Assessing glyphosate and AMPA pesticides in the Ofanto River waters and sediments.

In the present study, we determined glyphosate (GPS) and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in the water and sediments of the Ofanto River (Italy), evaluating their transport from the mouth to the sea. Sediments were collected twice in 2021 during low and high tide; waters were sampled on a seasonal basis. The results showed the prevalence of GPS and AMPA in the water with concentrations equal to 190 and 3053 ng/l, respectively. We also found GPS and AMPA in the sediments with values of 0.95 and 11.34 ng/g. In water, pesticides were detected in all seasons with peaks in concentrations during summer and spring. A significant positive correlation between the pesticides in the sediments and the water pH and a negative correlation with salinity was observed. An estimation of the average loads revealed a discharge of 64.11 kg/yr. of GPS and 958.37 kg/yr. of AMPA from the river to the marine environment.

Kinetics of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid sorption onto montmorillonite clays in soil and their translocation to genetically modified corn.

The co-occurrence of glyphosate (GLP) and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in contaminated water, soil, sediment and plants is a cause for concern due to potential threats to the ecosystem and human health. A major route of exposure is through contact with contaminated soil and consumption of crops containing GLP and AMPA residues. However, clay-based sorption strategies for mixtures of GLP and AMPA in soil, plants and garden produce have been very limited. In this study, in vitro soil and in vivo genetically modified corn models were used to establish the proof of concept that the inclusion of clay sorbents in contaminated soils will reduce the bioavailability of GLP and AMPA in soils and their adverse effects on plant growth. Effects of chemical concentration (1-10 mg/kg), sorbent dose (0.5%-3% in soil and 0.5%-1% in plants) and duration (up to 28 days) on sorption kinetics were studied. The time course results showed a continuous GLP degradation to AMPA. The inclusion of calcium montmorillonite (CM) and acid processed montmorillonite (APM) clays at all doses significantly and consistently reduced the bioavailability of both chemicals from soils to plant roots and leaves in a dose- and time-dependent manner without detectable dissociation. Plants treated with 0.5% and 1% APM inclusion showed the highest growth rate (p ≤ 0.05) and lowest chemical bioavailability with up to 76% reduction in roots and 57% reduction in leaves. Results indicated that montmorillonite clays could be added as soil supplements to reduce hazardous mixtures of GLP and AMPA in soils and plants.

Approaches to liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assessment of glyphosate residues in wine.

The performance of two different analytical methodologies to investigate the presence of glyphosate (GLY) and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) residues in wine samples was evaluated. Transformation of compounds in their fluorene-9-methyloxycarbonyl derivatives permitted their separation under reversed-phase liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) determination. Although the wine matrix severely impaired the efficiency of GLY derivatization, this drawback was solved using a molecularly imprinted sorbent for the previous, selective extraction of GLY and AMPA from wine. Alternatively, the use of a strong anionic exchange, polyvinyl alcohol-based LC column, turned to be the most effective alternative for direct determination of both compounds in diluted wine samples. The chromatographic behavior of this column and the magnitude of matrix effects observed during analysis of diluted wine samples were significantly affected by the composition of the mobile phase. Under final working conditions, this column permitted the separation of AMPA and the fungicide fosetyl (which shows common transitions in tandem MS/MS methods), it improved significantly the sample throughput versus extraction-derivatization-purification method, and it allowed the use of solvent-based calibration standards. Both analytical procedures provided similar limits of quantification (LOQs) for GLY (0.5-1.0 ng mL-1), while the multistep method was 8 times more sensitive to AMPA than the direct procedure. GLY residues stayed above method LOQs in 70% of the processed wines; however, concentrations measured in 95% of positive samples remained 100 times below the maximum residue limit (MRL) set for GLY in vinification grapes.

Phosphonates as Unique Components of Plant Seeds-A Promising Approach to Use Phosphorus Profiles in Plant Chemotaxonomy.

Phosphorus is one of the most important elements essential for all living beings. Plants accumulate and store phosphorous in various forms that have diverse physiological and biochemical functions. In this study, we determine and then examine the phosphorus profiles of seeds of plants belonging to different taxa based on extractable inorganic phosphates and organic forms of phosphorus. We paid particular attention to the presence of natural phosphonates in the tested materials. The inorganic phosphates were determined colorimetrically, whereas phosphorus profiles were created by using 31P NMR spectroscopy. Our study on phosphorus profiles revealed that the obtainedsets of data vary significantly among the representatives of different taxa and were somehow specific for families of plants. It should be emphasised that the measurements obtained using 31P NMR spectroscopy undoubtedly confirmed-for the first time-the presence of phosphonates among the natural components of plant seeds. Hence, the classification of plants considering the phosphorus profiles, including the presence of phosphonates, may be a new additional chemotaxonomic feature.

A method to assess glyphosate, glufosinate and aminomethylphosphonic acid in soil and earthworms.

A new sensitive and selective analytical methodology to quantify glyphosate (GLY), aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), and glufosinate (GLU) in both soil and earthworms (Allolobophora chlorotica) was developed. The extraction and purification methods were optimized. The samples were extracted with various aqueous solutions (HNO3, H2O, KOH and borate buffer) and derivatized with 9-Fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOCCl). To optimize the extraction step, a method to remove the excess FMOCCl was applied based on liquid-liquid extraction with diethyl ether. The purification of derivatized extracts was carried out using XLB solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges before internal standard quantification by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The elution step was optimized to obtain the best recoveries possible, which was with acidic methanol (1% formic acid) (67% for GLY, 70% for GLU and 65% for AMPA). The extraction and purification method followed by analysis of the two herbicides and AMPA in soils using LC/MS/MS determined limit of quantification (LOQ) values of 0.030 µg g - 1 for GLY, 0.025 µg g - 1 for AMPA and 0.020 µg g - 1 for GLU . For earthworms, LOQ were 0.23 µg g - 1 for GLY, 0.20 µg g - 1 for AMPA and 0.12 µg g - 1 for GLU. . The developed method was applied to determine these compounds in natural soils and earthworms.

LC-MS/MS characterisation and determination of dansyl chloride derivatised glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), and glufosinate in foods of plant and animal origin.

Glyphosate and other polar and acidic pesticides have been particularly studied due to the concerns over widespread and intensive use. The chemical properties of these compounds necessitate use of customised methods, such as derivatisation or ion exchange chromatography. These approaches present a compatibility problem with ESI-MS due to presence of salts and non-volatile compounds. For that reason, a simple procedure has been developed for the extraction, pre-column derivatisation with dansyl chloride (5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonyl chloride), and mass spectrometric detection of glyphosate, AMPA, and glufosinate after the separation on a C18stationary phase. The dansyl derivatives were characterised with ESI-MS and their separation from derivatisation reagent byproducts was demonstrated with UV absorption detection. Reagent byproducts eluted before the analytes and were separated from the analytes completely, thus the proposed procedure did not contaminate the mass spectrometers. The proposed procedure was evaluated with respect to the matrix effects and extraction efficiency, and was validated with different mass spectrometers for milk, cucumber, honey, porridge formula, bovine kidney and liver matrix. The LOQ was 10 µg kg-1 for AMPA and glufosinate, and 10-25 µg kg-1for glyphosate, depending on matrix. Measurement uncertainties ranged from 4 to 44%. Method performance was compared to the QuPPe (Quick Polar Pesticides) procedure in combination with a diethylamino-based column from Waters™. In the case of Orbitrap™ detection, the proposed procedure had a comparable performance to the QuPPe procedure. Although, improved peak shape, higher absolute peak intensity, and lower standard deviation of the calibration curve slope was observed with the proposed procedure. This could be explained by the superior electrospray stability and lower extent of ion suppression.

One-step purification/extraction method to access glyphosate, glufosinate, and their metabolites in natural waters.

A new green method for trace level quantification of four herbicides, glyphosate (GLYP), glufosinate (GLUF), and their main metabolites, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) and 3-(methyl-phosphinico)-propionic acid (MPPA), was developed. The purification step without any derivatization was conducted by solid-phase extraction using Chelex-100 resin in the Fe (III) form, followed by elution with 5% NH4OH. The four analytes were quantified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The developed extraction method was validated on five fresh and sea water matrices with mean recoveries ranging from 80.1% to 109.4% (relative standard deviation < 20%). The extraction conditions were evaluated and certified for the high applicability of the extraction method too. The limits of detection (ng/L) in the five water matrices were in ranges 0.70 - 4.0, 2.4 - 3.9, 1.8 - 4.7, and 1.6 - 4.0 for GLYP, AMPA, GLUF, and MPPA, respectively. The method was successfully applied to detect the four compounds in surface waters sampled along the Red River Delta region in July 2019. The highest concentrations were detected at 565, 1,330, 234, and 871 ng/L for GLYP, AMPA, GLUF, and MPPA, respectively. These results showed the potential capacity of this new method for convenient monitoring of herbicides and their metabolites in the diverse natural water system.

Understanding the origins of herbicides metabolites in an agricultural watershed through their spatial and seasonal variations.

The aim of this study is to understand the spatial and seasonal variations of persistent herbicides metabolites and to determine their origins in the Vilaine River watershed, Britany-France. Improving knowledge on herbicides metabolites sources and seasonality is important for drinking water resource management. Data were collected at 13 sampling stations during five sampling campaigns in 2016 and 2017. Relations between water quality parameters, herbicides and metabolites were analyzed using statistical methods. The influence of land use and wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) on streams water quality has been identified. Cluster Analysis revealed that two groups of sampling stations can be described as "urban" with stations downstream the urban area and as "agricultural" with stations located downstream of the watershed. Chloroacetamids metabolites have been associated together with nitrates and agricultural areas as could be expected. Thus, the drinking water treatment plant located in the estuary of the Vilaine River is exposed to high metolachlor ESA and nitrate loads all year long. Aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) is associated to anthropogenic urban contamination and nutrient loads. AMPA has its major sources in both glyphosate and phosphonate detergents issued from WWTP. This can help to adapt surface water treatment process and water management policies concerning herbicides metabolites.

A quantitative LC-MS/MS method for the determination of tissue brincidofovir and cidofovir diphosphate in a MuPyV-infected mouse model.

Brincidofovir (BCV) is an investigational lipid conjugate of the nucleotide analog cidofovir (CDV), which is being developed as a medical countermeasure for the treatment of smallpox. BCV is active against double-stranded DNA viruses including BK and JC viruses. Here, we validated procedures for quantifying BCV and its pharmacologically active moiety cidofovir diphosphate (CDV-PP) in mouse kidney, brain and spleen tissue homogenates. Following homogenization, BCV and CDV-PP were extracted from the tissues by protein precipitation with their stable, isotopically labeled internal standards, BCV-d6 and 13 C3 15 N2 -CDV-PP. Then, samples were analyzed for BCV by reverse-phase chromatography on a Waters Xterra MS C18 (50 × 2.1 mm, 3.5 µm particle size) column while CDV-PP was analyzed on a Thermo BioBasic AX (50 × 2.1 mm, 5 µm particle size) column using anion exchange chromatography. Detection was achieved by electrospray ionization in positive ion mode on an AB Sciex API-5000 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The calibration curves were linear over a range of 1.00-1,000 ng/ml homogenate and 0.050-50.0 ng/ml homogenate for BCV and CDV-PP, respectively. These methods were validated according to US Food and Drug Administration guidance for industry and may be used to characterize the tissue pharmacology of both analytes to advance its preclinical development.

Determination of glyphosate and AMPA in oat products for the selection of candidate reference materials.

The use of reference materials (RMs) is critical for validating and testing the accuracy of analytical protocols. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is in initial stages of developing a glyphosate in oats RM. The first aim of this study was to optimize and validate a robust method for the extraction and analysis of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA). The optimized method was used to screen thirteen commercially available oat products to identify candidate RMs. Glyphosate was detected in all samples, with the highest glyphosate mass fraction of 1100 ng/g; lower levels were measured in grains from organic agriculture. AMPA was quantified in nine samples up to 40 ng/g. The findings of this study led to the identification of candidate RMs, with "high" and "low" glyphosate levels. A preliminary stability study determined that glyphosate is stable in oat material at room temperature for six months.

The challenge of detecting the herbicide glyphosate and its metabolite AMPA in seawater - Method development and application in the Baltic Sea.

The globally used herbicide glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) have not yet been reported to occur in the marine environment, presumably due to a lack of suitable analytical methods. In this study, we developed two new methods for the analysis of glyphosate and AMPA in seawater: a small-scale method, which includes an SPE cleanup step that minimizes salt-matrix effects during LC-MS/MS analysis, and a large-scale method that employs an additional SPE preconcentration step. Different SPE materials were evaluated for their suitability to enrich glyphosate and AMPA from saltwater and a molecularly imprinted polymer was selected. Both methods were validated in ultrapure water and environmental seawater. Achieved limits of detection with the small-scale method were 6 and 8 ng/L for glyphosate and AMPA, while the large-scale method achieved 0.12 and 0.22 ng/L, respectively. The small-scale method was used to analyze environmental samples from the Warnow Estuary in Germany. Glyphosate and AMPA could be successfully detected in the samples, but could not be measured beyond the saline estuary due to dilution and degradation effects. A set of samples from the western Baltic Sea was analyzed with the large-scale method. Glyphosate and AMPA could be detected in all Baltic Sea samples, especially at stations close to estuaries. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the occurrence of glyphosate and AMPA in seawater.

Environmental behavior and influencing factors of glyphosate in peach orchard ecosystem.

In this paper, several experiments were carried out to study the environmental behavior and influencing factors of glyphosate (PMG) in peach orchard ecosystem. The results of field experiments showed that PMG and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) were detected in peach tree leaves and peach tree fruits, although PMG was only sprayed on the soil. The residues of PMG and AMPA in peach tree leaves were ~0.1 mg/kg and ~0.5 mg/kg and in peach tree fruits were ~0.01 mg/kg and 0.07-0.11 mg/kg, respectively. By conducting a series of laboratory simulation experiments, the environmental factors affecting the degradation of PMG were screened and evaluated. The results showed that PMG metabolized much faster in loess soil than red soil and black soil (with the DT50 of 11.6 days, 62.4 days, and 34.1 days, respectively). By analyzing the basic properties of the soil, we investigated the effects of pH, moisture content, organic matter (exogenous biochar) and ambient temperature using orthogonal experiments, and the results were further confirmed by microbial experiment. The results showed that alkaline conditions (pH = 7.8/9), high water content (25%) and microorganisms could promote the degradation of PMG. Sterile soil environment had a negative impact on the metabolic behavior of PMG to AMPA.

Urine glyphosate level as a quantitative biomarker of oral exposure.

BACKGROUND: Since the classification of glyphosate as a Group 2A substance "probably carcinogenic to humans" by the IARC in 2015, human health concerns have been raised regarding the exposure of operators, bystanders, and consumers. Urine measurement studies have been conducted, but since toxicokinetic data on glyphosate in humans is lacking, a meaningful interpretation of this data regarding exposure is not possible. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine the fraction of glyphosate and AMPA excretion in urine after consuming ordinary food with glyphosate residue, to estimate dietary glyphosate intake. METHODS: Twelve participants consumed a test meal with a known amount of glyphosate residue and a small amount of AMPA. Urinary excretion was examined for the next 48 h. RESULTS: Only 1% of the glyphosate dose was excreted in urine. The urinary data indicated the elimination half-life was 9 h. For AMPA, 23% of the dose was excreted in urine, assuming that no metabolism of glyphosate to AMPA occurred. If all of the excreted AMPA was a glyphosate metabolite, this corresponds to 0.3% of the glyphosate dose on a molar basis. CONCLUSION: This study provides a basis for estimating oral glyphosate intake using urinary biomonitoring data.

Voltammetric determination of adefovir dipivoxil by using a nanocomposite prepared from molecularly imprinted poly(o-phenylenediamine), multi-walled carbon nanotubes and carbon nitride.

An electrochemical sensor for adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) detection was prepared by electropolymerization of o-phenylenediamine in the presence of ADV on a glassy carbon electrode modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes and carbon nitride. The electrode was characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy and differential pulse voltammetry. The performance was optimized by response surface methodology. The changes in differential pulse voltammetric peak currents of the redox probe, ferricyanide, were linear to ADV concentrations in the range from 0.1 to 9.9 µmol L-1, with the detection limit of 0.05 µmol L-1 (S/N = 3). The sensor was applied to the determination of ADV in drug formulations, human serum and urine samples. It is selective due to the use of an imprinted material, well reproducible, long-term stable, and regenerable. Graphical abstract By merging the unique properties of carbon nitride with intrinsic properties of MWCNTs, and molecularly imprinted polymers, a novel electrochemical sensor with selective binding sites was prepared for determination of adefovir dipivoxil in pharmaceutical and biological samples.

Characterization of phosphonate-based antiscalants used in drinking water treatment plants by anion-exchange chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

In drinking water production, phosphonates are frequently applied as antiscalants in order to prevent the precipitation of salts on reverse osmosis membranes. Whereas the nominal constituents are defined, phosphonate-based antiscalants were found to contain significant amounts of undeclared phosphorous contaminants, particularly noticeable technical diethylenetriamine penta(methylene phosphonic acid) (DTPMP). Following a literature review on impurities of phosphonic acids, separation by anion exchange chromatography coupled with ICP-MS- and ESI-TOF-detection allowed the comprehensive characterization of technical phosphonates. After the identification of synthesis by-products, intermediates and degradation products, the quantification of the phosphorus compounds was accomplished by complementary phosphorus-sensitive ICP-MS detection. The contents of the nominal constituents as well as the organophosphorous impurities of 24 technical antiscalants were determined and compared with the manufacturer's declaration. Of all compounds detected within the technical formulations, 86% were confirmed with reference compounds. Phosphorous impurities were found to contribute to the total phosphorus content with close to 20% (in ATMP- and PBTC-based products) and 38%-65% (in DTPMP-based products). Correspondingly, the nominal compounds were found to contribute with 78%-80% (based on 6 ATMP products) and with 81.5%-83% (based on 2 PBTC products), whereas in 10 out of 12 DTPMP products the nominal compound was found to contribute with 34%-44% to the total phosphorus. Only in two products, elevated DTPMP proportions of 55% and 62% with regard to total phosphorus were determined. The screening for aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) revealed contents between 1.9 mg/L and 157 mg/L. This study represents the first in-depth characterization of phosphonate-based antiscalant products and stock solutions used for drinking water production.

Spatial Distribution of Organophosphorus and Brominated Flame Retardants in Surface Water, Sediment, Groundwater, and Wild Fish in Chengdu, China.

The occurrence and spatial distribution of 13 organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), 11 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and eight novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were investigated in Jinjiang river water, sediment, crucian carp, and groundwater in Chengdu, China. OPFRs were predominant and ubiquitous contaminants in the Jinjiang river water, sediment, groundwater, fish muscle, fish gills, and viscera with concentrations ranging from 19.1 to 533 ng L-1, 12.5 to 253 ng g-1, 11.7 to 149 ng L-1, 114 to 2108 ng g-1 lipid weight (lw), 220 to 638 ng g-1 lw, and 116 to 1356 ng g-1 lw, respectively. The halogenated OPFRs were the primary pollutant in the Jinjiang river water samples, whereas nonhalogenated OPFRs were the dominant OPFRs in the sediments. Brominated flame retardants were not detected in the groundwater, whereas the NBFRs detected in aquatic environment at low frequency. The ΣPBDEs ranged from n.d. to 23.4 ng L-1 and n.d. to 48.7 ng g-1 in the Jinjiang river water and sediment, respectively. BDE-209 was dominant in the sediment samples with concentrations ranging from n.d. to 47.2 ng g-1. The PBDEs levels in the muscle, gills, and viscera of the crucian carp ranged from 10.6 to 90.6 ng g-1 lw, n.d. to 75.6 ng g-1 lw, and n.d. to 219 ng g-1 lw, respectively. BDE-47, chlorinated, and alkyl OPFRs were the main contaminants in the fish samples.

Analysis of degradation products of nerve agents via post-pentafluorobenzylation liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

In the work reported here, a screening procedure was developed for the detection and identification of RMPAs (nerve agent degradation products) after pentafluorobenzylation using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). With this method, all RMPAs, including highly hydrophilic types such as methylphosphonic acid (MPA) and ethyl methylphosphonic acid (EMPA), were sufficiently retained in commonly used reversed-phase columns (retention times: 15.7 and 11.0 min.), and the presence of RMPAs was determined more efficiently than with the conventional direct LC-MS/MS method. The detection limits of RMPAs using this approach (<33 ng) were mostly superior to those observed with direct LC-MS/MS (<74 ng) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after pentafluorobenzylation (<1.1 µg). The applicability of newly developed method toward real samples was evaluated via recovery tests involving urine/serum and wipe tests on various surfaces.

A comparison of alum sludge with peat for aqueous glyphosate removal for maximizing their value for practical use.

This study compares and contrasts the glyphosate removal efficiency of alum sludge (waterworks residue) and Irish peat in aqueous solution. Organic phosphonate of glyphosate aqueous solution was removed in pot tests separately filled with peat and alum sludge, while effluent samples were taken from each pot to analyse the concentration of phosphorus (P) and COD (chemical oxygen demand); physical and chemical analysis for both media before and after use was carried out subsequently. The results show that the P removal capacity of alum sludge was significant (>99%), while the removal capacity of peat was considerably less than 10% after 10 weeks. Both materials significantly reduced the levels of COD, but it was noted that peat had a marginally greater initial P removal capacity (68 ± 22%) and did perform better than alum sludge (57 ± 12%). Moreover, pre-treatment is a crucial step to harness the full potential of peat. Overall, this study provides a scientific clue for sorbents selection when considering alum sludge and peat to maximize their value in practice.

Organophosphonates: A review on environmental relevance, biodegradability and removal in wastewater treatment plants.

The worldwide increasing consumption of the phosphonates 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid [PBTC], 1-hydroxyethane 1,1-diphosphonic acid [HEDP], nitrilotris(methylene phosphonic acid) [NTMP], ethylenediamine tetra(methylene phosphonic acid) [EDTMP] and diethylenetriamine penta(methylene phosphonic acid) [DTPMP] over the past decades put phosphonates into focus of environmental scientists and agencies, as they are increasingly discussed in the context of various environmental problems. The hitherto difficult analysis of phosphonates contributed to the fact that very little is known about their concentrations and behavior in the environment. This work critically reviews the existing literature up to the year 2016 on the potential environmental relevance of phosphonates, their biotic and abiotic degradability, and their removal in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Accordingly, despite their stability against biological degradation, phosphonates can be removed with relatively high efficiency (>80%) in WWTPs operated with chemical phosphate precipitation. In the literature, however, to our knowledge, there is no information as to whether an enhanced biological phosphorus removal alone is sufficient for such high removal rates and whether the achievable phosphonate concentrations in effluents are sufficiently low to prevent eutrophication. It is currently expected that phosphonates, although being complexing agents, do not remobilize heavy metals from sediments in a significant amount since the phosphonate concentrations required for this (>50µg/L) are considerably higher than the concentrations determined in surface waters. Various publications also point out that phosphonates are harmless to a variety of aquatic organisms. Moreover, degradation products thereof such as N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine and aminomethylphosphonic acid are regarded as being particularly critical. Despite their high stability against biological degradation, phosphonates contribute to eutrophication due to abiotic degradation (mainly photolysis). Furthermore, the literature reports on the fact that phosphonates in high concentrations interfere with phosphate precipitation in WWTPs. Thus, it is recommended to remove phosphonates, in particular from industrial wastewaters, before discharging them into water bodies or WWTPs.

Detection of 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid in suspended particles in an ultraoligotrophic lake: a two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D-NMR) study.

Particulate organic phosphorus (P) compounds were examined in ultraoligotrophic Lake Saiko, Japan. A cartridge filter was used to collect sufficient amount of suspended particles for analysis by a two-dimensional NMR (1H-31P heteronuclear multiple bond correlation). 2-Aminoethylphosphonic acid (2-AEP), a phosphonate, was detected in suspended particles in Lake Saiko. The identity of the phosphonate was confirmed by comparison with a commercially available compound. Because 2-AEP is bioavailable, microorganisms can store and use this compound under extremely P-limited conditions. This is the first study to detect 2-AEP in an ultra-oligotrophic environment.