Beyond STEMI-NSTEMI Paradigm: Dante Pazzanese's Proposal for Occlusion Myocardial Infarction Diagnosis. / Além do Paradigma IAMCSST-IAMSSST: Proposta do Instituto Dante Pazzanese para o Diagnóstico de Oclusão Coronariana Aguda.

Although the existing framework for classifying acute myocardial infarction (AMI) into STEMI and NSTEMI has been beneficial, it is now considered to be falling short in addressing the complexity of acute coronary syndromes. The study aims to scrutinize the current STEMI-NSTEMI paradigm and advocate for a more nuanced framework, termed as occlusion myocardial infarction (OMI) and non-occlusion myocardial infarction (NOMI), for a more accurate diagnosis and management of AMI. A comprehensive analysis of existing medical literature was conducted, with a focus on the limitations of the STEMI-NSTEMI model. The study also outlines a new diagnostic approach for patients presenting with chest pain in emergency settings. The traditional STEMI-NSTEMI model falls short in diagnostic precision and effective treatment, especially in identifying acute coronary artery occlusions. The OMI-NOMI framework offers a more anatomically and physiologically accurate model, backed by a wealth of clinical research and expert opinion. It underscores the need for quick ECG assessments and immediate reperfusion therapies for suspected OMI cases, aiming to improve patient outcomes. The OMI-NOMI framework offers a new avenue for future research and clinical application. It advocates for a more comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms of acute coronary syndromes, leading to individualized treatment plans. This novel approach is expected to ignite further scholarly debate and research, particularly in the Brazilian cardiology sector, with the goal of enhancing diagnostic accuracy and treatment effectiveness in AMI patients.

Embora o modelo existente de classificação do infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) em IAMCSST e IAMSSST tenha sido benéfico, considera-se hoje que ele falha em abordar a complexidade das síndromes coronarianas agudas. O estudo tem como objetivo examinar o atual paradigma IAMCSST-IAMSSST e defender um modelo mais detalhado, chamado de oclusão coronariana aguda (OCA) e Ausência de Oclusão Coronária Aguda (NOCA), para um diagnóstico e um manejo do IAM mais precisos. Realizou-se uma análise abrangente da literatura médica existente, com foco nas limitações do modelo IAMCSST-IAMSSST. O estudo também descreve uma nova abordagem diagnóstica para pacientes apresentando do torácica nos departamentos de emergência. O modelo IAMCSST-IAMSSST tradicional falha em prover um diagnóstico preciso e um tratamento efetivo, principalmente na identificação de oclusões da artéria coronária. O modelo OCA-NOCA é mais preciso em termos anatômicos e fisiológicos, e apoiado por pesquisa clínica extensa e opiniões de especialistas. Ele destaca a necessidade de rápida realização de eletrocardiogramas (ECGs) e terapias de reperfusão para casos suspeitos de OCA, visando melhorar os desfechos dos pacientes. O modelo OCA-NOCA abre um novo caminho para pesquisas e aplicações clínicas futuras. Ele defende um entendimento mais abrangente dos mecanismos subjacentes das síndromes coronarianas agudas, levando a planos individualizados de tratamentos. Espera-se que essa nova abordagem incite novos debates e pesquisas acadêmicas, principalmente na área de cardiologia no Brasil, com o objetivo de aumentar a precisão diagnóstica e a eficácia do tratamento de pacientes com IAM.

Evaluation of Success and Complications Scores for Chronic Total Occlusion Percutaneous Coronary Interventions: Insights from the Latin American Registry.

Chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention is a complex procedure and is associated with considerable risk of complications. Several success and complication scores have been developed; however, data regarding their external validation in other populations such as Latin America are scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the main predictors of success and complications in a broad cohort of procedures in the Latin American (LATAM) CTO registry. From April 2008 to December 2023, 3,706 consecutive procedures listed in the LATAM CTO registry were screened. Of these, 2,835 procedures had sufficient information to analyze the Multicenter CTO Registry in Japan (J-CTO); Prospective Global Registry for the Study of Chronic Total Occlusion Intervention (PROGRESS); Ostial location, Rentrop grade, and Age (ORA); Clinical and Lesion-related Score (CL-score); and EuroCTO Score (CASTLE) success scores. The complication scores were PROGRESS (MACE, mortality, and pericardiocentesis) and Outcomes, Patient health status, and Efficiency iN Chronic Total Occlusion hybrid procedures (OPEN-CTO),OPEN-CLEAN. The J-CTO and CASTLE scores demonstrated the highest areas under the curve (AUC) of 0.718 and 0.703, respectively. The AUC value for the CL-score was 0.685, whereas the PROGRESS score had an AUC of 0.598 and the ORA AUC was 0.545. The level of agreement between scores was low; only 4% of the procedures were classified as difficult or very difficult by all scores and <1% were classified as easy by all 5 scores. Of the complication scores, PROGRESS mortality (AUC 0.651) and PROGRESS MACE (AUC 0.588) showed the best performance, identifying groups with >10% event rate. These results may improve the selection of revascularization techniques, especially for patient demographics that are historically underrepresented in CTO research.

BRE novo em síndromes coronarianas agudas: acurácia diagnóstica e desfechos - uma revisão sistemática e meta-análise / Novel LBBB in acute coronary syndromes: diagnostic accuracy and outcomes - a systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUÇÃO: A utilidade diagnóstica do bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (BRE) novo ou presumivelmente novo para infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) em síndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA) permanece controversa. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a acurácia diagnóstica do BRE novo ou presumivelmente novo e critérios de ECG para IAM usando biomarcadores cardíacos elevados ou evidência angiográfica de oclusão coronariana aguda (OCA). Também objetivamos avaliar a incidência e mortalidade hospitalar do BRE em contextos de SCA. MÉTODOS: Pesquisamos no PubMed e Scopus por estudos envolvendo pacientes com SCA com BRE até dezembro de 2023. Sensibilidade, especificidade, razões de verossimilhança positivas e negativas (RV+ e RV-), e razões de chances diagnósticas (RCD) foram calculadas para análise de acurácia diagnóstica usando o MetaDTA. Incidência e mortalidade foram analisadas usando OnlineMeta. O risco de viés foi avaliado com as escalas Newcastle-Ottawa e QUADAS-2. RESULTADOS: Cinquenta e um estudos foram analisados. O BRE é prevalente em 3,3% e está associado a um risco maior de mortalidade. No entanto, discernir um BRE novo ou velho não influencia substancialmente a probabilidade de IAM, com RV e RCD não significativas. O Critério de Sgarbossa Modificado demonstrou uma sensibilidade de 83,6% (IC 95%: 0,554 a 0,955) e especificidade de 92,6% (IC 95%: 0,789 a 0,977) para OCA e confiança diagnóstica aprimorada com RV+ de 11,337 (IC 95%: 3,672 a 34,999) e RV- de 0,177 (IC 95%: 0,054 a 0,575), respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: Nossos achados corroboram a posição das diretrizes atuais que não mais consideram o BRE como um marcador isolado para IAM, independentemente de sua cronologia. Em vez disso, utilizar critérios de ECG, como o Critério de Sgarbossa Modificado, oferece uma abordagem diagnóstica mais confiável.

High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T as a predictor of acute Total occlusion in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome.

BACKGROUND: A large percentage of patients with non-ST-segment acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) present with acute total occlusion (TO) of some major epicardial vessel that does not generate electrocardiographic changes. Ongoing research into the methods of accurately predicting acute TO have not yielded great success. HYPOTHESIS: High-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) has a good predictive value for the presence of acute TO of the culprit artery in patients with NSTE-ACS. METHODS: A single-center retrospective study of 1011 patients diagnosed with NSTE-ACS who underwent coronary angiography and hs-cTnT measured on admission. The predictive value of hs-cTnT in the presence of acute TO was assessed by the area under the ROC curve. RESULTS: The mean age of the population was 67.12 ± 13.18 and 74.1% were male. 7.3% of the patients presented with acute TO. The AUC for hs-cTnT to predict acute TO was 0.95. A hs-cTnT value of 1006 ng/L (71.8 fold of the URL) best predicted the presence of acute TO, with a sensitivity of 86% and specificity of 95% positive predictive value (PPV): 86% and negative predictive value (NPV): 94%. CONCLUSIONS: Hs-cTnT was a good predictor of acute TO in patients with NSTE-ACS. Hs-cTnT values greater than 1006 ng/L were highly predictive of acute TO of a major coronary vessel.

Impact of the Occlusion Duration on the Performance of J-CTO Score in Predicting Failure of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Chronic Total Occlusion.

OBJECTIVES: The present study examined the association between Multicenter CTO Registry in Japan (J-CTO) score in predicting failure of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) correlating with the estimated duration of chronic total occlusion (CTO). BACKGROUND: The J-CTO score does not incorporate estimated duration of the occlusion. METHODS: This was an observational retrospective study that involved all consecutive procedures performed at a single tertiary-care cardiology center between January 2009 and December 2014. RESULTS: A total of 174 patients, median age 59.5 years (interquartile range [IQR], 53-65 years), undergoing CTO-PCI were included. The median estimated occlusion duration was 7.5 months (IQR, 4.0-12.0 months). The lesions were classified as easy (score = 0), intermediate (score = 1), difficult (score = 2), and very difficult (score ≥3) in 51.1%, 33.9%, 9.2%, and 5.7% of the patients, respectively. Failure rate significantly increased with higher J-CTO score (7.9%, 20.3%, 50.0%, and 70.0% in groups with J-CTO scores of 0, 1, 2, and ≥3, respectively; P<.001). There was no significant difference in success rate according to estimated duration of occlusion (P=.63). Indeed, J-CTO score predicted failure of CTO-PCI independently of the estimated occlusion duration (P=.24). Areas under receiver-operating characteristic curves were computed and it was observed that for each occlusion time period, the discriminatory capacity of the J-CTO score in predicting CTO-PCI failure was good, with a C-statistic >0.70. CONCLUSION: The estimated duration of occlusion had no influence on the J-CTO score performance in predicting failure of PCI in CTO lesions. The probability of failure was mainly determined by grade of lesion complexity.

Impacto do tempo de oclusão na taxa de sucesso e nos resultados da intervenção coronária percutânea em obstruções totais crônicas / Impact of occlusion duration on the success rate and outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention in chronic total occlusions

Estudos iniciais mostram que oclusões antigas ou com tempo indeterminado têm sido associadas a insucesso da intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP) e a pior prognóstico. Nosso objetivo foi determinar o impacto do tempo de oclusão no sucesso e nos resultados da ICP contemporânea na obstrução total crônica (OTC). Métodos: Analisamos uma coorte retrospectiva de pacientes consecutivos que realizaram ICP em OTC, e que foram comparados de acordo com o tempo de oclusão confirmado (TOC) < 12 meses, ≥ 12 meses, ou indeterminado (TOI).Resultados: Foram tratados 168 pacientes, 122 (72,6%) com TOC (80 < 12 meses, 42 ≥ 12 meses) e 46(24,7%) com TOI. A extensão da lesão foi de 17,0 ± 13,6 mm, em vasos de 2,90 ± 0,58 mm, e a abordagemanterógrada foi utilizada em 98,8% dos casos. Sucesso angiográfico foi obtido em 79,2% dos pacientes (80,0% vs. 73,8% vs. 82,6%; p = 0,73). A principal causa de insucesso foi a incapacidade de cruzar a lesão com o fio-guia (68,6%). O tempo de oclusão não teve impacto na taxa de eventos cardiovasculares hospitalares (4,8% vs. 7,1% vs. 6,0%; p = 0,73), explicados em sua quase totalidade pelos infartos do miocárdioperiprocedimento, ou nos eventos tardios (18,8% vs. 7,1% vs. 15,3%; p = 0,23). Na análise multivariada,comprimento da lesão ≥ 20 mm (odds ratio - OR = 7,27; intervalo de confiança de 95% - IC 95% 1,94-29,1; p = 0,003), calcificação (OR = 4,72; IC 95% 1,19-19,1; p = 0,02) e tortuosidade do segmento ocluído (OR = 15,98; IC 95% 2,18-144,7; p = 0,007) foram preditores de insucesso. Conclusões: O tempo de oclusão não está associado ao aumento da taxa de insucesso do procedimento ou a piores resultados da ICP em OTC...

Initial studies have shown that old occlusions or those with indeterminate occlusion durationhave been associated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) failure and a worse prognosis. This study aimed to determine the impact of occlusion duration on the success and outcomes of contemporary PCI on chronic total occlusion (CTO). Methods: The authors analyzed a retrospective cohort of consecutive patients submitted to PCI in CTO, who were compared according to the confirmed occlusion duration (COD) < 12 months, ≥ 12 months, orindeterminate occlusion duration (IOD).Results: A total of 168 patients were treated, 122 (72.6%) with COD (80 < 12 months, 42 ≥ 12 months) and 46(24.7%) with an IOD. Lesion extension was 17.0 ± 13.6 mm, in 2.90 ± 0.58 mm vessels, and the anterogradeapproach was used in 98.8% of cases. Angiographic success was attained in 79.2% of patients (80.0% vs. 73.8%vs. 82.6%; p = 0.73). The main cause of failure was the inability to cross the lesion with the guidewire (68.6%).Occlusion duration had no impact on in-hospital events (4.8% vs. 7.1% vs. 6.0%; p = 0.73), which were almostentirely explained by periprocedural myocardial infarction, or on late outcomes (18.8% vs. 7.1% vs. 15.3%;p = 0.23). At the multivariate analysis, lesion length ≥ 20 mm (odds ratio - OR = 7.27; 95% confidence interval- 95% IC 1.94-29.1; p = 0.003), calcification (OR = 4.72; 95% CI 1.19-19.1; p = 0.02), and tortuosity of theoccluded segment (OR = 15.98; 95% CI 2.18-144.7; p = 0.007) were predictors of failure...

Impacto clínico da isquemia e viabilidade miocárdicas após tratamento de oclusão coronária crônica no segmento proximal da artéria descendente anterior / Clinical impact of myocardial ischemia and viability after treatment of proximal left anterior descending artery chronic total occlusions

INTRODUÇÃO: A avaliação da isquemia e viabilidade miocárdicas é recomendável antes da intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP) em oclusões crônicas. Avaliamos os eventos cardiovasculares adversos tardios de pacientes com ICP da oclusão crônica no segmento proximal da artéria descendente anterior, comparando pacientes de acordo com a presença ou não de isquemia ou viabilidade miocárdicas. MÉTODOS: Os pacientes foram alocados nos grupos com isquemia/viabilidade miocárdicas (G1, n = 91) e sem isquemia/viabilidade miocárdicas (G2, n = 65) e avaliados os eventos clínicos combinados tardios (óbito, infarto do miocárdio, revascularização do vaso-alvo e insuficiência cardíaca congestiva). RESULTADOS: A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (68,1% vs. 69,2%; P = 0,56), com média de idade de 65,4 ± 10,4 anos vs. 63,5 ± 8,7 anos (P = 0,61), e quase um terço era de diabéticos (33% vs. 29,2%; P = 0,76). Os grupos não mostraram diferenças em relação ao perfil clínico-angiográfico, com exceção da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (48,6 ± 13,7% vs. 39,5 ± 11,8%; P = 0,04) e do grau de circulação colateral para a artéria descendente anterior, mais evidente no G1 (P = 0,03). A incidência de eventos clínicos combinados em um período de três anos foi menor nos pacientes com isquemia/viabilidade miocárdicas (12,5% vs. 31,1%; P < 0,01). Os fatores que mais contribuíram para essa diferença foram a incidência de insuficiência cardíaca congestiva (3,3% vs. 15,3%; P = 0,02) e óbito (2,2% vs. 7,7%; P = 0,13). CONCLUSÕES: O tratamento de oclusão crônica no segmento proximal da artéria descendente anterior com stent farmacológico, em pacientes com evidência de isquemia ou viabilidade miocárdicas, reduz eventos clínicos a longo prazo.

BACKGROUND: Evaluation of myocardial ischemia and viability is recommended prior to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for chronic total occlusions. We evaluated late adverse cardiovascular events of patients with PCI for proximal left anterior descending artery occlusions, comparing patients with or without myocardial ischemia or viability. METHODS: Patients were allocated to groups with myocardial ischemia/viability (G1, n = 91) and without myocardial ischemia/viability (G2, n = 65) and adverse cardiovascular events (death, myocardial infarction, target-vessel revascularization and congestive heart failure) were compared. RESULTS: Most patients were male (68.1% vs 69.2%; P = 0.56), with a mean age of 65.4 ± 10 years vs 63.5 ± 8.7 years (P = 0.61) and almost one third were diabetics (33% vs 29.2%; P = 0.76). No differences regarding the clinical and angiographic profile were observed, except for the left ventricular ejection fraction (48.6 ± 13.7% vs 39.5 ± 11.8%; P = 0.04) and the degree of angiographic collateral flow grade to the left anterior descending artery, which was more evident in G1 (P = 0.03). The 3-year follow-up incidence of composite adverse cardiovascular events was lower in patients with myocardial ischemia/viability (12.5% vs 31.1%; P < 0.01). The factors that contributed the most for this difference were the incidence of congestive heart failure (3.3% vs 15.3%; P = 0.02) and death (2.2% vs 7.7%; P = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of proximal left anterior descending artery chronic total occlusions in patients with evidence of myocardial ischemia or viability reduces the incidence of adverse cardiovascular events in the long term.

Spontaneous termination of ventricular fibrillation in a patient with congenital coronary anomaly.

Sudden death is common in patients with congenital coronary artery anomalies mainly when the left main coronary artery originates from the right coronary sinus. Ventricular fibrillation in these patients is irreversible unless defibrillation can be rapidly performed. We describe a 57-year-old male with an anomalous origin of circumflex and the left anterior descending coronary arteries from the right coronary sinus. He developed two episodes of ventricular fibrillation that terminated spontaneously, 10 hours after percutaneous revascularization of the circumflex coronary artery. Computed tomography angiography, in addition to confirming the anomalous origin of the coronary arteries, showed a muscle bridge over the midportion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. This is the first report of spontaneous termination of ventricular fibrillation in a patient with congenital anomaly of the coronary arteries.

Quem vê coronária não vê coração / Coronary artery no mirror for the heart

Oclusão de uma ou mais artérias coronárias se associa, em geral, a importante comprometimento da função ventricular. Relata-se o caso de um paciente de 64 anos sem história ou eletrocardiograma de infarto agudo do miocárdio prévio, com oclusão proximal de duas importantes artérias coronárias e função ventricular preservada.

In general, occlusion of one or more coronary arteries is associated with significant weakening of the leftventricular function. This case study describes a 64-year old man with no history or electrocardiographic signs ofprior acute myocardial infarction, with proximal occlusion of two main coronary arteries and preserved left ventricular function.

Intervenção coronariana complexa e tardia pós-tratamento quimioterápico / Complex late coronary intervention after chemotherapy

A associação entre o uso de quimioterápicos e a ocorrência de síndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA) ou mesmo infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) é rara, todavia constitui complicação por vezes de natureza grave, surpreendendo pacientes em curso de tratamento de uma doença já debilitante. Relata-se um caso dessa ocorrência, representada por um lado pelo uso de paclitaxel (taxol) para o tratamento de câncer de ovário e, do outro, por uma lesão complexa, de bifurcação, tratada percutaneamente.

Although associations between chemotherapy and acutecoronary syndromes or even acute myocardial infarctions are rare, they may result in complications that might even be severe, surprising patients during treatments of diseases that are already debilitating. We present a case study of such an association, represented on the one hand by the use of paclitaxel (Taxol), with a complex coronary lesion (bifurcation) treated percutaneously on the other.

Ventricular septal rupture and right ventricular intramyocardial dissection secondary to acute inferior myocardial infarction.

A 61-year-old female patient presented with sub acute myocardial infarction with an occluded right coronary artery on invasive evaluation and a ventricular septal rupture on echocardiogram. Cardiac computed tomography (CT) was performed to better define the septal anatomy. As the anatomy on cardiac CT was considered unfavorable for percutaneous intervention, the patient underwent successful surgical repair.