Bladder outlet obstruction in a 6-month-old alpaca secondary to pelvic displacement of the urinary bladder.

A 6-month-old female alpaca was presented for stranguria. Based on the history, physical examination findings, and radiographic studies, the alpaca was diagnosed with bladder outlet obstruction, secondary to pelvic displacement of the bladder, a condition previously unreported in camelids. Cystopexy was performed and the alpaca recovered unremarkably.

Urinary bladder incarceration and infarction by an intra-abdominal fat pad in a Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana).

A 2.5-year-old, female opossum had acute stranguria. Based on radiography and ultrasonographic examination a cystic structure was identified in the caudal abdomen associated with bilateral hydroureter and hydronephrosis. This structure contained a neutrophilic fluid, determined to be urine. There was a neutrophilic leukocytosis. Serum chemistry values were within normal limits. The opossum was euthanized. An intra-abdominal fat pad incarceration of the urinary bladder above the trigone was present, resulting in complete obstruction of the urinary bladder and partial obstruction of the ureters. Vessels to the bladder were involved in the incarceration which resulted in vascular compromise and infarction of the bladder. Mild to moderate hydroureter and hydronephrosis were present.

Frequency of urination and ultrasonographic estimation of residual urine in normal and dysuric dogs.

The aim of this study was to determine residual urine and frequency of urination in normal male and female dogs and to compare these with dogs with neurogenic and obstructive dysuria. The bladder volume before urination was estimated ultrasonographically in 99 dogs (48 normal and 51 abnormal dogs). Each animal was then taken outdoors and walked on grass for 10 minutes. The number of attempts to urinate (successful or not) was recorded. Bladder urine volume after urination was then calculated. Normal females made only one or two (100 per cent successful) attempts to urinate while males a mean of 6.9 attempts (mean 75.4 per cent successful) within 10 minutes. The residual urine per kg body weight of normal dogs varied from 0.1 to 3.4 ml kg(-1)(median 0.2 ml kg(-1)). The residual urine volumes of normal dogs were significantly less (P<0.0001) than those of dogs with neurological disorders or obstructive disease. Ultrasonographic estimation of residual urine volumes could be valuable in diagnosing suspected neurological or obstructive bladder disease and in monitoring the response to treatment.

Studies on experimental bladder outlet obstruction in the cat: long-term functional effects.

Experimental bladder outlet obstruction in cats induces a significant increase in the in vivo leakage pressure. The effects of obstruction on the detrusor function were analyzed, using control, 3, 6 and 12 month obstructed cats. The in vivo leakage pressures were substantially increased in all obstructed groups. From a previous study on the short-term effects of obstruction in the cat; although there was an immediate increase in pressure, there were no significant differences between control bladders and two week obstructed bladders in: bladder weight, peak pressure response to field stimulation and bethanechol, and emptying of the in vitro whole bladder model. In this current study, although there was no direct relationship between duration of obstruction and severity of the impaired pharmacological response of the isolated whole bladder, there was a direct relationship between the magnitude of the increase in bladder weight, leakage pressure, and impaired functional response of the in vitro whole bladder. In this regard the cats were separated into four groups: controls and shams (average bladder weight 2.95 gm.), obstructed group 1 with bladder weights less than 6.0 gm. obstructed group 2 with bladder weights between 6 and 10 gm., and obstructed group 3 with bladder weights greater than 10 gm. The results can be summarized as follows: A) In vivo leakage pressures were significantly increased in all obstructed groups, and progressively higher in proportion to the bladder weights. B) Bladder capacity significantly increased in all, being greatest in obstructed group 3. C) The magnitude of the response to field stimulation of obstructed groups 1 and 2 were significantly greater than the response of control bladders at virtually all frequencies. The frequency response curve of obstructed group 3 was similar to control. D) The ability of the bladder to empty in response to field stimulation was significantly reduced in all obstructed groups. The magnitude of the decrease was proportional to the increase in bladder weight. E) There were no differences between control and obstructed bladders in the pressure response to bethanechol or KCl; the ability of both bethanechol and KCl to empty the bladder was reduced in the obstructed groups. In general, the presence of bladder enlargement was accompanied by significant alterations in the ability of the in vitro bladder to empty in response to field stimulation, bethanechol, and KCl.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

[An impacted bladder stone]. / Een afgezakte blaassteen.

A case of colic in a Haflinger gelding is reported. This was due to a calculus in the penis. The operation is described.

Nonsurgical management of canine obstructive urolithopathy.

Obstruction to urine outflow is a common complication of urolithiasis. However, varying degrees of recovery of renal function may occur following examination of the cause of obstruction. Therefore, in the absence of conclusive evidence of irreversible dysfunction, one should consider efforts to decompress the urinary tract and to eliminate the cause of obstruction. Nonsurgical methods that may be used for management of obstructive urolithiasis include cystocentesis, palpation, urohydropropulsion, and catheterization.