic defense mechanism against neuronal hyperexcitability and oxidative stress by buffering of ROS in amygdala and other Ngb-containing brain regions.

Expression Pattern of Ngb in Astrocytes after Spinal Cord Injury and the Clinical Significance.

In the current study, we evaluated the expression pattern of neuroglobin (Ngb) in the astrocytes after spinal cord injury (SCI) and explore the clinical significance. For this purpose, a total of 48 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the SCI group (n = 40) and Sham group (n = 8). Rats in the SCI group were used to prepare the SCI models by using the modified Allen's method, followed by the HE staining to observe the post-SCI pathological changes and immunofluorescent staining to observe the dynamic changes of Ngb in astrocytes after SCI. Then, oxidative stress injury models were constructed on the astrocytes in the spinal cord of rats by using peroxide in different concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 400µmol/L), and at 6 and 12 h after treatment, the vitality of astrocytes that were treated by peroxide in different concentrations was determined using the MTT method, while the ability of astrocytes to generate radical oxygen species (ROS) was determined by using the flow cytometry. The mRNA expression of Ngb after the oxidative stress injury in astrocytes was measured by using the real-time quantitative PCR. Results of HE staining demonstrated that rats with SCI presented with the gradual transition from acute injury into the glial scar, a natural repair, while the results of immunofluorescent staining indicated that after SCI, expression of Ngb in the astrocytes experienced an increase followed by a decrease, and the peak level was attained at 14 d after SCI. Following the treatment of H2O2 at different concentrations (50, 100, 150, 200 and 400µmol/L) for 6 and 12 h, the vitality of astrocytes in the model groups was significantly lower than that in the control groups (all P < 0.05). As the concentration of H2O2 increased (50, 100, 150, 200, 400µmol/L) and exposure to H2O2 prolonged (6, 12 h), mRNA expression was firstly increased but then decreased in astrocytes in a time-dose dependent pattern (all P < 0.05). After SCI, the expression of Ngb in the astrocytes of spine was upregulated, suggesting that Ngb may be involved in the anti-oxidative stress injury in astrocytes after SCI, thereby playing as an endogenous protector of cells.

Overexpression of Neuroglobin Promotes Energy Metabolism and Autophagy Induction in Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells.

Neuroglobin (NGB) is an O2-binding globin mainly expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems and cerebrospinal fluid. Previously, it was demonstrated that NGB overexpression protects cells from hypoxia-induced death. To investigate processes promoted by NGB overexpression, we used a cellular model of neuroblastoma stably overexpressing an NGB-FLAG construct. We used a proteomic approach to identify the specific profile following NGB overexpression. To evaluate the role of NGB overexpression in increasing energetic metabolism, we measured oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and the extracellular acidification rate through Seahorse XF technology. The effect on autophagy induction was evaluated by analyzing SQSTM1/p62 and LC3-II expression. Proteomic analysis revealed several differentially regulated proteins, involved in oxidative phosphorylation and integral mitochondrial proteins linked to energy metabolism. The analysis of mitochondrial metabolism demonstrated that NGB overexpression increases mitochondrial ATP production. Indeed, NGB overexpression enhances bioenergetic metabolism, increasing OCR and oxygen consumption. Analysis of autophagy induction revealed an increase of LC3-II together with a significant decrease of SQSTM1/p62, and NGB-LC3-II association during autophagosome formation. These results highlight the active participation of NGB in several cellular processes that can be upregulated in response to NGB overexpression, playing a role in the adaptive response to stress in neuroblastoma cells.

Neuroglobin in Retinal Neurodegeneration: A Potential Target in Therapeutic Approaches.

Retinal neurodegeneration affects an increasing number of people worldwide causing vision impairments and blindness, reducing quality of life, and generating a great economic challenge. Due to the complexity of the tissue, and the diversity of retinal neurodegenerative diseases in terms of etiology and clinical presentation, so far, there are no cures and only a few early pathological markers have been identified. Increasing efforts have been made to identify and potentiate endogenous protective mechanisms or to abolish detrimental stress responses to preserve retinal structure and function. The discovering of the intracellular monomeric globin neuroglobin (NGB), found at high concentration in the retina, has opened new possibilities for the treatment of retinal disease. Indeed, the NGB capability to reversibly bind oxygen and its neuroprotective function against several types of insults including oxidative stress, ischemia, and neurodegenerative conditions have raised the interest in the possible role of the globin as oxygen supplier in the retina and as a target for retinal neurodegeneration. Here, we provide the undercurrent knowledge on NGB distribution in retinal layers and the evidence about the connection between NGB level modulation and the functional outcome in terms of retinal neuroprotection to provide a novel therapeutic/preventive target for visual pathway degenerative disease.

Neuroglobin effectively halts vision loss in Harlequin mice at an advanced stage of optic nerve degeneration.

Mitochondrial diseases are among the most prevalent groups of inherited neurological disorders, affecting up to 1 in 5000 adults. Despite the progress achieved on the identification of gene mutations causing mitochondrial pathologies, they cannot be cured so far. Harlequin mice, a relevant model of mitochondrial pathology due to apoptosis inducing factor depletion, suffer from progressive disappearance of retinal ganglion cells leading to optic neuropathy. In our previous work, we showed that administering adeno-associated virus encompassing the coding sequences for neuroglobin, (a neuroprotective molecule belonging to the globin family) or apoptosis-inducing factor, before neurodegeneration onset, prevented retinal ganglion cell loss and preserved visual function. One of the challenges to develop an effective treatment for optic neuropathies is to consider that by the time patients become aware of their handicap, a large amount of nerve fibers has already disappeared. Gene therapy was performed in Harlequin mice aged between 4 and 5 months with either a neuroglobin or an apoptosis-inducing factor vector to determine whether the increased abundance of either one of these proteins in retinas could preserve visual function at this advanced stage of the disease. We demonstrated that gene therapy, by preserving the connectivity of transduced retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve bioenergetics, results in the enhancement of visual cortex activity, ultimately rescuing visual impairment. This study demonstrates that: (a) An increased abundance of neuroglobin functionally overcomes apoptosis-inducing factor absence in Harlequin mouse retinas at a late stage of neuronal degeneration; (b) The beneficial effect for visual function could be mediated by neuroglobin localization to the mitochondria, thus contributing to the maintenance of the organelle homeostasis.

Expression and distribution of neuroglobin and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in the adult yak telencephalon.

The telencephalon is also known as the cerebrum, and it consists of the largest part of the brain. It makes up about 85% of the total weight of the brain. Neuroglobin (Ngb) is a protein found in neurons of both the peripheral and central nervous system that appears to convey some resilience to hypoxia, while the hypoxia-inducible factor (Hif-1α) is a dimeric protein complex that plays an integral role in the body's response to low oxygen concentrations, or hypoxia. The study examines the expression of Ngb and Hif-1α in the telencephalon of adult yak in the telencephalon. The immunohistochemistry (IHC), quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot (WB) were employed to investigate Ngb and Hif-1α expression in the telencephalon. Ngb and Hif-1α are significantly expressed in all tissues of the telencephalon except the hypothalamus. The cerebellar cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, cerebellum and corpus callosum recorded the highest expression but not significant. The overall expression revealed that Ngb expression was higher as compared to Hif-1α. The IHC results also showed that the expression of Ngb and Hif-1α were higher in the cerebellar cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, cerebellum and corpus callosum as compared to other regions. The results suggested that Ngb and Hif-1α expression influence the adaptive mechanism of yak to the high altitude environment. Both Ngb and Hif-1α participate in oxygen transports throughout the telencephalon and have functions in neuroprotection. Further studies are needed to confirm the mechanism of adaptation.

Proteomic and Bioinformatic Investigation of Altered Pathways in Neuroglobin-Deficient Breast Cancer Cells.

Neuroglobin (NGB) is a myoglobin-like monomeric globin that is involved in several processes, displaying a pivotal redox-dependent protective role in neuronal and extra-neuronal cells. NGB remarkably exerts its function upon upregulation by NGB inducers, such as 17ß-estradiol (E2) and H2O2. However, the molecular bases of NGB's functions remain undefined, mainly in non-neuronal cancer cells. Human MCF-7 breast cancer cells with a knocked-out (KO) NGB gene obtained using CRISPR/Cas9 technology were analyzed using shotgun label-free quantitative proteomics in comparison with control cells. The differential proteomics experiments were also performed after treatment with E2, H2O2, and E2 + H2O2. All the runs acquired using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry were elaborated within the same MaxQuant analysis, leading to the quantification of 1872 proteins in the global proteomic dataset. Then, a differentially regulated protein dataset was obtained for each specific treatment. After the proteomic study, multiple bioinformatics analyses were performed to highlight unbalanced pathways and processes. Here, we report the proteomic and bioinformatic investigations concerning the effects on cellular processes of NGB deficiency and cell treatments. Globally, the main processes that were affected were related to the response to stress, cytoskeleton dynamics, apoptosis, and mitochondria-driven pathways.

Neuroglobin alleviates arsenic-induced neuronal damage.

People who drink water contaminated with arsenic for a long time develop neuritis, cerebellar symptoms, and deficits in memory and intellectual function. Arsenic induces oxidative stress and promotes apoptosis through multiple signalling pathways in nerve cells. Neuroglobin (Ngb), as a key mediator, is considered to be protective against oxidative stress. In this study, we aimed to study the effects of Ngb knockdown in arsenite-treated rat neurons on levels of apoptosis markers and reactive oxygen species and serum Ngb levels of subjects from arsenic-endemic regions in China. We discovered that arsenic-induced apoptosis and reactive oxygen species production were enhanced in Ngb-knocked-down rat neurons. Silencing of Ngb aggravated the arsenic-induced decrease in the rate of Bcl-2/Bax and the levels of Bcl-2 protein following arsenite treatment. The results also showed that serum Ngb levels were independently negatively correlated with arsenic concentration in drinking water. Furthermore, the serum Ngb levels of four groups (245 individuals) according to different degree exposure to arsenic were 815.18 ± 89.52, 1247.97 ± 117.18, 774.79 ± 91.55, and 482.72 ± 49.30 pg/mL, respectively. Taken together, it can be deduced that Ngb has protective effects against arsenic-induced apoptosis by eliminating reactive oxygen species.

Lack of orientation selectivity of the heme insertion in murine neuroglobin revealed by resonance Raman spectroscopy.

Different murine neuroglobin variants showing structural and dynamic alterations that are associated with perturbation of ligand binding have been studied: the CD loop mutants characterized by an enhanced flexibility (Gly-loop40-48 and Gly-loop44-47 ), the F106A mutant, and the double Gly-loop44-47 /F106A mutant. Their ferric resonance Raman spectra in solution and in crystals are almost identical. In the high-frequency region, the identification of a double set of core size marker bands indicates the presence of two 6-coordinate low spin species. The resonance Raman data, together with the corresponding crystal structures, indicate the presence of two neuroglobin conformers with a reversed (A conformer) or a canonical (B conformer) heme insertion orientation. With the identification of the marker bands corresponding to each conformer, the data indicate that the B conformer increases at the expense of the A form, predominantly in the Gly-loop44-47 /F106A double mutant, as confirmed by X-ray crystallography. This is the first time that a reversed heme insertion has been identified by resonance Raman in a native 6-coordinate low-spin heme protein. This diagnostic tool could be extended to other heme proteins in order to detect heme orientational disorder, which are likely to be correlated to functionally relevant heme dynamics. DATABASE: Crystallographic structure: structural data are deposited in the Protein Data Bank under the 6RA6 PDB entry.

Adaptations to environmental change: Globin superfamily evolution in Antarctic fishes.

The ancient origins and functional versatility of globins make them ideal subjects for studying physiological adaptation to environmental change. Our goals in this review are to describe the evolution of the vertebrate globin gene superfamily and to explore the structure/function relationships of hemoglobin, myoglobin, neuroglobin and cytoglobin in teleost fishes. We focus on the globins of Antarctic notothenioids, emphasizing their adaptive features as inferred from comparisons with human proteins. We dedicate this review to Guido di Prisco, our co-author, colleague, friend, and husband of C.V. Ever thoughtful, creative, and enthusiastic, Guido spearheaded study of the structure, function, and evolution of the hemoglobins of polar fishes - this review is testimony to his wide-ranging contributions. Throughout his career, Guido inspired younger scientists to embrace polar biological research, and he challenged researchers of all ages to explore evolutionary adaptation in the context of global climate change. Beyond his scientific contributions, we will miss his warmth, his culture, and his great intellect. Guido has left an outstanding legacy, one that will continue to inspire us and our research.

Neuroglobin As Key Mediator in the 17ß-Estradiol-Induced Antioxidant Cell Response to Oxidative Stress.

Aims: Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like-2 factor (NRF-2) is a transcription factor well known to provide an advantage for cancer growth and survival regulating the cellular redox pathway. In breast cancer cells, we recently identified the monomeric heme-globin neuroglobin (NGB) as part of a new mechanism induced by the steroid hormone 17ß-estradiol (E2) against oxidative stress. While there is mounting evidence suggesting a critical role of NGB as a sensor of oxidative stress, scarce information is available about its involvement in NRF-2 pathway activation in breast cancer cells. Results: Although NGB is not involved in the rapid E2-induced NRF-2 stability, E2 loses the capacity to regulate the expression of NRF-2-dependent genes in NGB-depleted MCF-7 cells. These data strongly sustain a role of NGB as a compensatory protein in the E2-activated intracellular pathway devoted to the increase of cancer cells tolerance to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in stressing conditions acting as key regulator of NRF-2 pathway activity in a time-dependent manner. Innovation: In this study, we identified a new role of NGB in the cell response to oxidative stress. Conclusion: Altogether, reported results open new insights on the NGB effect in regulating intracellular pathways related to cell adaptive response to stress and, as consequence, to cell survival, beyond its direct effect as ROS scavenger, opening new prospective in cancer therapeutic intervention.

Elevated Neuroglobin Lessens Neuroinflammation and Alleviates Neurobehavioral Deficits Induced by Acute Inhalation of Combustion Smoke in the Mouse.

Acute inhalation of combustion smoke produces long-term neurologic deficits in survivors. To study the mechanisms that contribute to the development of neurologic deficits and identify targets for prevention, we developed a mouse model of acute inhalation of combustion smoke, which supports longitudinal investigation of mechanisms that underlie the smoke induced inimical sequelae in the brain. Using a transgenic mouse engineered to overexpress neuroglobin, a neuroprotective oxygen-binding globin protein, we previously demonstrated that elevated neuroglobin preserves mitochondrial respiration and attenuates formation of oxidative DNA damage in the mouse brain after smoke exposure. In the current study, we show that elevated neuronal neuroglobin attenuates the persistent inflammatory changes induced by smoke exposure in the mouse brain and mitigates concordant smoke-induced long-term neurobehavioral deficits. Specifically, we found that increases in hippocampal density of GFAP and Iba-1 positive cells that are detected post-smoke in wild-type mice are absent in the neuroglobin overexpressing transgenic (Ngb-tg) mice. Similarly, the smoke induced hippocampal myelin depletion is not observed in the Ngb-tg mice. Importantly, elevated neuroglobin alleviates behavioral and memory deficits that develop after acute smoke inhalation in the wild-type mice. Taken together, our findings suggest that the protective effects exerted by neuroglobin in the brains of smoke exposed mice afford protection from long-term neurologic sequelae of acute inhalation of combustion smoke. Our transgenic mouse provides a tool for assessing the potential of elevated neuroglobin as possible strategy for management of smoke inhalation injury.

Non-Methylation-Linked Mechanism of REST-Induced Neuroglobin Expression Impacts Mitochondrial Phenotypes in a Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

Neuroglobin (Ngb) is a REST/NRSF-regulated protein, active in reactive oxygen species detoxification and cytochrome c inhibition, which provides a beneficial outcome in pathologies as Alzheimer's disease and strokes. Considering that oxidative stress and cell death are typical hallmarks of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), we sought to explore Ngb's involvement along this disease progression. Ngb transcription was detected to be two-fold down-regulated in late-stage SODG93A mice, similarly as previously described for Alzheimer disease. Interestingly, in accordance with REST/NRSF transcription, Ngb expression is higher in spinal cords than in cortices. Hence, downstream REST/NRSF mechanisms were studied. A methylation cluster in Ngb's exon 1 (Chr12:87101763-87102586) was selected to assess methylation alterations, based on significantly altered positions in GEO DataSets of human c9orf72 and sporadic ALS cases. However, only the methylation percentage on position Chr12.87102586 was significantly increased in SODG93A mice. A larger impact can therefore be expected from the detected altered REST splicing; with levels of alternatively spliced, gene-activating REST4 to be lower than those of the gene-inhibitory full variant. To look further into the link between Ngb and ALS, we generated a double mutant Ngb-/-SODG93A mouse model, which shows an earlier onset and severity of hind limb deficits. Mitochondria derived thereof showed an altered mean volume, granularity and Ca2+-induced swelling as compared to NgbWt/WtSODG93A mice. These results indicate Ngb to be involved in and affected by the SOD1G93A pathology, which could in part be attributed to its role in halting destabilizing events of mitochondrial swelling and phenotypes.

Proximal and distal control for ligand binding in neuroglobin: role of the CD loop and evidence for His64 gating.

Neuroglobin (Ngb) is predominantly expressed in neurons of the central and peripheral nervous systems and it clearly seems to be involved in neuroprotection. Engineering Ngb to observe structural and dynamic alterations associated with perturbation in ligand binding might reveal important structural determinants, and could shed light on key features related to its mechanism of action. Our results highlight the relevance of the CD loop and of Phe106 as distal and proximal controls involved in ligand binding in murine neuroglobin. We observed the effects of individual and combined mutations of the CD loop and Phe106 that conferred to Ngb higher CO binding velocities, which we correlate with the following structural observations: the mutant F106A shows, upon CO binding, a reduced heme sliding hindrance, with the heme present in a peculiar double conformation, whereas in the CD loop mutant "Gly-loop", the original network of interactions between the loop and the heme was abolished, enhancing binding via facilitated gating out of the distal His64. Finally, the double mutant, combining both mutations, showed a synergistic effect on CO binding rates. Resonance Raman spectroscopy and MD simulations support our findings on structural dynamics and heme interactions in wild type and mutated Ngbs.

Light-Induced Pulsed EPR Dipolar Spectroscopy on a Paradigmatic Hemeprotein.

Light-induced pulsed EPR dipolar spectroscopic methods allow the determination of nanometer distances between paramagnetic sites. Here we employ orthogonal spin labels, a chromophore triplet state and a stable radical, to carry out distance measurements in singly nitroxide-labeled human neuroglobin. We demonstrate that Zn-substitution of neuroglobin, to populate the Zn(II) protoporphyrin IX triplet state, makes it possible to perform light-induced pulsed dipolar experiments on hemeproteins, extending the use of light-induced dipolar spectroscopy to this large class of metalloproteins. The versatility of the method is ensured by the employment of different techniques: relaxation-induced dipolar modulation enhancement (RIDME) is applied for the first time to the photoexcited triplet state. In addition, an alternative pulse scheme for laser-induced magnetic dipole (LaserIMD) spectroscopy, based on the refocused-echo detection sequence, is proposed for accurate zero-time determination and reliable distance analysis.

Fucosterol exerts protection against amyloid ß-induced neurotoxicity, reduces intracellular levels of amyloid ß and enhances the mRNA expression of neuroglobin in amyloid ß-induced SH-SY5Y cells.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that leads to progressive loss of neurons which often results in deterioration of memory and cognitive function. The development of AD is highly associated with the formation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Amyloid ß (Aß) induces neurotoxicity and contributes to the development of AD. Recent evidences also highlighted the importance of neuroglobin (Ngb) in ameliorating AD. This study assessed the ability of fucosterol, a phytosterol found in brown alga, in protecting SH-SY5Y cells against Aß-induced neurotoxicity. Its effects on the mRNA levels of APP and Ngb as well as the intracellular Aß levels were also determined in Aß-induced SH-SY5Y cells. SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to fucosterol prior to Aß treatment. The effect on apoptosis was determined using Annexin V FITC staining and mRNA expression was studied using RT-PCR. Flow cytometry confirmed the protective effects of fucosterol on SH-SY5Y cells against Aß-induced apoptosis. Pretreatment with fucosterol increased the Ngb mRNA levels but reduced the levels of APP mRNA and intracellular Aß in Aß-induced SH-SY5Y cells. These observations demonstrated the protective properties of fucosterol against Aß-induced neurotoxicity in neuronal cells.

Impact of A90P, F106L and H64V mutations on neuroglobin stability and ligand binding kinetics.

Human neuroglobin (Ngb) is a hexacoordinated globin which binds some small ligands. Its function is still not well-established, even though Ngb seems to be implicated in the protection against neurodegenerative diseases. It has been shown by molecular dynamics and crystallography that ligand binding could occur thanks to a haem sliding mechanism specific to Ngb. In this paper, we studied some regions which could participate in this mechanism. We used UV-visible spectroscopy, CD and NMR to have a look on the protein structure and NMR and stopped-flow to study the ligand binding properties of the proteins. In the haem environment we mutated the distal histidine H64, the alanine A90 which is on the proximal F helix and the phenylalanine F106 which is close to the haem. We showed that both H64V and A90P variants, which affect the haem coordination, seemed to be important to haem and protein secondary structure stabilities whereas F106L mutation did not affect those properties. Then we confirmed that the cyanide binding kinetics were isomer dependent on wild-type Ngb and A90P and F106L variants. H64V Ngb variant had a behavior similar to wild-type Mb or Hb with a loss of the haem kinetic differentiation. Moreover, our results suggested that one haem isomer was more sensitive to A90P and F106L mutations. Those results brought some evidence that the haem sliding mechanism could occur for the cyanide binding and could be haem isomer dependent. The isomer forms may play distinct roles for the potential function of Ngb in vivo.

Potentiation of paclitaxel effect by resveratrol in human breast cancer cells by counteracting the 17ß-estradiol/estrogen receptor α/neuroglobin pathway.

Neuroglobin (NGB), an antiapoptotic protein upregulated by 17ß-estradiol (E2), is part of E2/estrogen receptor α (ERα) pathway pointed to preserve cancer cell survival in presence of microenvironmental stressors including chemotherapeutic drugs. Here, the possibility that resveratrol (Res), an anticancer plant polyphenol, could increase the susceptibility of breast cancer cells to paclitaxel (Pacl) by affecting E2/ERα/NGB pathway has been evaluated. In MCF-7 and T47D (ERα-positive), but not in MDA-MB 231 (ERα-negative) nor in SK-N-BE (ERα and ERß positive), Res decreases NGB levels interfering with E2/ERα-induced NGB upregulation and with E2-induced ERα and protein kinase B phosphorylation. Although Res treatment does not reduce cell viability by itself, this compound potentiates Pacl proapoptotic effects. Notably, the increase of NGB levels by NGB expression vector transfection prevents Pacl or Res/Pacl effects. Taken together, these findings indicate a new Res-based mechanism that acts on tumor cells impairing the E2/ERα/NGB signaling pathways and increasing cancer cell susceptibility to chemotherapeutic agent.

Neuroglobin promotes neurogenesis through Wnt signaling pathway.

Neuroglobin (Ngb) has been demonstrated by our lab and others to be neuroprotective against neurological disorders including stroke. However, the roles of Ngb in neurogenesis remain elusive. Neurogenesis can occur in adulthood and can be induced by pathological conditions in the brain such as stroke, and significantly contributes to functional recovery, thus enhancing endogenous neurogenesis may be a promising therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases. In this study we aimed to investigate the roles of Ngb in neurogenesis using Lentivirus overexpressing Ngb (Lv-Ngb). We show that Ngb overexpression promoted the proliferation of neural progenitor cells (NPC) marked by increased neurosphere number and size. Ngb overexpression also enhanced neuronal differentiation of cultured NPC under differentiation conditions. Moreover, subventricular injection of Lv-Ngb in mice after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) increased PSA-NCAM positive neuroblastoma cells and Tuj1 positive immature neurons, suggesting that Ngb overexpression promotes neurogenesis in mice brain after stroke. We further show that the pro-neurogenesis effect of Ngb overexpression might be mediated through Dvl1 up-regulation, and subsequent activation of Wnt signaling, indicated by increased nuclear localization of beta-catenin. These results suggest that Ngb may play an important role in promoting neurogenesis in neurodegenerative diseases such as stroke, which may eventually benefit the development of stroke therapeutics targeting neurogenesis through Ngb upregulation.