Hematological aftermath of the radiation accident in Istanbul.

PURPOSE: The effects of radiation exposure are long-lasting. Long-term monitoring is imperative to diagnose late effects and improve our far-sightedness about possible events in the future. A radiation accident occurred in Istanbul in 1998 that resulted in mild to moderate acute radiation syndrome (ARS). In this study we aimed to investigate the changes in hematological parameters at the long-term follow-up of ARS patients. METHODS: Ten adults were hospitalized after exposure to a 60Co source. Seven were diagnosed as having ARS and had severe and symptomatic pancytopenia. All of the exposed people recovered following intensive treatment. Treatment was supportive with transfusion, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, and anti- infective management covering antifungal agents. Patients were closely monitored. Nine years after the accident, the initial and follow-up complete blood count examinations and peripheral blood smears (PBS) were comparatively evaluated by an experienced hematologist. The hematological laboratory values of the patients on admission, after treatment, and nine years after the accident were documented and compared. RESULTS: Biodosimetric analysis revealed that whole-body doses ranged from 1-1.9 Gy. All subjects have shown complete recovery of the hematological laboratory values after treatment. All but one of the subjects showed complete blood cell recovery. The improvement of the blood cell count of the excepted patient stalled at a mildly reduced level and his bone marrow was still hypocellular nine years after the accident; however, no malignant changes were detected. Values at admission were significantly different compared with post treatment and present values of all patients. Post treatment and follow-up values were similar. One of the patients died of lung cancer. None of the patients developed hematological malignancy. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the recovery from ARS was complete after treatment. The small population, short follow-up period, and the relatively small doses resulted in no long-term adverse effects, as would be predicted.

Aplastic anemia before bone marrow transplantation and antilymphocyte globulin.

In severe aplastic anemia, disease-dependent mortality was high before allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and immunosuppressive therapies (IST) including antilymphocyte globulin became available. However, under supportive therapy alone, spontaneous remissions were observed in up to 20% of severe cases, reflecting the natural course of the disease. Therefore, in evaluating new forms of treatment, one has to keep in mind that remission is not necessarily response, and that final proof of utility of any new therapy still requires a randomized study design. Transition to leukemia or myelodysplasia was rarely observed if the initial diagnosis was accurate. The much higher incidence of leukemias in patients treated by IST, but not by BMT is probably due to the better life expectancy of patients at risk, rather than to a leukemogenic potential of IST itself. 'Outdated' therapeutic modalities, such as androgens or splenectomy, may still be justified as an adjuvant therapy in selected cases.