RESUMEN
The present study investigated the detrimental effects of non-lethal, high-dose (whole body) γ-irradiation on bone, and the impact that radiation combined with skin trauma (i.e. combined injury) has on long-term skeletal tissue health. Recovery of bone after an acute dose of radiation (RI; 8 Gy), skin wounding (15-20% of total body skin surface), or combined injury (RI+Wound; CI) was determined 3, 7, 30, and 120 days post-irradiation in female B6D2F1 mice and compared to non-irradiated mice (SHAM) at each time-point. CI mice demonstrated long-term (day 120) elevations in serum TRAP 5b (osteoclast number) and sclerostin (bone formation inhibitor), and suppression of osteocalcin levels through 30 days as compared to SHAM (p<0.05). Radiation-induced reductions in distal femur trabecular bone volume fraction and trabecular number through 120 days post-exposure were significantly greater than non-irradiated mice (p<0.05) and were exacerbated in CI mice by day 30 (p<0.05). Negative alterations in trabecular bone microarchitecture were coupled with extended reductions in cancellous bone formation rate in both RI and CI mice as compared to Sham (p<0.05). Increased osteoclast surface in CI animals was observed for 3 days after irradiation and remained elevated through 120 days (p<0.01). These results demonstrate a long-term, exacerbated response of bone to radiation when coupled with non-lethal wound trauma. Changes in cancellous bone after combined trauma were derived from extended reductions in osteoblast-driven bone formation and increases in osteoclast activity.
Asunto(s)
Huesos/efectos de la radiación , Fémur/efectos de la radiación , Osteoblastos/efectos de la radiación , Piel/patología , Piel/efectos de la radiación , Cicatrización de Heridas , Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales , Animales , Biomarcadores/sangre , Huesos/diagnóstico por imagen , Huesos/patología , Femenino , Fémur/diagnóstico por imagen , Fémur/patología , Glicoproteínas/sangre , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intercelular , Ratones , Osteoblastos/diagnóstico por imagen , Osteoclastos/citología , Osteogénesis , Exposición a la Radiación , Piel/diagnóstico por imagen , Estrés Mecánico , Microtomografía por Rayos XRESUMEN
A close correlation between atherosclerosis, inflammation, and osteoporosis has been recognized, although the precise mechanism remains unclear. The growth factor progranulin (PGRN) is expressed in various cells such as macrophages, leukocytes, and chondrocytes. PGRN plays critical roles in a variety of diseases, such as atherosclerosis and arthritis by inhibiting Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) signaling. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of PGRN on bone metabolism. Forty-eight-week old female homozygous PGRN knockout mice (PGRN-KO) (n = 8) demonstrated severe low bone mass in the distal femur compared to age- and sex-matched wild type C57BL/6J mice (WT) (n = 8) [BV/TV (%): 5.8 vs. 16.6; p < 0.001, trabecular number (1/mm): 1.6 vs. 3.8; p < 0.001]. In vitro, PGRN inhibited TNF-α-induced osteoclastogenesis from spleen cells of PGRN-KO mice. Moreover, PGRN significantly promoted ALP activity, osteoblast-related mRNA (ALP, osteocalcin) expression in a dose-dependent manner and up-regulated osteoblastic differentiation by down-regulating phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in mouse calvarial cells. In conclusion, PGRN may be a promising treatment target for both atherosclerosis and inflammation-related osteoporosis.
Asunto(s)
Resorción Ósea/metabolismo , Fémur/metabolismo , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intercelular/metabolismo , Osteoblastos/metabolismo , Osteogénesis , Animales , Resorción Ósea/inducido químicamente , Resorción Ósea/diagnóstico por imagen , Diferenciación Celular , Femenino , Fémur/diagnóstico por imagen , Granulinas , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intercelular/genética , Sistema de Señalización de MAP Quinasas , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Osteoblastos/diagnóstico por imagen , Osteoblastos/patología , Progranulinas , Radiografía , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: We analyzed the histopathologic findings in end-stage osteoarthritic ankle joint tissue that display increased uptake of bone-seeking radiotracer in single-photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography (SPECT-CT) imaging. METHODS: Six consecutive patients with end-stage osteoarthritis undergoing total ankle replacement received preoperative SPECT-CT imaging using (99m)Technetium dicarboxypropane diphosphonate ((99m)Tc-DPD). Using imaging data for stratification, osteochondral tissue sections were prepared from SPECT-positive (+) and -negative (-) areas of tibial and talar resection specimens. Histomorphometric analyses of osteoblast numbers, collagen deposition, and cartilage degeneration were performed on hematoxylin and eosin, van Gieson's and Safranin-O stained tissue sections. Osteoclast activity was visualized using tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. RESULTS: Increased (99m)Tc-DPD uptake was observed exclusively subjacent to the subchondral bone plate of tibial and talar joint compartments. SPECT(-) tissues displayed typical fatty marrow morphology containing mainly collagen-positive blood vessels and few marrow and bone-lining cells. SPECT(+) tissues were characterized by increased numbers of active bone-lining osteoblasts depositing collagen fibers. Collagen area fraction of subchondral bone marrow was significantly increased in SPECT(+) (0.52 ± 0.21) compared with SPECT(-) (0.29 ± 0.13) tissues (P = .30). Multinucleated TRAP(+) osteoclasts were absent from bone formation sites, but associated with vascular structures invading articular cartilage through the subchondral bone plate. Increased (99m)Tc-DPD uptake was specifically and strongly correlated with increased osteoblast numbers (P = .011), and with collagen area fraction (P = .030) but not with Mankin score (P = .202), or with osteoclast number (P = .576). CONCLUSION: Subchondral bone tissues in SPECT(+) areas of end-stage ankle osteoarthritis were histologically characterized by increased osteoblast-mediated bone formation in the absence of functional osteoclasts, and increased cellularity and collagen deposition in marrow tissues. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings suggest a pathologic bone-remodeling process in end-stage ankle OA areas with increased (99m)Tc-DPD uptake.
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Articulación del Tobillo/diagnóstico por imagen , Articulación del Tobillo/patología , Osteoartritis/diagnóstico por imagen , Osteoartritis/patología , Anciano , Articulación del Tobillo/cirugía , Artroplastia de Reemplazo de Tobillo , Médula Ósea/diagnóstico por imagen , Médula Ósea/patología , Remodelación Ósea , Cartílago Articular/diagnóstico por imagen , Cartílago Articular/patología , Recuento de Células , Colágeno , Difosfonatos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Imagen Multimodal , Compuestos de Organotecnecio , Osteoartritis/cirugía , Osteoblastos/diagnóstico por imagen , Osteoblastos/patología , Radiofármacos , Astrágalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Astrágalo/patología , Tibia/diagnóstico por imagen , Tibia/patología , Tomografía Computarizada de Emisión de Fotón Único , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos XRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The biologically active molecule used in positron emission tomography (PET) for depiction of osteoblastic activity is 18F-labeled fluoride (18F-F). We examined whether inflammatory or chronic changes on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the sacroiliac joints (SIJ) and the spines of patients with active ankylosing spondylitis (AS) are linked to osteoblastic activity, assessed by PET/MRI. METHODS: Thirteen patients with AS (mean age 37.8 ± 11.4 yrs, Bath AS Disease Activity Index > 4, no anti-TNF treatment) underwent 3-Tesla whole-spine and SIJ PET/MRI. Two independent readers recorded pathologic changes related to vertebral (VQ) or SIJ quadrants (SQ). Final scores were based on reader agreement. RESULTS: A total of 104 SQ and 1196 VQ were examined. In SIJ, bone marrow edema (BME) was seen in 44.2%, fat deposition (FD) in 42.3%, and 18F-F in 46.2% SQ. BME alone was associated with 18F-F in 78.6% and FD alone in only 7.7% SQ, while the combination BME/FD was associated with 18F-F in 72.2% SQ. Erosions, sclerosis, and ankylosis alone were rarely associated with 18F-F. In the spine, BME alone was seen in 9.9%, FD in 18.2%, and 18F-F in 5.4% VQ. BME alone was associated with 18F-F in 14.3% and FD alone in 8.7% VQ, while the combination BME/FD was associated with 18F-F in 40.6% VQ. CONCLUSION: In this study of hybrid 18F-F PET/MRI of patients with active AS, we show that BME rather than chronic changes is associated with osteoblastic activity, while the combination of BME and FD showed the highest 18F-F uptake. The use of PET/MRI in prediction of future syndesmophyte formation in AS needs further exploration in prospective studies.
Asunto(s)
Osteoblastos/diagnóstico por imagen , Articulación Sacroiliaca/diagnóstico por imagen , Columna Vertebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Espondiloartritis/diagnóstico por imagen , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Osteoblastos/patología , Proyectos Piloto , Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones , Articulación Sacroiliaca/patología , Columna Vertebral/patología , Espondiloartritis/patologíaRESUMEN
We recently reported that in vitro, engineered 50nm spherical silica nanoparticles promote the differentiation and activity of bone building osteoblasts but suppress bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Furthermore, these nanoparticles promote bone accretion in young mice in vivo. We have now investigated the capacity of these nanoparticles to reverse bone loss in aged mice, a model of human senile osteoporosis. Aged mice received nanoparticles weekly and bone mineral density (BMD), bone structure, and bone turnover were quantified. Our data revealed a significant increase in BMD, bone volume, and biochemical markers of bone formation. Biochemical and histological examinations failed to identify any abnormalities caused by nanoparticle administration. Our studies demonstrate that silica nanoparticles effectively blunt and reverse age-associated bone loss in mice by a mechanism involving promotion of bone formation. The data suggest that osteogenic silica nanoparticles may be a safe and effective therapeutic for counteracting age-associated bone loss. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR: Osteoporosis poses a significant problem in the society. Based on their previous in-vitro findings, the authors' group investigated the effects of spherical silica nanoparticles in reversing bone loss in a mouse model of osteoporosis. The results showed that intra-peritoneal injections of silica nanoparticles could increase bone mineral density, with little observed toxic side effects. This novel method may prove important in future therapy for combating osteoporosis.
Asunto(s)
Nanopartículas/química , Osteoblastos , Osteoclastos , Osteogénesis/efectos de los fármacos , Osteoporosis , Dióxido de Silicio , Animales , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Densidad Ósea/efectos de los fármacos , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Ratones , Osteoblastos/diagnóstico por imagen , Osteoblastos/metabolismo , Osteoclastos/diagnóstico por imagen , Osteoclastos/metabolismo , Osteoporosis/diagnóstico por imagen , Osteoporosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Osteoporosis/metabolismo , Radiografía , Dióxido de Silicio/química , Dióxido de Silicio/farmacologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The use of single-photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT) in identifying unexplained pain in the foot and ankle has been described, where other imaging modalities have failed. The investigation of a painful total ankle replacement (TAR) is difficult, often not delineating a definitive cause. Our aim in this study was to investigate the use of SPECT-CT imaging in painful TARs. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of SPECT imaging performed for painful TARs in our department between October 2010 and December 2014. There were 14 patients identified who had undergone SPECT-CT imaging for a painful TAR. The mean age was 63.1 years, with a male/female sex ratio of 2:3 and a minimum time from surgery to imaging of 18 months. RESULTS: Of the 14 patients, 13 were positive for increased osteoblastic activity in relation to the periprosthetic area consistent with implant loosening. The most common finding was tracer activity in relation to the talar component in 13 cases. There was additional tracer activity localized to the tibial component in 5 of these cases. In 10 of the 13 cases with prosthetic loosening/failure of bony ongrowth, there was no evidence of loosening on the plain radiographs. Infection was ruled out by using joint aspiration as clinically indicated. CONCLUSION: In our series, SPECT-CT imaging revealed a high incidence of medial sided talar prosthesis activity consistent with loosening. The finding of a high incidence of talar nonintegration illustrates the limitations of conventional radiology in follow-up of total ankle replacements, as this was not apparent on plain radiographs. We therefore conclude that there should be a high index of suspicion for talar prosthesis nonintegration in patients with otherwise unexplained ongoing medial pain in total ankle replacements. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, retrospective case series.
Asunto(s)
Articulación del Tobillo/diagnóstico por imagen , Artralgia/etiología , Artroplastia de Reemplazo de Tobillo/efectos adversos , Prótesis Articulares/efectos adversos , Tomografía Computarizada de Emisión de Fotón Único , Interfase Hueso-Implante , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Osteoblastos/diagnóstico por imagen , Falla de Prótesis , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: 18F-fluoride uptake represents active osteoblastic bone synthesis. We assessed bone synthetic activity in inflammatory lesions and syndesmophytes in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) using 18F-fluoride positron emission tomography-magnetic resonance imaging (PET-MRI, Philips Healthcare, Cleveland, OH, USA) and x-ray. METHODS: All images of 12 AS patients were recorded with the presence or absence of increased 18F-fluoride uptake lesions on PET, acute (type A) or advanced (type B) corner inflammatory lesions (CILs) on MRI, syndesmophytes on x-ray at the anterior vertebral corners. An increased 18F-fluoride uptake lesion was defined as an uptake which is greater than the uptake in the adjacent normal vertebral body. The association of a CIL or syndesmophyte with an increased 18F-fluoride uptake lesion was investigated by generalised linear latent mixed models analysis to adjust within-patient dependence for total numbers of vertebral corners. RESULTS: There were 67 type A CILs (12.1%), 37 type B CILs (6.7%) and 58 increased 18F-fluoride uptake lesion (10.4%) out of 552 vertebral corners and there were 57 syndesmophytes (19.8%) out of 288 vertebral corners. A type A CIL (OR=3.2, 95% CI=1.6-6.5, p=0.001), type B CIL (OR=59.9, 95% CI=23.5-151.5, p<0.001) and syndesmpophyte (OR=21.8, 95% CI=5.5-85.2, p<0.001) were significantly associated with an increased 18F-fluoride uptake lesion. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that an inflammatory lesion as well as a syndesmophyte is associated with active bone synthesis assessed by 18F-fluoride uptake in the spine of AS patients. 18F-fluoride PET-MRI may have the potential for investigating the pathogenesis of structural damage in AS.
Asunto(s)
Fluorodesoxiglucosa F18 , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Osteoblastos , Osteogénesis , Radiofármacos , Columna Vertebral , Espondilitis Anquilosante/diagnóstico , Adulto , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Humanos , Modelos Lineales , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Imagen Multimodal , Osteoblastos/diagnóstico por imagen , Osteoblastos/patología , Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Estudios Prospectivos , Columna Vertebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Columna Vertebral/patología , Espondilitis Anquilosante/diagnóstico por imagen , Espondilitis Anquilosante/patologíaRESUMEN
Cobalt and chromium species are released in the local tissues as a result of tribo-corrosion, and affect bone cell survival and function. However we have little understanding of the mechanisms of cellular entry, intracellular distribution, and speciation of the metals that result in impaired bone health. Here we used synchrotron based X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and fluorescent-probing approaches of candidate receptors P2X7R and divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT-1), to better understand the entry, intra-cellular distribution and speciation of cobalt (Co) and chromium (Cr) in human osteoblasts and primary human osteoclasts. We found that both Co and Cr were most highly localized at nuclear and perinuclear sites in osteoblasts, suggesting uptake through cell membrane transporters, and supported by a finding that P2X7 receptor blockade reduced cellular entry of Co. In contrast, metal species were present at discrete sites corresponding to the basolateral membrane in osteoclasts, suggesting cell entry by endocytosis and trafficking through a functional secretory domain. An intracellular reduction of Cr6+ to Cr3+ was the only redox change observed in cells treated with Co2+, Cr3+, and Cr6+. Our data suggest that the cellular uptake and processing of Co and Cr differs between osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
Asunto(s)
Huesos/metabolismo , Cromo/metabolismo , Cobalto/metabolismo , Osteoblastos/metabolismo , Osteoclastos/metabolismo , Huesos/citología , Huesos/diagnóstico por imagen , Proteínas de Transporte de Catión/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Corrosión , Humanos , Osteoblastos/citología , Osteoblastos/diagnóstico por imagen , Osteoclastos/citología , Osteoclastos/diagnóstico por imagen , Osteólisis , Oxidación-Reducción , Radiografía , Receptores Purinérgicos P2X7/metabolismo , Espectrometría por Rayos X , Espectroscopía de Absorción de Rayos XRESUMEN
Low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) was reported to accelerate the rate of fracture healing. When LIPUS is applied to fractures transcutaneously, bone tissues at different depths are exposed to different ultrasound fields. Measurement of LIPUS shows pressure variations in near field (nearby transducer); uniform profile was found beyond it (far field). Moreover, we have reported that the therapeutic effect of LIPUS is dependent on the axial distance of ultrasound beam in rat fracture model. However, the mechanisms of how different axial distances of LIPUS influence the mechanotransduction of bone cells are not understood. To understand the cellular mechanisms underlying far field LIPUS on enhanced fracture healing in rat model, the present study investigated the effect of ultrasound axial distances on (1) osteocyte, the mechanosensor, and (2) mechanotransduction between osteocyte and pre-osteoblast (bone-forming cell) through paracrine signaling. We hypothesized that far field LIPUS could enhance the osteogenic activities of osteoblasts via paracrine factors secreted from osteocytes. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of axial distances of LIPUS on osteocytes and osteocyte-osteoblast mechanotransduction. In this study, LIPUS (plane; 2.2 cm in diameter, 1.5MHz sine wave, ISATA=30 mW/cm(2)) was applied to osteocytes (mechanosensor) at three axial distances: 0mm (near field), 60mm (mid-near field) and 130 mm (far field). The conditioned medium of osteocytes (OCM) collected from these three groups were used to culture pre-osteoblasts (effector cell). In this study, (1) the direct effect of ultrasound fields on the mechanosensitivity of osteocytes; and (2) the osteogenic effect of different OCM treatments on pre-osteoblasts were assessed. The immunostaining results indicated the ultrasound beam at far field resulted in more ß-catenin nuclear translocation in osteocytes than all other groups. This indicated that osteocytes could detect the acoustic differences of LIPUS at various axial distances. Furthermore, we found that the soluble factors secreted by far field LIPUS exposed osteocytes could further promote pre-osteoblasts cell migration, maturation (transition of cell proliferation into osteogenic differentiation), and matrix calcification. In summary, our results of this present study indicated that axial distance beyond near field could transmit ultrasound energy to osteocyte more efficiently. The LIPUS exposed osteocytes conveyed mechanical signals to pre-osteoblasts and regulated their osteogenic cellular activities via paracrine factors secretion. The soluble factors secreted by far field exposed osteocytes led to promotion in migration and maturation in pre-osteoblasts. This finding demonstrated the positive effects of far field LIPUS on stimulating osteocytes and promoting mechanotransduction between osteocytes and osteoblasts.
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Osteoblastos/diagnóstico por imagen , Osteoblastos/fisiología , Terapia por Ultrasonido , Fosfatasa Alcalina/metabolismo , Animales , Diferenciación Celular , Línea Celular , Movimiento Celular , Proliferación Celular , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Curación de Fractura/fisiología , Mecanotransducción Celular , Ratones , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Osteocitos/diagnóstico por imagen , Osteocitos/fisiología , Coloración y Etiquetado , Ultrasonografía , beta Catenina/metabolismoRESUMEN
Non-destructive monitoring of engineered tissues is needed for translation of these products from the lab to the clinic. In this study, non-invasive, high resolution spectral ultrasound imaging (SUSI) was used to monitor the differentiation of MC3T3 pre-osteoblasts seeded within collagen hydrogels. SUSI was used to measure the diameter, concentration and acoustic attenuation of scatterers within such constructs cultured in either control or osteogenic medium over 21 days. Conventional biochemical assays were used on parallel samples to determine DNA content and calcium deposition. Construct volume and morphology were accurately imaged using ultrasound. Cell diameter was estimated to be approximately 12.5-15.5 µm using SUSI, which corresponded well to measurements of fluorescently stained cells. The total number of cells per construct assessed by quantitation of DNA content decreased from 5.6±2.4×10(4) at day 1 to 0.9±0.2×10(4) at day 21. SUSI estimation of the equivalent number of acoustic scatters showed a similar decreasing trend, except at day 21 in the osteogenic samples, which showed a marked increase in both scatterer number and acoustic impedance, suggestive of mineral deposition by the differentiating MC3T3 cells. Estimation of calcium content by SUSI was 41.7±11.4 µg/ml, which agreed well with the biochemical measurement of 38.7±16.7 µg/ml. Color coded maps of parameter values were overlaid on B-mode images to show spatiotemporal changes in cell diameter and calcium deposition. This study demonstrates the use of non-destructive ultrasound imaging to provide quantitative information on the number and differentiated state of cells embedded within 3D engineered constructs, and therefore presents a valuable tool for longitudinal monitoring of engineered tissue development.
Asunto(s)
Diferenciación Celular , Osteoblastos/citología , Osteoblastos/diagnóstico por imagen , Ingeniería de Tejidos/métodos , Células 3T3 , Animales , Calcio/metabolismo , Técnicas de Cultivo de Célula/instrumentación , Técnicas de Cultivo de Célula/métodos , Tamaño de la Célula , Supervivencia Celular , Colágeno/metabolismo , Ratones , Osteoblastos/metabolismo , Osteogénesis , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Factores de Tiempo , Ingeniería de Tejidos/instrumentación , UltrasonografíaRESUMEN
Although low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has been shown to enhance bone fracture healing, the underlying mechanism of LIPUS remains to be fully elucidated. Here, to better understand the molecular mechanism underlying cellular responses to LIPUS, we investigated gene expression profiles in mouse MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells exposed to LIPUS using high-density oligonucleotide microarrays and computational gene expression analysis tools. Although treatment of the cells with a single 20-min LIPUS (1.5 MHz, 30 mW/cm(2)) did not affect the cell growth or alkaline phosphatase activity, the treatment significantly increased the mRNA level of Bglap. Microarray analysis demonstrated that 38 genes were upregulated and 37 genes were downregulated by 1.5-fold or more in the cells at 24-h post-treatment. Ingenuity pathway analysis demonstrated that the gene network U (up) contained many upregulated genes that were mainly associated with bone morphology in the category of biological functions of skeletal and muscular system development and function. Moreover, the biological function of the gene network D (down), which contained downregulated genes, was associated with gene expression, the cell cycle and connective tissue development and function. These results should help to further clarify the molecular basis of the mechanisms of the LIPUS response in osteoblast cells.
Asunto(s)
Regulación de la Expresión Génica/genética , Osteoblastos/metabolismo , Transcriptoma/genética , Terapia por Ultrasonido , Células 3T3 , Animales , Proliferación Celular/efectos de la radiación , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de la radiación , Ratones , Osteoblastos/diagnóstico por imagen , Transcriptoma/efectos de la radiación , UltrasonografíaRESUMEN
Bone continually adapts to meet changing physical and biological demands. Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes cooperate to integrate these physical and biochemical cues to maintain bone homeostasis. Although TGFß acts on all three of these cell types to maintain bone homeostasis, the extent to which it participates in the adaptation of bone to mechanical load is unknown. Here, we investigated the role of the TGFß pathway in load-induced bone formation and the regulation of Sclerostin, a mechanosensitive antagonist of bone anabolism. We found that mechanical load rapidly represses the net activity of the TGFß pathway in osteocytes, resulting in reduced phosphorylation and activity of key downstream effectors, Smad2 and Smad3. Loss of TGFß sensitivity compromises the anabolic response of bone to mechanical load, demonstrating that the mechanosensitive regulation of TGFß signaling is essential for load-induced bone formation. Furthermore, sensitivity to TGFß is required for the mechanosensitive regulation of Sclerostin, which is induced by TGFß in a Smad3-dependent manner. Together, our results show that physical cues maintain bone homeostasis through the TGFß pathway to regulate Sclerostin expression and the deposition of new bone.
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Glicoproteínas/genética , Mecanotransducción Celular/genética , Osteoblastos/metabolismo , Osteoclastos/metabolismo , Osteocitos/metabolismo , Tibia/metabolismo , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales , Animales , Línea Celular Tumoral , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Genes Reporteros , Glicoproteínas/metabolismo , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intercelular , Luciferasas , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Transgénicos , Osteoblastos/citología , Osteoblastos/diagnóstico por imagen , Osteoclastos/citología , Osteoclastos/diagnóstico por imagen , Osteocitos/citología , Osteocitos/diagnóstico por imagen , Osteogénesis/genética , Fosforilación , Proteína Smad2/genética , Proteína Smad2/metabolismo , Proteína smad3/genética , Proteína smad3/metabolismo , Tibia/citología , Tibia/diagnóstico por imagen , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Soporte de Peso , Microtomografía por Rayos XRESUMEN
Implantology has been an important component of dental management for over forty years, and during that period, many configurations of implant materials and methods have been developed. As empirical and clinical research yield new implant materials, there has been need to test and compare these materials to provide the most cost-effective and efficient implants. Evaluation of efficiency of implants has relied heavily on histological and radiological methods, but these one-dimensional measurement methods fail to evaluate the osteoblastic activity and osseointegration properties of putative implants. In this report, we describe the use of a quantitative single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) as a tool for comparing the osseointegrating capabilities of two types of implants.
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Implantación Dental Endoósea , Implantes Dentales , Mandíbula/diagnóstico por imagen , Oseointegración/fisiología , Osteoblastos/diagnóstico por imagen , Animales , Regeneración Ósea/fisiología , Femenino , Porcinos , Tomografía Computarizada de Emisión de Fotón ÚnicoRESUMEN
This study investigated the effects of different frequencies of low intensity ultrasound on osteoblast migration using an in vitro scratch-wound healing assay. Mouse calvarial-derived MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts in culture were exposed to continuous 45 kHz ultrasound (25 mW/cm(2)) or pulsed 1 MHz ultrasound (250 mW/cm(2)) for 30 min followed by 2 days' culture. Ultrasound treatment with either kHz or MHz output similarly and significantly increased cell numbers after 2 days in culture compared with untreated control cultures. In the scratch-wound healing assay the presence of the cell proliferation inhibitor mitomycin C (MMC) did not influence scratch-wound closure in control cultures indicating that cell migration was responsible for the in vitro wound healing. Application of ultrasound significantly stimulated wound closure. MMC did not affect kHz-stimulated in vitro wound healing; however, MMC reduced in part the scratch-wound closure rate in MHz-treated cultures suggesting that enhanced cell proliferation as well as migration was involved in the healing promoted by MHz ultrasound. In conclusion, both continuous kHz and pulsed MHz ultrasound promoted osteoblastic migration; however, subtle differences were apparent in the manner the different ultrasound regimens enhanced in vitro scratch-wound healing.
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Movimiento Celular/fisiología , Osteoblastos/citología , Osteoblastos/diagnóstico por imagen , Animales , Línea Celular , Movimiento Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/fisiología , Ratones , Mitomicina/farmacología , Osteoblastos/efectos de los fármacos , Ultrasonido/métodos , Ultrasonografía , Cicatrización de Heridas/efectos de los fármacos , Cicatrización de Heridas/fisiologíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Multimodal microimaging in preclinical models is used to examine the effect of spinal metastases on bony structure; however, the evaluation of tumor burden and its effect on microstructure has thus far been mainly qualitative or semiquantitative. Quantitative analysis of multimodality imaging is a time consuming task, motivating automated methods. As such, this study aimed to develop a low complexity semiautomated multimodal µCT/µMR based approach to segment rat vertebral structure affected by mixed osteolytic/osteoblastic destruction. METHODS: Mixed vertebral metastases were developed via intracardiac injection of Ace-1 canine prostate cancer cells in three 4-week-old rnu/rnu rats. µCT imaging (for high resolution bone visualization), T1-weighted µMR imaging (for bone registration), and T2-weighted µMR imaging (for osteolytic tumor visualization) were conducted on one L1, three L2, and one L3 vertebrae (excised). One sample (L1-L3) was processed for undecalcified histology and stained with Goldner's trichome. The µCT and µMR images were registered using a 3D rigid registration algorithm with a mutual information metric. The vertebral microarchitecture was segmented from the µCT images using atlas-based demons deformable registration, levelset curvature evolution, and intensity-based thresholding techniques. The µCT based segmentation contours of the whole vertebrae were used to mask the T2-weighted µMR images, from which the osteolytic tumor tissue was segmented (intensity-based thresholding). RESULTS: Accurate registration of µCT and µMRI modalities yielded precise segmentation of whole vertebrae, trabecular centrums, individual trabeculae, and osteolytic tumor tissue. While the algorithm identified the osteoblastic tumor attached to the vertebral pereosteal surfaces, it was limited in segmenting osteoblastic tissue located within the trabecular centrums. CONCLUSIONS: This semiautomated segmentation method yielded accurate registration of µCT and µMRI modalities with application to the development of mathematical models analyzing the mechanical stability of metastatically involved vertebrae and in preclinical applications evaluating new and existing treatment effects on tumor burden and skeletal microstructure.
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Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador/métodos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Osteoblastos/diagnóstico por imagen , Osteólisis , Neoplasias de la Columna Vertebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias de la Columna Vertebral/secundario , Microtomografía por Rayos X/métodos , Animales , Automatización , Línea Celular Tumoral , Perros , Masculino , Metástasis de la Neoplasia , Osteoblastos/patología , Neoplasias de la Próstata/patología , Ratas , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Neoplasias de la Columna Vertebral/patología , Neoplasias de la Columna Vertebral/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: We retrospectively analyzed pre and post-stereotactic radiotherapy CT and MRI findings and volume changes for osteoblastic spinal metastatic lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of 114 lesions in 72 patients, 11 were osteoblastic. CT and MR images were reviewed to determine tumor volume, CT attenuation, T2 signal intensities, and contrast enhancement. RESULTS: Tumor volume did not change for 10 lesions and increased for 1 lesion. CT attenuation increased for 8 lesions with heterogeneous T2 signal intensities. Of these 8 lesions, 4 had patterns of dark signal foci and the other 4 had patterns of both dark and bright signal foci. T2 signal intensity became heterogenous, with dark and bright foci, for 2 of 3 lesions for which CT attenuation decreased, and normalized for the third lesion. The degree of contrast enhancement decreased for 6 lesions and did not change for 5 lesions. CONCLUSION: There were no changes in volume except for one case. On CT images, sclerotic changes were more common than loss of sclerotic foci. On T2-weighted images, dark signal intensities with or without bright signal foci developed and the degree of enhancement decreased for more than half of the cases.
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Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Osteoblastos/diagnóstico por imagen , Osteoblastos/patología , Radiocirugia , Neoplasias de la Columna Vertebral/diagnóstico , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/métodos , Medios de Contraste , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Gadolinio DTPA , Humanos , Aumento de la Imagen/métodos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Neoplasias de la Columna Vertebral/secundario , Neoplasias de la Columna Vertebral/cirugía , Carga TumoralAsunto(s)
Neoplasias Óseas/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias Óseas/secundario , Imagen Multimodal , Osteoblastos/efectos de los fármacos , Osteoblastos/diagnóstico por imagen , Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Anciano , Neoplasias Óseas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Óseas/patología , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/patología , Clorhidrato de Erlotinib , Fluorodesoxiglucosa F18/metabolismo , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Masculino , Osteoblastos/metabolismo , Osteoblastos/patología , Quinazolinas/farmacología , Quinazolinas/uso terapéutico , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
UNLABELLED: Cellular responses following low-dose irradiation have been widely debated. Several studies have revealed detrimental effects of low-dose irradiation; however, some studies have shown contrasting results. Moreover, the effects of periapical irradiation on osteoblastic cells have not yet been revealed. Therefore, in this study, we tested the hypothesis that low-dose dental irradiation of osteoblastic cells reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and leads to increased cellular proliferation and high-dose dental irradiation of osteoblastic cells increases ROS production and leads to cellular apoptosis. METHODS: We irradiated MC3T3-E1 cells with various doses of periapical irradiation (0, 1, 2, 5 and 10 doses, 1.5 mGy/dose). We evaluated cell viability using MTT assay, the expression of Bax and Bcl-2, as markers for apoptosis and the expression of cyclin D1 as a marker for cell proliferation 24h after each irradiation. We also measured ROS production 4h following each irradiation. RESULTS: ROS production was significantly reduced after one dose of periapical irradiation (1.5 mGy); however, after 10 doses (15 mGy), ROS production was significantly increased (p<0.05). None of the doses of dental radiation affected cell viability as determined by MTT assay, nor did they change the apoptotic marker: (the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio). However, 10 doses of dental irradiation significantly decreased the expression of cyclin D1. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that low-dose dental radiation may help to detoxify osteoblastic cells by reducing ROS production without any changes in cell viability, cellular apoptosis or proliferation. However, high-dose dental radiation impairs osteoblastic proliferation via increase ROS production without any changes in cell viability or apoptotic responses.
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Apoptosis/efectos de la radiación , Proliferación Celular/efectos de la radiación , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de la radiación , Osteoblastos/diagnóstico por imagen , Radiografía Dental , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/análisis , Animales , Línea Celular , Relación Dosis-Respuesta en la Radiación , Ratones , Osteoblastos/citología , Radiografía Dental/efectos adversos , Radiografía Dental/métodos , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/efectos de la radiaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: New or worsening bone lesions in patients responding to treatment, known as the flare phenomenon is well described on (99m)Tc-MDP bone scintigraphy, but to our knowledge has not previously been described on CT. The appearance of new or worsening bone sclerosis on CT in patients with prostate cancer may therefore be erroneously classified as disease progression. PURPOSE: To assess the incidence of osteoblastic healing flare response at 3-month CT assessment in patients with castrate-resistant prostate cancer and to identify associated features that enable differentiation from progressive metastatic bone disease at 3 months. MATERIAL AND METHODS: CT scans of 67 patients with castrate-resistant prostate cancer undergoing treatment were reviewed by a radiologist blinded to clinical outcome. Changes in number, size, and density of metastatic bone lesions were documented and Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (RECIST) in soft tissue lesions, alkaline phosphatase, prostate specific antigen, and (99m)Tc-MDP bone scans were used for correlation. RESULTS: Of the 39 patients who had 3- and 6-month follow-up, eight patients (21%) demonstrated an increase in number, size, or density of sclerotic lesions on the 3-month CT scan despite improvement in PSA and soft tissue lesions. Three out of eight patients (8%) maintained partial response/remained stable at follow-up and were defined as showing a flare response: in this group bone metastases evident on CT showed a qualitative and quantitative increase in density and no lesions faded at 3 months. In contrast, in all patients who progressed at 3 months by PSA/RECIST criteria (n = 8) bone lesions showed a mixed pattern with some lesions increasing and others decreasing in density. CONCLUSION: The incidence of flare response of metastatic bone disease evident at 3-month post-treatment CT in patients with prostate cancer undergoing systemic treatment is 8%. In patients with falling PSA and stable/responding soft tissue disease at 3 months an increase in bone sclerosis in the absence of fading bone metastases can be interpreted as flare and is likely to represent a response.