Sexual Harassment, Abuse, and Discrimination in Obstetrics and Gynecology: A Systematic Review.

Importance: Unlike other surgical specialties, obstetrics and gynecology (OB-GYN) has been predominantly female for the last decade. The association of this with gender bias and sexual harassment is not known. Objective: To systematically review the prevalence of sexual harassment, bullying, abuse, and discrimination among OB-GYN clinicians and trainees and interventions aimed at reducing harassment in OB-GYN and other surgical specialties. Evidence Review: A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov was conducted to identify studies published from inception through June 13, 2023.: For the prevalence of harassment, OB-GYN clinicians and trainees on OB-GYN rotations in all subspecialties in the US or Canada were included. Personal experiences of harassment (sexual harassment, bullying, abuse, and discrimination) by other health care personnel, event reporting, burnout and exit from medicine, fear of retaliation, and related outcomes were included. Interventions across all surgical specialties in any country to decrease incidence of harassment were also evaluated. Abstracts and potentially relevant full-text articles were double screened.: Eligible studies were extracted into standard forms. Risk of bias and certainty of evidence of included research were assessed. A meta-analysis was not performed owing to heterogeneity of outcomes. Findings: A total of 10 eligible studies among 5852 participants addressed prevalence and 12 eligible studies among 2906 participants addressed interventions. The prevalence of sexual harassment (range, 250 of 907 physicians [27.6%] to 181 of 255 female gynecologic oncologists [70.9%]), workplace discrimination (range, 142 of 249 gynecologic oncologists [57.0%] to 354 of 527 gynecologic oncologists [67.2%] among women; 138 of 358 gynecologic oncologists among males [38.5%]), and bullying (131 of 248 female gynecologic oncologists [52.8%]) was frequent among OB-GYN respondents. OB-GYN trainees commonly experienced sexual harassment (253 of 366 respondents [69.1%]), which included gender harassment, unwanted sexual attention, and sexual coercion. The proportion of OB-GYN clinicians who reported their sexual harassment to anyone ranged from 21 of 250 AAGL (formerly, the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists) members (8.4%) to 32 of 256 gynecologic oncologists (12.5%) compared with 32.6% of OB-GYN trainees. Mistreatment during their OB-GYN rotation was indicated by 168 of 668 medical students surveyed (25.1%). Perpetrators of harassment included physicians (30.1%), other trainees (13.1%), and operating room staff (7.7%). Various interventions were used and studied, which were associated with improved recognition of bias and reporting (eg, implementation of a video- and discussion-based mistreatment program during a surgery clerkship was associated with a decrease in medical student mistreatment reports from 14 reports in previous year to 9 reports in the first year and 4 in the second year after implementation). However, no significant decrease in the frequency of sexual harassment was found with any intervention. Conclusions and Relevance: This study found high rates of harassment behaviors within OB-GYN. Interventions to limit these behaviors were not adequately studied, were limited mostly to medical students, and typically did not specifically address sexual or other forms of harassment.

Defining practices suitable for care via teleconsultation in gynaecological and obstetrical care: a French Delphi survey.

OBJECTIVE: Delineate the scope of teleconsultation services that can be effectively performed to provide women with comprehensive gynaecological and obstetrical care. DESIGN: Based on the literature and experts' insights, we identified a list of gynaecological and obstetrical care practices suitable for teleconsultation. A three-round Delphi consensus survey was then conducted online among a panel of French experts. Experts using a 9-point Likert scale assessed the relevance of each teleconsultation practice in four key domains: prevention, gynaecology and antenatal and postnatal care. Consensus was determined by applying a dual-criteria approach: the median score on a 9-point Likert scale and the percentage of votes either below 5 or 5 and higher. SETTING: The study was conducted at a national level in France and involved multiple healthcare centres and professionals from various geographical locations. PARTICIPANTS: The panel comprised 22 French experts with 19 healthcare professionals, including 12 midwives, 3 obstetricians-gynaecologists, 4 general practitioners and 3 healthcare system users. Participants were selected to include diverse practice settings encompassing hospital and private practices in both rural and urban areas. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The study's primary outcome was the identification of gynaecological and obstetrical care practices suitable for teleconsultation. Secondary outcomes included the level of professional consensus on these practices. RESULTS: In total, 71 practices were included in the Delphi survey. The practices approved for teleconsultation were distributed as follows: 92% in prevention (n=12/13), 55% in gynaecology (n=18/33), 31% in prenatal care (n=5/16) and 12% in postnatal care (n=1/9). Lastly, 10 practices remained under discussion: 7 in gynaecology, 2 in prenatal care and 1 in postnatal care. CONCLUSIONS: Our consensus survey highlights both the advantages and limitations of teleconsultations for women's gynaecological and obstetrical care, emphasising the need for careful consideration and tailored implementation.

Use of artificial intelligence in obstetric and gynaecological diagnostics: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Emerging developments in applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare offer the opportunity to improve diagnostic capabilities in obstetrics and gynaecology (O&G), ensuring early detection of pathology, optimal management and improving survival. Consensus on a robust AI healthcare framework is crucial for standardising protocols that promote data privacy and transparency, minimise bias, and ensure patient safety. Here, we describe the study protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate current applications of AI in O&G diagnostics with consideration of reporting standards used and their ethical implications. This protocol is written following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 checklist. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The study objective is to explore the current application of AI in O&G diagnostics and assess the reporting standards used in these studies. Electronic bibliographic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane will be searched. Study selection, data extraction and subsequent narrative synthesis and meta-analyses will be carried out following the PRISMA-P guidelines. Included papers will be English-language full-text articles from May 2015 to March 2024, which provide original data, as AI has been redefined in recent literature. Papers must use AI as the predictive method, focusing on improving O&G diagnostic outcomes.We will evaluate the reporting standards including the risk of bias, lack of transparency and consider the ethical implications and potential harm to patients. Outcome measures will involve assessing the included studies against gold-standard criteria for robustness of model development (Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis Or Diagnosis, model predictive performance, model risk of bias and applicability (Prediction model Risk Of Bias Assessment Tool and study reporting (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials-AI) guidance. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval is not required for this systematic review. Findings will be shared through peer-reviewed publications. There will be no patient or public involvement in this study. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42022357024 .

Quality improvement initiative: improving obstetric triaging practices in a rural maternal hospital in central India.

Triaging of obstetric patients by emergency care providers is paramount. It helps provide appropriate and timely management to prevent further injury and complications. Standardised trauma acuity scales have limited applicability in obstetric triage. Specific obstetric triage index tools improve maternal and neonatal outcomes but remain underused. The aim was to introduce a validity-tested obstetric triage tool to improve the percentage of correctly triaged patients (correctly colour-coded in accordance with triage index tool and attended to within the stipulated time interval mandated by the tool) from the baseline of 49% to more than 90% through a quality improvement (QI) process.A team of nurses, obstetricians and postgraduates did a root cause analysis to identify the possible reasons for incorrect triaging of obstetric patients using process flow mapping and fish bone analysis. Various change ideas were tested through sequential Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles to address issues identified.The interventions included introduction and application of an obstetric triage index tool, training of triage nurses and residents. We implemented these interventions in eight PDSA cycles and observed outcomes by using run charts. A set of process, output and outcome indicators were used to track if changes made were leading to improvement.Proportion of correctly triaged women increased from the baseline of 49% to more than 95% over a period of 8 months from February to September 2020, and the results have been sustained in the last PDSA cycle, and the triage system is still sustained with similar results. The median triage waiting time reduced from the baseline of 40 min to less than 10 min. There was reduction in complications attributable to improper triaging such as preterm delivery, prolonged intensive care unit stay and overall morbidity. It can be thus concluded that a QI approach improved obstetric triaging in a rural maternity hospital in India.

Social media trends in obstetrics and gynecology residency programs on Instagram and X (Twitter).

BACKGROUND: During the COVID pandemic, residency program's social media presence increased to aid in residency recruitment by attempting to increase engagement and readily available information for applicants across specialties. However, little information exists on what characteristics and content on obstetrics and gynecology (OBGYN) residency program accounts attract more followers or engagement. OBJECTIVES: To identify social media trends in OBGYN residencies and determine which aspects of programs influence the number of followers and interaction with content posted. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of ACGME accredited OBGYN programs and determined their presence on Instagram and X in the fall of 2021. Content from the thirty programs with the most followers was analyzed independently by two authors. Multivariate analysis and a linear mixed model were used to characterize and evaluate content on Instagram and X. RESULTS: Most programs utilized Instagram (88.5%, N = 262/296) and were managed solely by residents (84.4%, N = 108/128). Number of followers on Instagram positively correlated with features such as program size, Instagram profile duration, and Doximity rankings (p < 0.0x01). Programs on X had more followers if their profile had a longer duration, followed more individuals, or were ranked higher on Doximity. The most posted Instagram content was biographical and social in nature. Instagram posts with the highest engagement were awards and/or the Match. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding what social media content attracts more followers and increases engagement is crucial as it likely impacts OBGYN resident recruitment. Professional groups should establish guidelines for social media use in recruitment for the protection of both residents and applicants.

Health System and Individual Barriers to Supporting Healthy Gestational Weight Gain and Nutrition: A Qualitative Study of the Experiences of Midwives and Obstetricians in Publicly Funded Antenatal Care in Tasmania, Australia.

Individual and health system barriers can impede clinicians from supporting weight-related behaviour change for pregnant women, particularly in publicly funded antenatal care accessed by women from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. The aim was to understand clinicians' experiences of supporting healthy gestational weight gain for pregnant women in a publicly funded antenatal setting. The work was undertaken to guide the implementation of systems changes, resource development, and workforce capacity building related to nutrition, physical activity, and gestational weight gain in the service. The qualitative descriptive study used purposive sampling and semi-structured interviews conducted between October 2019 and February 2020. Nine midwives and five obstetricians from a publicly funded hospital antenatal service in Tasmania, Australia participated. Interview transcripts were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. The three dominant themes were prioritising immediate needs, continuity of care support weight-related conversations, and limited service capacity for weight- and nutrition-related support. The subthemes were different practices for women according to weight and the need for appropriately tailored resources. Improving access to continuity of care and clinician training, and providing resources that appropriately consider women's socioeconomic circumstances and health literacy would enhance the ability and opportunities for clinicians to better support all women.

Use of natural language processing to uncover racial bias in obstetrical documentation.

Natural Language Processing (NLP), a form of Artificial Intelligence, allows free-text based clinical documentation to be integrated in ways that facilitate data analysis, data interpretation and formation of individualized medical and obstetrical care. In this cross-sectional study, we identified all births during the study period carrying the radiology-confirmed diagnosis of fibroid uterus in pregnancy (defined as size of largest diameter of >5 cm) by using an NLP platform and compared it to non-NLP derived data using ICD10 codes of the same diagnosis. We then compared the two sets of data and stratified documentation gaps by race. Using fibroid uterus in pregnancy as a marker, we found that Black patients were more likely to have the diagnosis entered late into the patient's chart or had missing documentation of the diagnosis. With appropriate algorithm definitions, cross referencing and thorough validation steps, NLP can contribute to identifying areas of documentation gaps and improve quality of care.

Quality improvement and outcomes for neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: obstetrics and neonatal perspectives.

Despite significant improvement in perinatal care and research, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) remains a global healthcare challenge. From both published research and reports of QI initiatives, we have identified a number of distinct opportunities that can serve as targets of quality improvement (QI) initiatives focused on reducing HIE. Specifically, (i) implementation of perinatal interventions to anticipate and timely manage high-risk deliveries; (ii) enhancement of team training and communication; (iii) optimization of early HIE diagnosis and management in referring centers and during transport; (iv) standardization of the approach when managing neonates with HIE during therapeutic hypothermia; (v) and establishment of protocols for family integration and follow-up, have been identified as important in successful QI initiatives. We also provide a framework and examples of tools that can be used to support QI work and discuss some of the perceived challenges and future opportunities for QI targeting HIE.

[The birthing chair, obstetric bed and gynecological chair in obstetrics and gynecology in Russia of XVIII-XX centuries].

The purpose of the study is to investigate material culture of obstetrics in New and Modern history of Russia. The most important objective of research is to involve into scientific circulation Russian empirical material in order to study transformation of culture of childbirth during transition from traditional to biomedical model of childbirth exemplified by material culture items (maternity beds, chairs, armchairs). The key approaches were those of historical anthropology, social history of medicine, theory of social control and medicalization. The methods of content analysis, narrative and interpretive analysis were applied to analyze empirical data. In the Russian folk tradition included no such special devices as maternity beds and birth chairs that was explained by dominance of vertical maternity pose. The first birth chairs were brought into Russia by foreign midwives. With development of clinical obstetrics horizontal position of woman in labor was approving that was conditioned by convenience of physicians. Since last quarter of the XIX century, Russian physicians began to experiment, inventing most convenient version of maternity beds and gynecological chairs. The Soviet system of obstetrics was mass and publicly accessible, but consolidated technocratic model of childbirth. In maternity wards, the "Rakhmanov obstetric bed" became widespread. The chairs were not used during childbirth, being used exclusively in gynecology. The material culture of Soviet maternity hospitals turned out to be extremely stable and conservative. In modern Russian obstetrics, with transition to holistic model of childbirth and actualization of free positioning of woman in labor, transformer beds and fitballs began to be applied to provide optimal course of birth process. The material culture of obstetrics is closely related to dominant type of maternity culture.

Documento de consenso de la Sociedad Española de Obstetricia y Ginecologia (SEGO)y el Comité Español Interdisciplinario para la Prevención Vascular (CEIPV). Ventanade oportunidad: prevención del riesgo vascular en la mujer. Resultados adversos delembarazo y riesgo de enfermedad vascular* / Consensus document from the Spanish Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology (SEGO) and the Spanish Interdisciplinary Committee for Vascular Prevention (CEIPV). Window of opportunity: vascular risk prevention in women. Adverse pregnancy outcomes and risk of vascular diseas

Este documento resume la evidencia que existe entre los resultados adversos del embarazo (RAE) y el riesgo que tiene una persona gestante de desarrollar factores de riesgo vascular (RV) que pueden terminar provocando enfermedad vascular (EV) futura. Asimismo, este documento destaca la importancia de saber reconocer los RAE cuando se evalúa el RV en mujeres. Un antecedente de RAE es un indicador suficiente para hacer una prevención primaria de EV. De hecho, adoptar una dieta saludable y aumentar la actividad física entre las mujeres con RAE, de inicio en el embarazo o en el posparto y manteniéndolas a lo largo de la vida, son intervenciones importantes que permiten disminuir el RV. Por otro lado, la lactancia materna también puede disminuir el RV posterior de la mujer, incluyendo menos riesgo de mortalidad. Estudios futuros que evalúen el uso del ácido acetilsalicílico, las estatinas y la metformina, entre otros, en las mujeres con antecedentes de RAE podrían reforzar las recomendaciones sobre el uso de la farmacoterapia en la prevención primaria de la EV entre estas pacientes. Existen diferentes opciones dentro de los sistemas de salud para mejorar la transición de la atención de las mujeres con RAE entre los diferentes profesionales e implementar estrategias para reducir su RV a largo plazo. Una posible estrategia podría ser la incorporación del concepto del cuarto trimestre en las recomendaciones clínicas y las políticas de atención de la salud.(AU)

This document summarises the evidence regarding the association between adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs),such as hypertensive disorders, preterm birth, gestational diabetes, fetal growth defects (small for gestational ageand/or fetal growth restriction), placental abruption, fetal loss, and the risk that a pregnant individual in developingvascular risk factors (VR) that may lead to future vascular disease (VD): coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheralvascular disease, and heart failure. Furthermore, this document emphasises the importance of recognising APOswhen assessing VR in women. A history of APOs serves as a sufficient indicator for primary prevention of VD. In fact,adopting a healthy diet and increasing physical activity among women with APOs, starting during pregnancy and/or postpartum, and maintaining it throughout life are significant interventions that can reduce VR. On the otherhand, breastfeeding can also reduce the future VR of women, including a lower risk of mortality. Future studies evaluating the use of aspirin, statins, and metformin, among others, in women with a history of APOscould strengthen recommendations regarding pharmacotherapy for primary prevention of VD in these patients.Various healthcare system options exist to improve the transition of care for women with APOs between differenthealthcare professionals and implement long-term VR reduction strategies. One potential process could involveincorporating the fourth-trimester concept into clinical recommendations and healthcare policies.(AU)

Dimensions of patient-centred care from the perspective of patients and healthcare workers in hospital settings in sub-Saharan Africa: A qualitative evidence synthesis.

INTRODUCTION: The United States Institute of Medicine defines patient centred care (PCC), a core element of healthcare quality, as care that is holistic and responsive to individual needs. PCC is associated with better patient satisfaction and improved clinical outcomes. Current conceptualizations of PCC are mainly from Europe and North America. This systematic review summarises the perceived dimensions of PCC among patients and healthcare workers within hospitals in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). METHODS: Without date restrictions, searches were done on databases of the Web of Science, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, Global Health, and grey literature, from their inception up to 11th August 2022. Only qualitative studies exploring dimensions or perceptions of PCC among patients, doctors and/or nurses in hospitals in (SSA) were included. Review articles and editorials were excluded. Two independent reviewers screened titles and abstracts, and conducted full-text reviews with conflicts resolved by a third reviewer. The CASP (critical appraisal skills program) checklist was utilised to assess the quality of included studies. The framework synthesis method was employed for data synthesis. RESULTS: 5507 articles were retrieved. Thirty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria, of which 17 were in the specialty of obstetrics, while the rest were spread across different fields. The perceived dimensions reported in the studies included privacy and confidentiality, communication, shared decision making, dignity and respect, continuity of care, access to care, adequate infrastructure and empowerment. Separate analysis of patients' and providers' perspective revealed a difference in the practical understanding of shared-decision making. These dimensions were summarised into a framework consisting of patient-as-person, access to care, and integrated care. CONCLUSION: The conceptualization of PCC within SSA was largely similar to findings from other parts of the world, although with a stronger emphasis on access to care. In SSA, both relational and structural aspects of care were significant elements of PCC. Healthcare providers mostly perceived structural aspects such as infrastructure as key dimensions of PCC. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO Registration number CRD42021238411.

Geographical distribution of emergency obstetric and neonatal care signal functions in Ethiopian health facilities: 2021-2022 Ethiopian service Provision Assessment (SPA).

BACKGROUND: The maternal mortality ratio in Ethiopia is still high, with an estimate of 412 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2016. Signal functions for emergency obstetric and neonatal care must be accessible and usable in order to successfully prevent maternal deaths. It is an important strategy to reduce maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality in countries with limited resources. Hence, an assessment of the availability of fully functioning EmONC services and their coverage per 500,000 people in Ethiopia is crucial. METHODS: This study is a retrospective analysis of data from the Ethiopian Service Provision Assessment Survey (ESPA), a national-level survey data source. Data collection for the survey took place from August 11, 2021, to February 4, 2022. For this investigation, 905 healthcare facilities in total were evaluated for the availability of emergency obstetric and new-born care (EmONC) services at all hospitals, selected health centers, and private clinics were evaluated. Descriptive data analysis was done by the using statistical package for social science version 26 (SPSS) to run frequency and cross-tabs. Global Positioning System (GPS) (arc map 10.8) Software was used for spatial distribution in order to locate the physical accessibility of EmONC providing health facilities on flat map surfaces. It was projected based on Ethiopia's geographic coordinate system at Adindan UTM zone 370N. RESULTS: Of 905 health facilities, only 442 (49%) could provide fully functioning BEmONC, and 250 (27.6%) health facilities have been providing fully functioning CEmONC. The overall coverage of BEmONC ratios in Ethiopia is 1.5-3.77 per 500,000 population and CEmONC (0.83-2.1) per 500,000 populations. Regions such as Amhara, SNNPR and Addis Ababa had found to have high BEmONC ratio. The geographical distribution of the EmONC showed that the central areas of the country, such as southwest Shewa and east Shewa, the Oromia region, the northern areas of the South Nation, nationalities, and peoples regions (SNNPR), including the Gurage zone and the Wolaita-Soddo zone, and the middle areas in the Amhara region (west Gojjam or around Bahir Dar town), and the southern areas, Debra Tabor and Debre Birhane zones, all had greater access to facilities offering complete EmONC services. CONCLUSION: Comprehensive emergency obstetrics and neonatal care (CEmONC) in Ethiopia met WHO recommendations, despite basic emergency obstetric and neonatal care (BEmONC) falling below those standards in Ethiopia. There are extremely large disparities in the accessibility of both basic and comprehensive emergency obstetrics and neonatal care in Ethiopia. Thus, Strategic planning is needed to improve infrastructures and inputs for EmONC services, particularly in remote areas of the country. Additionally, private facilities ought to place a priority on the provision of these services.

Inter-facility transfers for emergency obstetrical and neonatal care in rural Madagascar: a cost-effectiveness analysis.

CONTEXT: There is a substantial lack of inter-facility referral systems for emergency obstetrical and neonatal care in rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa. Data on the costs and cost-effectiveness of such systems that reduce preventable maternal and neonatal deaths are scarce. SETTING: We aimed to determine the cost-effectiveness of a non-governmental organisation (NGO)-run inter-facility referral system for emergency obstetrical and neonatal care in rural Southern Madagascar by analysing the characteristics of cases referred through the intervention as well as its costs. DESIGN: We used secondary NGO data, drawn from an NGO's monitoring and financial administration database, including medical and financial records. OUTCOME MEASURES: We performed a descriptive and a cost-effectiveness analysis, including a one-way deterministic sensitivity analysis. RESULTS: 1172 cases were referred over a period of 4 years. The most common referral reasons were obstructed labour, ineffective labour and eclampsia. In total, 48 neonates were referred through the referral system over the study period. Estimated cost per referral was US$336 and the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was US$70 per additional life-year saved (undiscounted, discounted US$137). The sensitivity analysis showed that the intervention was cost-effective for all scenarios with the lowest ICER at US$99 and the highest ICER at US$205 per additional life-year saved. When extrapolated to the population living in the study area, the investment costs of the programme were US$0.13 per person and annual running costs US$0.06 per person. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, the inter-facility referral system was a very cost-effective intervention. Our findings may inform policies, decision-making and implementation strategies for emergency obstetrical and neonatal care referral systems in similar resource-constrained settings.

Midwives' lived experiences of caring for women with mobility disabilities during pregnancy, labour and puerperium in Eswatini: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Midwives encounter various difficulties while aiming to achieve excellence in providing maternity care to women with mobility disabilities. The study aimed to explore and describe midwives' experiences of caring for women with mobility disabilities during pregnancy, labour and puerperium in Eswatini. METHODS: A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive, contextual research design with a phenomenological approach was followed. Twelve midwives working in maternal health facilities in the Hhohho and Manzini regions in Eswatini were interviewed. Purposive sampling was used to select midwives to participate in the research. In-depth phenomenological interviews were conducted, and Giorgi's descriptive phenomenological method was used for data analysis. RESULTS: Three themes emerged from the data analysis: midwives experienced physical and emotional strain in providing maternity care to women with mobility disabilities, they experienced frustration due to the lack of equipment to meet the needs of women with mobility disabilities, and they faced challenges in providing support and holistic care to women with mobility disabilities during pregnancy, labour and puerperium. CONCLUSIONS: Midwives experienced challenges caring for women with mobility disabilities during pregnancy, labour and the puerperium in Eswatini. There is a need to develop and empower midwives with the knowledge and skill to implement guidelines and enact protocols. Moreover, equipment and infrastructure are required to facilitate support and holistic maternity care for women with mobility disabilities.

The Effect of a Simulation-based Intervention on Emergency Medicine Resident Management of Early Pregnancy Loss.

Background: The evaluation of patients with first-trimester vaginal bleeding and concern for early pregnancy loss (EPL) frequently occurs in the emergency department (ED), accounting for approximately 1.6% of all ED visits.1 Unfortunately, these patients consistently report negative experiences with ED care.2-8 In addition to environmental concerns, such as long wait times, patients often describe negative interactions with staff, including a perceived lack of empathy, the use of insensitive language, and inadequate counseling.2,3 These patients and their partners often view EPL as a traumatic loss of life and commonly experience prolonged grief reactions, including anxiety and depression.9-11 Poor satisfaction with care has been associated with worse mental health outcomes.12 These complaints represent an important opportunity for improvement in emergency medicine (EM) training.13 While no published literature to date describes the performance of EM residents in managing patients presenting with EPL, studies suggest that even obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN) residents find these interactions challenging.14,15 Simulation- and didactic-based training has been shown to be beneficial in improving OB/GYN resident EPL counseling and has been associated with improved patient outcomes.16 To our knowledge, this has yet to be replicated in EM residency training. Objectives: We aimed to develop and evaluate a simulation-based educational intervention to improve EM resident management of patients presenting with EPL.