Tuberculous meningoencephalomyelitis and coinfection with HTLV-I + HTLV-II: case report.

HTLV-I and HTLV-II are endemic in some areas of Brazil, where an associated disease, HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) have been diagnosed in significant number of infected individuals. Tuberculosis has been demonstrated among those individuals, with higher prevalence than in the general population, suggesting that there is an increased risk for this comorbidity. We report the case of an individual coinfected with HTLV-I and HTLV-II, suffering from an insidious meningoencephalomyelitis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The patient was a 44 years old man successfully treated with steroids and antituberculous drugs, improving clinically and turning to a negative PCR and to a normal blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier.

Tuberculous meningoencephalomyelitis and coinfection with HTLV-I + HTLV-II: case report

Os vírus HTLV-I e HTLV-II são endêmicos em algumas regiões do Brasil, onde uma das doenças associadas, a paraparesia espástica tropical/mielopatia associada ao HTLV (PET/MAH), tem sido diagnosticada em significativo número de pacientes infectados. Nesses indivíduos, a prevalência de tuberculose é maior que na população geral, sugerindo que possa haver um maior risco para esta comorbidade. Relatamos o caso de um homem de 44 anos coinfectado HTLV-I + HTLV-II que desenvolveu meningoencefalomielite por Mycobacterium tuberculosis. O paciente apresentou recuperação clínica parcial, correção da disfunção de barreira hemato-liquórica e negativação no PCR, mediante o tratamento com corticoesteróides e tuberculostáticos.

Seroprevalencia del HTLV-I en familiares de pacientes con paraparesia espástica (HAM/TSP y PEP) / Seroprevalence of HTLV-I in the family of patients with spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP and PEP)

The seroprevalence of HTLV-I was studied in parents, brothers, siblings and sexual partners of 147 patients with spastic paraparesis assocaited to HTLV-1 (HAM/TSP) and 84 patients with HTLV-1 negative spastic pararparesis (SP). Seroprevalence was 29.1 percent for HAM/SP and 0 percent for SP relatives (p<0.001); the last figure is similar to that of the general population. Seroprevalence in sexual partners was 65 percent, suggesting that sexual intercourse is the principal route of transmission. Likewise, seroprevalence in siblings of mothers with HAM/TSP or HTLV-1 positive was 17.6 percent, suggesting a high maternal transmission

[Tropical spastic paraparesis in the tropics and Brazil. A historical analysis]. / Paraparesia espástica tropical nos trópicos e Brasil. Análise histórica.

The tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) is a chronic myelopathy, predominant in the tropics, recently known to be of retroviral origin (HTLV-I). This paper aims at delineating the clinico-etiological evolution of this entity. The historical analysis of it showed that the TSP has had, along decades, many different denominations and the discovery of the retroviral origin for some of them has stimulated new paths of research and epidemiological interest in the tropics and Brazil.

Nucleotide sequence analysis of an HTLV-I isolate from a Chilean patient with HAM/TSP.

Isolates of HTLV-I have been characterized from a number of different regions of the world; however, there has not been a nucleotide sequence analysis of an HTLV-I isolate from a South American country. Reported here is an individual from Chile identified with the HTLV-I-associated neurological disease HAM/TSP. The sera and the nucleic acid sequence of the HTLV-I present in peripheral blood lymphocytes from this Chilean HAM/TSP patient over a two year period are characterized. During this time, the patient's condition grew progressively worse. While the serological profile of this patient was unremarkable in comparison with other HAM/TSP patients previously described, nucleic acid sequence analysis identified two nucleotide positions which contained nucleotides unique to this Chilean isolate. The nucleotide sequence analysis also indicates that the Chilean HTLV-I isolate is more closely related to Caribbean and Japanese isolates of HTLV-I than to the African and U.S. isolates described so far.

Virus y linfoma: leucemia / Virus and lymphoma: leukemia

El virus HTLV-I fue encontrado promotor de la Leucemia T del adulto y de la paraparesia espástica tropical. No es el único virus inculpado con la producción de neoplasias en el hombre. Se trata de un virus muy similar al HTLV-II o HIV, que se propaga en forma muy similar a éste. Tiene como diferencia fundamental, al producción de atipías linfoides y su muy largo período de incubación. Se lo encuentra en casi todo el mundo, pero su origen es el sur del Japón, si bien es endémico en la costa Americana del Pacífico, donde produce el cuadro neurológico mencionado anteriormente

Virus y linfoma: leucemia / Virus and lymphoma: leukemia

El virus HTLV-I fue encontrado promotor de la Leucemia T del adulto y de la paraparesia espástica tropical. No es el único virus inculpado con la producción de neoplasias en el hombre. Se trata de un virus muy similar al HTLV-II o HIV, que se propaga en forma muy similar a éste. Tiene como diferencia fundamental, al producción de atipías linfoides y su muy largo período de incubación. Se lo encuentra en casi todo el mundo, pero su origen es el sur del Japón, si bien es endémico en la costa Americana del Pacífico, donde produce el cuadro neurológico mencionado anteriormente (AU)

[HTLV-I retrovirus in Chile: study on 140 neurological patients]. / Retrovirus HTLV-1 en Chile: estudio en 140 enfermos neurológicos.

We screened 140 patients with different neurological diseases for the presence of anti HTLV-1 virus antibodies. ELISA test confirmed with Western Blot analysis was performed in CSF and blood. Positive findings were obtained in 23 out of 52 patients with progressive spastic paraparesis (44%). All patients with multiple sclerosis, polymyositis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or chronic polyneuropathy were negative. Patients with progressive spastic paraparesis and positive HTLV-1 antibodies were most commonly women (78%) and middle aged (mean 46 years old), with a history of surgical interventions (70%) or blood transfusion (35%). A slowly progressive spastic paraparesis with asymmetric onset and minimal sensory complaints was observed in some cases. Mononuclear pleocytosis in the CSF was observed in 35% with an increased IgG index in 88%. A delayed latency and low amplitude of somatosensory evoked potentials was observed in 89% of patients.

High human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I proviral DNA load with polyclonal integration in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of French West Indian, Guianese, and African patients with tropical spastic paraparesis.

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) proviral integration status was examined by Southern blot analysis in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) DNA from patients presenting a tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) and serological evidence of HTLV-I infection. Surface phenotype and morphological aspects of PBMC were also studied. A polyclonal HTLV-I proviral integration was found in the PBMC of the 10 patients studied irrespective of their geographical origin (French West Indies, French Guiana, and Africa), the duration of their clinical illness, or the HTLV-I antibody titer. Furthermore, by dilution experiments and hypothesizing that only one copy of HTLV-I proviral DNA is present in one cell, we estimated that this HTLV-I integration is present in 3% to 15% of their PBMC. All 10 TSP/HTLV-I patients studied had an average of 10% of their lymphocytes abnormal, presenting either a misshapen nucleus or an adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL)-like feature. Moreover, an elevated CD4/CD8 ratio associated with the presence of activated T cells with a high level of DR expression was observed in most patients. The significant frequency of viral-positive PBMC and the important load of HTLV-I proviral DNA that we observed in TSP/HTLV-I patients might play an important role in the pathogenesis of this recently identified clinico-virological entity.

High human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I proviral DNA load with polyclonal integration in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of French West Indian, Guianese, and African patients with tropical spastic paraparesis

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) proviral integration status was examined by Southern blot analysis in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) DNA from patients presenting a tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) and serological evidence of HTLV-I infection. Surface phenotype and morphological aspects of PBMC were also studied. A polyclonal HTLV-I proviral integration was found in the PBMC of the 10 patients studied irrespective of their geographical origin (French West Indies, French Guiana, and Africa), the duration of their clincal illness, or the HTLV-I antibody titer. Furthermore, by dilution experiments and hypothesizing that only one copy of HTLV-I proviral DNA is present in one call, we estimated that this HTLV-I integration is present in 3 percent to 15 percent of their PBMC. All 10 TSP/HTLV-I patients studied had an average of 10 percent of thier lymphocytes abnormal, presening either a misshapen nucleus or an adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma(ATL)-like feature. Moreover, an elevated CD4/CD8 ratio associated with the presence of activated T cells with a high level of DR expression was observed in most patients. The significant frequency of viral-positive PBMC and the important load of HTLV-I proviral DNA that we observed in TSP/HTLV-I patients might play an important role in the pathogenesis of this recently identified clinico-virological entity. (AU)

Comparison of a human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I strain from cerebrospinal fluid of a Jamaican patient with tropical spastic paraparesis with a prototype human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I.

The isolation and characterization of a human T-cell lymphotropic retrovirus related to human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) from cerebrospinal fluid of a Jamaican patient with tropical spastic paraparesis is described. The virus isolate is a typical type C retrovirus as seen by electron microscopy and is related to prototype HTLV-I isolated from patients with adult T-cell leukemia but is not identical to this prototype HTLV-I as seen by restriction enzyme mapping.

Comparison of a human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I strain from cerebrospinal fluid of a Jamaican patient with tropical spastic paraparesis with a prototype human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I

The isolation and characterization of a human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type I (HTLV-I) from cerebrospinal fluid of a Jamaican patient with tropical spastic paraparesis is described. The virus isolate is a typical type C retrovirus as seen by electron microscopy and is related to prototype HTLV-I isolated from patients with adult T-cell leukemia but is not identical to this prototype HTLV-I as seen by restriction enzyme mapping.(AU)

Characterization of HTLV-I isolates and T lymphoid cell lines derived from French West Indian patients with tropical spastic paraparesis.

Lymphoid cell lines derived from the peripheral blood of French West Indian patients with HTLV-I sero-positive Tropical Spastic Paraparesis and HTLV-I isolates were characterized. While patients' peripheral blood lymphocytes did not express detectable HTLV-I antigens when uncultured, they did so after short-term culture. Established cell lines were of T-cell lineage: CD2+, CD3+, CD4+, CD7+, WT31+ with activated T-cell markers CD25+, DR+ and a clonal rearrangement of the beta and gamma genes of the T-cell receptor. HTLV-I antigens were detected in cell lines by indirect immunofluorescence, Western blot and radio-immunoprecipitation assays. After 4 months in culture, low levels of Mg2+ dependent reverse transcriptase activity were detected and electron microscopy revealed numerous type-C retroviral particles similar to HTLV-I virions. Western blot and radio-immunoprecipitation analysis of purified viruses revealed gp46, p24, p19 and Pr53gag proteins similar to those detected in HUT 102 and MT2 cell lines. Deep analysis of env-coded precursor of one TSP versus ATL isolates revealed minor differences in their molecular weights. Southern blot analysis using 32P HTLV-I env gene as a probe showed the presence of HTLV-I proviral fragments clonally integrated into the genome of the cell lines. Our data suggest that HTLV-I isolated from Tropical Spastic Paraparesis does not differ significantly from the leukemogenic prototypes. Does HTLV-I induce either acute lymphoproliferative diseases or chronic neuromyelopathies depending upon as yet unknown co-factors? This question remains to be determined.

Asociacion entre la infeccion por el virus linfocitotropico tipo I (HTLV-I) y la paraparesia espastica del Pacifico / Association between infection caused by lymphocytotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) and Pacific spastic paraparesia

Se revisa la informacion sobre la paraparesia espastica del Pacifico (PEP) y la paraparesia espastica tropical (PET). Dada la alta positividad de anticuerpos contra el virus HTVL-I en pacientes con PEP de Colombia y con PET de Jamaica, Martinica y Japon se considera que el virus HLTV-I seria el agente causal de la enfermedad. Se revisan la epidemiologia y la informacion reciente sobre el virus HTVL-I. Se informan los resultados de un estudio de casos y controles realizado en Tumaco (costa pacifica de Colombia), que indican una relacion causal entre el virus HTVL-I y la PEP. Se hacen algunas consideraciones terapeuticas y se propone el nombre de mieloneuropatia asociada con retrovirus (MAR) a esta entidad clinica de distribucion mundial