RESUMEN
Bisphenol A (BPA) may adversely affect human health by inducing oxidative stress and irreversible damage to cells. Bioactive compounds found in some functional foods, individually or in combination, can attenuate the negative effects of BPA exposure; an example is the multi-supplement containing guarana (Gua), selenium (Se), and L-carnitine (LC) -GSC- which has already demonstrated antioxidant, genoprotective, and immunomodulatory activities. This study aimed to determine the effect of GSC and its constituents on oxidative and genotoxic alterations triggered by BPA exposure in the retinal epithelial cell line. The cells exposed to BPA (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 3, and 10 µM) to determine the lowest concentration required to induce cyto-genotoxicity. ARPE-19 cells were then concomitantly exposed to the selected BPA concentration, GSC, and its components (Gua, 1.07 mg/mL; Se, 0.178 µg/mL; and LC, 1.43 mg/mL). Flow cytometry, biochemical assays, qRT-PCR, genotoxicity, apoptosis, and cellular proliferation. Based on our results, 10 µM of BPA could induce cyto-genotoxic and oxidative alterations. BPA did not alter the Bcl-2/BAX expression ratio but induced Casp3 and Casp8 overexpression, suggesting that apoptosis was induced mainly via the extrinsic pathway. GSC partially reversed the alterations triggered by BPA in ARPE-19 cells. However, Se had unexpected negative effects on ARPE-19 cells. The multi-supplement GSC may attenuate changes in oxidative and genotoxic markers related to exposure of ARPE-19 cells to BPA. our results revealed that the antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and genoprotective properties of GSC were not universally shared by its individual, once Se did not exhibit any positive impact.
Asunto(s)
Apoptosis , Compuestos de Bencidrilo , Carnitina , Estrés Oxidativo , Fenoles , Epitelio Pigmentado de la Retina , Selenio , Fenoles/toxicidad , Compuestos de Bencidrilo/toxicidad , Humanos , Selenio/farmacología , Carnitina/farmacología , Epitelio Pigmentado de la Retina/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular , Paullinia/química , Daño del ADN/efectos de los fármacos , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Células Epiteliales/efectos de los fármacos , Citometría de Flujo , Suplementos DietéticosRESUMEN
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have therapeutic potential due to their abilities of differentiation, immunomodulation, and migration to injured tissues, potentiating such effects when cells are activated. Guarana (Paullinia cupana) is a tropical plant species found in South America that is known for its antioxidant, stimulant, and cicatricial effects. The guarana extract is composed of many substances and caffeine is the main component. The objective was to evaluate the effects of guarana and caffeine on MSCs. After the initial characterization, MSCs were treated with Paullinia cupana (10, 100, and 1000 µg/mL) or caffeine (0.4, 4, and 40 µg/mL) for 24 h. MSCs treatment with 1000 µg/mL guarana increased cell polarity, viability, cell migration to chemoattractant, antioxidant potential, and liberation of extracellular vesicles (EVs), while it reduced the levels of autophagy. MSCs treated with 100 and 1000 µg/mL guarana or 40 µg/mL caffeine showed a decrease of cell proliferation. No treatment affected the cellular area and cell cycle of MSCs. The study shows in vitro evidence that guarana could be a promising alternative for activating MSCs to promote better cellular products for future clinical therapies.
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Proliferación Celular , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas , Paullinia , Extractos Vegetales , Medicina Regenerativa , Paullinia/química , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/efectos de los fármacos , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/citología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Movimiento Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Cafeína/farmacología , Células Cultivadas , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Humanos , AnimalesRESUMEN
Guarana (GUA), a Brazilian seed extract, contains caffeine and other bioactive compounds that may have psychoactive effects. To assess the acute effects of GUA compared to a low dose of caffeine (CAF) on cognitive and mood parameters, twenty participants completed a double-blind, crossover experiment where they ingested capsules containing the following: (1) 100 mg CAF, (2) 500 mg GUA containing 130 mg caffeine, or (3) placebo (PLA). Cognitive tests (Simon and 2N-Back Task) were performed at the baseline (pre-ingestion) and 60 min after ingestion. The response time for the cognitive tests and heart rate variability were unaffected (p > 0.05) by treatment, although 2N-Back was overall faster (p = 0.001) across time. The accuracy in the 2N-Back Task showed a significant interaction effect (p = 0.029) due to higher post-ingestion versus pre-ingestion levels (p = 0.033), but only with the PLA. The supplements also had no effect on cognitive measures following physical fatigue (n = 11). There was an interaction effect on perceived mental energy, where the pre-ingestion of GUA had lower mental pep ratings compared to post-ingestion (p = 0.006) and post-exercise (p = 0.018) levels. Neither the acute ingestion of GUA nor low dose of CAF influenced cognitive performance or provided consistent benefit on mood or mental workload through vagal modulation. Additional investigations are beneficial to determining the lowest effective dose for CAF or GUA to influence mood and/or cognitive performance.
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Afecto , Cafeína , Cognición , Estudios Cruzados , Frecuencia Cardíaca , Paullinia , Humanos , Cafeína/administración & dosificación , Cafeína/farmacología , Paullinia/química , Masculino , Método Doble Ciego , Cognición/efectos de los fármacos , Adulto , Adulto Joven , Femenino , Frecuencia Cardíaca/efectos de los fármacos , Afecto/efectos de los fármacos , Nervio Vago/fisiología , Nervio Vago/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Suplementos DietéticosRESUMEN
This study characterized a nanosupplement based on coenzyme Q10 containing guarana (Paullinia cupana) and Brazil nuts oil (Bertholetia excelsa) (G-Nut). Determined cytotoxic and oxi-immunomodulatory effects on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and its effect on mortality of red Californian earthworms (Eisenia fetida) and on the immune efficiency of its coelomocytes immune by in vitro exposure to yeast dead microorganism. The cytotoxic and immunomodulatory effects of G-Nut and the GN-Free extract (0.25-3 mg/mL) were determined in PBMC cultures. Apoptotic, oxidative, and inflammatory markers were determined using biochemical, immunological, and molecular protocols. The effects of G-Nut and GN-Free extracts on mortality and immune efficiency were investigated in earthworms. G-Nut and GN-Free did not induce cytotoxic events in PBMCs, triggering the decrease in apoptotic (caspases 3 and 8) gene expression, lipid and protein oxidation levels, or pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. G-Nut and GN-Free did not trigger earthworm mortality and improved coelomocyte immune efficiency by increasing Eisenia neutrophil extracellular DNA traps and brown body formation when exposed to dead yeasts. The G-Nut nanoformulation is safe and can be used as a new form of food supplement by oral or transdermal delivery.
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Bertholletia , Leucocitos Mononucleares , Nanopartículas , Oligoquetos , Paullinia , Extractos Vegetales , Ubiquinona , Animales , Oligoquetos/química , Humanos , Ubiquinona/análogos & derivados , Ubiquinona/farmacología , Nanopartículas/química , Bertholletia/química , Leucocitos Mononucleares/efectos de los fármacos , Leucocitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/química , Paullinia/química , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
The extraction of valuable compounds from dried fruits and vegetables by microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity (MHG) requires previous hydration of the plant material. In this work, ultrasound was used to speed up the hydration of guarana powder before MHG extraction and increase caffeine recovery. The humidification step was speeded up with ultrasound taking only 15 min over 60 min without ultrasound. Water and 50% (v/v) ethanol were evaluated as green solvents for humidification, with a higher concentration of caffeine obtained for the hydroalcoholic solution. Ultrasound pretreatment allowed guarana extracts from MHG with two times more caffeine for both solvents evaluated. Therefore, ultrasound can be used in the hydration step before MHG extraction to reduce time and increase caffeine recovery from guarana powder.
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Cafeína , Microondas , Paullinia , Extractos Vegetales , Polvos , Cafeína/análisis , Cafeína/aislamiento & purificación , Paullinia/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Gravitación , Ultrasonido , SolventesRESUMEN
Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) is a highly perishable fruit whose characteristics make it susceptible to developing microorganisms. Plant extracts have been studied as an alternative to pesticides to control spoilage microorganisms, responding to the expectation of the population seeking a healthier way of life. The fungus Botrytis cinerea is a facultative pathogen of vegetables, which can affect all stages of the development of several fruits, such as the strawberry, where it causes gray rot. Trichilia catigua (catuaba), Paullinia cupana (guarana), Stryphnodendron barbatiman (barbatimão), and Caesalpinia peltophoroides (sibipiruna) are planted in the Brazilian flora and have demonstrated pharmacological properties in their extracts. This work aimed to treat strawberries with a biodegradable film containing extracts of these species to evaluate strawberry conservation. There were notable distinctions in mass loss between the extract-treated and control samples. The pH, total acidity (TA), and soluble solids parameters exhibited consistently significant means across both sets of samples. Luminosity increased over the course of days in the color parameters, with the exception of strawberries coated with guarana. The red color showed greater intensity, except for those coated with barbatimão extract. Considering the results, it is possible to conclude that the coatings used can become an alternative to enhance the conservation of strawberries.
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Fragaria , Extractos Vegetales , Fragaria/química , Fragaria/microbiología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/química , Botrytis/efectos de los fármacos , Paullinia/química , Caesalpinia/química , Frutas/químicaRESUMEN
The growing interest in health and well-being has spurred the evolution of functional foods, which provide enhanced health benefits beyond basic nutrition. Guaraná seeds (Paullinia cupana) have been widely studied and used as a functional food due to their richness in caffeine, phenolic compounds, amino acids, and other nutrients. This has established guaraná as a significant food supplement, with Brazil being the largest producer of the world. This study aims to propose a set of analytical methods to chemically evaluate fifty-six different guaraná clones, from the Guaraná Germplasm Active Bank, to accommodate the diverse requirements of the food industry. Metabolomic approaches were employed, in which a non-target metabolomic analysis via UPLC-QTOF-MSE led to the annotation of nineteen specialized metabolites. Furthermore, targeted metabolomics was also used, leading to the identification and quantification of metabolites by NMR. The extensive data generated were subjected to multivariate analysis, elucidating the similarities and differences between the evaluated guaraná seeds, particularly concerning the varying concentration levels of the metabolites. The metabolomics approach based on the combination of UPLC-QTOF-MSE, NMR and chemometric tools provided sensitivity, precision and accuracy to establish the chemical profiles of guaraná seeds. In conclusion, evaluating and determining the metabolic specificities of different guarana clones allow for their application in the development of products with different levels of specific metabolites, such as caffeine. This caters to various purposes within the food industry. Moreover, the recognized pharmacological properties of the annotated specialized metabolites affirm the use of guarana clones as an excellent nutritional source.
Asunto(s)
Cafeína , Paullinia , Cafeína/análisis , Cafeína/metabolismo , Paullinia/química , Paullinia/metabolismo , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Extractos Vegetales/análisis , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Semillas/química , Semillas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Guarana (GUA) seed extract, containing caffeine (CAF) and additional bioactive compounds, may positively affect mental performance, but evidence regarding exercise is limited. This investigation assessed acute GUA ingestion compared with CAF on endurance performance. Eleven endurance-trained noncyclists and cyclists (VËO2peak = 49.7 ± 5.9, 60.4 ± 4.6 ml·kg·min-1) completed a double-blind, crossover experiment after ingesting (a) 100 mg CAF, (b) 500 mg GUA (containing 130 mg CAF), or (c) placebo (P) prior to 60-min fixed cycling workload (FIX) + 15-min time trial. Oxygen uptake, heart rate, respiratory exchange ratio, blood glucose, and lactate were not different (p ≥ .052) during FIX. A significant interaction (p = .042) for perceived exertion was observed at 50-min FIX with lower rating (p = .023) for GUA versus CAF but not compared with P. Work accumulated over 15-min time trial was greater (p = .038) for GUA versus P due to higher early (1-11 min) work outputs. Work performance favored (effect size = 0.18; 95% confidence interval [0.003, 0.355], p = .046) GUA (241.4 ± 39.9 kJ) versus P (232.1 ± 46.6 kJ), but CAF (232.3 ± 43.9) was not different from GUA (effect size = 0.19; 95% confidence interval [-0.022, 0.410], p = .079) or P. Postexercise strength loss was not attenuated with GUA (-5.6 ± 8.5%) or CAF (-8.3 ± 9.4%) versus P (-10.3 ± 5.1%). Acute GUA ingestion improved work performance relative to P, but effects were trivial to small and unrelated to altered substrate oxidation or muscular strength. Ergogenicity may involve central mechanisms reducing perceived effort with GUA (containing 130 mg caffeine). Due to issues related to identical matching of dosage, whether GUA confers additional benefits beyond its CAF content cannot be determined at present.
Asunto(s)
Rendimiento Atlético , Paullinia , Humanos , Cafeína , Resistencia Física/fisiología , Ácido Láctico , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Método Doble Ciego , Estudios Cruzados , Rendimiento Atlético/fisiologíaRESUMEN
L'infertilité masculine est incriminée dans 50% des cas d'infertilité du couple. C'estun réel problème de santé publique en Afrique.Le présent travail avaitpour objectif d'évaluer l'innocuité et la tolérabilitéd'une recette médicinaletraditionnelle utilisée pour la prise en charge del'infertilité masculine dans le District Autonome d'Abidjan/Côte d'Ivoire. Cette étude a été réalisée dans le cadre de la valorisation de la pharmacopée africaine.Le matériel végétal était constitué de la recette médicinale et le matériel biologiquede 42 volontaires de sexe masculinsélectionnés sur une base raisonnée à postériori.Les volontaires ont été soumis à un traitement sur troismois. Lesvariables étudiées étaient: la glycémie,l'urée, la créatinine, les transaminases, les triglycérides et le cholestérol total. Leseffets secondaireset indésirablesont été notifiés.L'âge moyen de la populationd'étudeétait de 41,78 ans (± 7,73). Aux termes des trois mois d'utilisation de la recette médicinale, l'analyse statistiquedes variables biochimiquesa révélé: la glycémiep = 0,12; les transaminases p = 0,75; la créatinine p = 0,26; l'urée p = 0,04; les triglycérides p =0,95et le cholestérol total p = 0,64contre p< 0,05.Le principal effet secondaire notifié était la polyurie (97,5%).Ces résultatsaffirmentla sécurité de la recette médicinalepourl'utilisateur. Ils encouragentson utilisation chez les hommes infertileset un suivimédicaldespersonnes sous antihypertenseur.La recette médicinale présente une bonne innocuité et une bonne tolérabilité
Male infertility is incriminated in 50% of cases of couple infertility. This is a real public health problem in Africa.The present work aimed to evaluate the safety and tolerability of a traditional medicinal recipe used to treatmale infertilitMale infertility is incriminated in 50% of cases of couple infertility. This is a real public health problem in Africa.The present work aimed aimed to the safety and tMale infertility is incriminated in 50% of cases of couple infertility. This is a real public health problem in Africa.The present work aimed to evaluate the safety and tolerability of a traditional medicinal recipe used to treatmale infertility in the Autonomous District of Abidjan/Côte d'Ivoire. This study was carried out as part of the promotion of the African pharmacopoeia.The plant material consisted of the medicinal recipe and the biological material of 42 male volunteers selected purposively asposteriori. The volunteers underwent treatment over three months. The variables studied wereblood sugar, urea, creatinine, transaminases, triglycerides and total cholesterol. Side effects and undesirable effects were reported.The average age of the study population was 41.78 years (± 7.73). After three months of use of the medicinal recipe, the statistical analysis ofbiochemical variables revealedblood sugar p = 0.12; transaminases p = 0.75; creatinine p = 0.26; urea p = 0.04; triglycerides p = 0.95 and total cholesterol p = 0.64 versus p < 0.05. The main side effect reported was polyuria (97.5%).These results affirm the safety of the medicinal recipe for the user. They encourage its use in infertile men and medical monitoring of people on antihypertensive medication.The medicinal recipe isgood safety and tolerability.
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Plantas Medicinales , Dioscoreaceae , PaulliniaRESUMEN
O livro de Garfield transita entre vários campos da história, com contribuições à história da Amazônia, dos povos indígenas, das commodities, da comida e alimentação, do consumo, da ciência, da medicina, do meio ambiente. Seu diálogo com a antropologia é fundamental, denso e profícuo. Maneja fontes variegadas com criatividade e vigor metodológico. Temos nas mãos um trabalho de fôlego. Ao final, somos apresentados aos desafios contemporâneos dos sateré-mawé, sua resiliência e criatividade, numa narrativa disruptiva em relação a estereótipos centenários sobre os indígenas.
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Factores Culturales , Paullinia , Factores Sociológicos , Pueblos Indígenas , BrasilRESUMEN
Guarana [Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke] is a species of great economic and social important in Brazil, as it is the only commercial guarana producer in the world. The vegetative propagation method indicated for the culture is stem cuttings, which aims at productivity, tolerance, and uniformity of clonal cultivars, because reproduction by seeds has slow germination and high genetic variability, which in traditional varieties is an undesirable factor. Genetic factors can interfere with the rooting capacity of the crop. Studies seek alternatives that can improve this condition and enhance the production system. Use of growth regulators, microorganisms that promote plant growth, variation of substrates and fertilization, have been strategies used. Preliminary tests on the rate of stem rooting and seed germination with the use of exogenous phytohormone did not demonstrate in relation to the non-application of these inducers. The use of rhizobacteria, which presents itself as a promising activity in many cultures, has not yet been demonstrated in the culture of guarana. On the other hand, the influence of different substrates on rooting has already shown consistent results as a function of rooting rate. Fertilizing the mother plants as recommended by the production system for the crop has proven to be an efficient procedure. There are still few studies aimed at improving the spread of guarana, demonstrating that new protocols need to be explored, or that the protocols already used are reviewed from another perspective.
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Paullinia , Paullinia/química , Paullinia/genética , Semillas , Brasil , ReproducciónRESUMEN
This study investigated the effect of guarana on plasma lipid metabolites in obese rats and analyzed its mechanism in the treatment of dyslipidemia in obesity. High-fat diet was used to establish obese rat models, and the therapeutic effect of guarana on obese rats was evaluated by measuring body weight, white fat, liver weight, and lipid content, as well as observing liver histomorphology. Lipid metabolites in plasma of rats in each group were detected by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS lipidomics. The protein expressions of fatty acid synthase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1, triglyceride synthesis enzyme, carnitine palmitoyltransferase â , and acetyl-coenzyme A acyltransferase 2 in rat liver were detected using Western blot. The results revealed that guarana significantly reduced body weight, white fat, and liver weight of obese rats due to high-fat diet, and alleviated dyslipidemia and liver steatosis. Lipidomics showed that some triglycerides and phospholipids were significantly elevated in the high-fat model group, and part of them was reduced after guarana treatment. Western blot found that guarana inhibited the expression of hepatic fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis-related proteins and increased the expression of fatty acid ß-oxidation-related proteins. Abnormalities in triglyceride and phospholipid metabolism are the main characteristics of plasma lipid metabolism in obese rats induced by high-fat diet. Guarana may regulate partial triglyceride and phospholipid metabolism by inhibiting hepatic fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis and increasing fatty acid ß-oxidation, thereby improving rat obesity and dyslipidemia.
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Dislipidemias , Paullinia , Ratas , Animales , Metabolismo de los Lípidos , Paullinia/metabolismo , Lipidómica , Hígado , Obesidad/tratamiento farmacológico , Obesidad/genética , Triglicéridos , Ácidos Grasos , Fosfolípidos , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversosRESUMEN
The seed yield of guarana (Paullinia cupana H.B.K. var. sorbilis) is affected by weeds. Management is difficult for Amazon farmers and ranchers, owing to the hot and humid climate prevailing in the region, which makes mechanical control inefficient and leads farmers to the decision to use herbicides. Herbicide damage to this species is unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate glyphosate damage to the development and quality of guarana seedlings. The treatments consisted of glyphosate doses at concentrations of 0, 126, 252, 540, 1080, 2160 and 3240 g a.e. ha-1 and were evaluated for 60 days, in two applications. Analyses were performed for biometrics, seedling development, anthracnose and Injury characteristics. Glyphosate caused symptoms of Injury in all doses applied, but lower doses did not interfere with seedling growth and development. There was a correlation between anthracnose severity and increased glyphosate dose. When applied correctly, glyphosate can be an integrated weed management tool for use in guarana crops.
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Herbicidas , Paullinia , Plantones , Semillas , GlifosatoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Esports competitive gaming requires selective visual attention, memory, quick judgment, and an ability to sustain psychomotor performance over time. Fucoxanthin is a carotenoid, found in specific microalgae varieties such as Phaeodactylum tricornutum (PT), that has been purported to possess nootropic and neuroprotective effects through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study evaluated whether acute and 30-day supplementation of an extract of PT from microalgae combined with guarana (a natural source of caffeine) affects cognitive function in gamers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled manner, 61 experienced gamers (21.7 ± 4.1 years, 73 ± 13 kg) were randomly assigned to ingest a placebo (PL), a low-dose (LD) supplement containing 440 mg of PT extract including 1% fucoxanthin +500 mg of guarana containing 40-44 mg caffeine (MicroPhyt™, Microphyt, Baillargues, FR), or a high-dose (HD) supplement containing 880 mg of PT extract +500 mg of guarana for 30 days. At baseline, cognitive function tests were administered before supplementation, 15 min post-supplementation, and after 60 min of competitive gameplay with participants' most played video game. Participants continued supplementation for 30 days and then repeated pre-supplementation and post-gaming cognitive function tests. General linear model univariate analyses with repeated measures and changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals were used to analyze data. RESULTS: There was some evidence that acute and 30-day ingestion of the PT extract from microalgae with guarana improved reaction times, reasoning, learning, executive control, attention shifting (cognitive flexibility), and impulsiveness. While some effects were seen after acute ingestion, the greatest impact appeared after 30 days of supplementation, with some benefits seen in the LD and HD groups. Moreover, there was evidence that both doses of the PT extract from microalgae with guarana may support mood state after acute and 30-day supplementation. Registered clinical trial #NCT04851899.
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Microalgas , Paullinia , Juegos de Video , Humanos , Cafeína/farmacología , Cognición , Suplementos Dietéticos , Método Doble CiegoRESUMEN
We have read the recent systematic review and meta-analysis by Hack et al. [...].
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Paullinia , Extractos Vegetales , CogniciónRESUMEN
We thank Dr. Gurney for his interest and comment [...].
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Paullinia , Camillas , Extractos Vegetales , CogniciónRESUMEN
Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is the most common clinical course of multiple sclerosis (MS), characterized by a chronic inflammatory state and elevated levels of oxidative markers. Food supplements with potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective effects have been tested as possible adjuvants in the treatment of MS. In this sense, this pilot study was carried out with the aim of verifying whether a minimum daily dose of a guarana, selenium and l-carnitine (GSC) based multi supplement, mixed in cappuccino-type coffee, administered for 12 weeks to 28 patients with RRMS could differentially modulate oxidative blood markers (lipoperoxidation, protein carbonylation and DNA oxidation) and inflammatory blood markers (protein levels of cytokines IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-10, gene expression of these cytokines, and NLRP3 and CASP-1 molecules, and C-reactive protein levels). The results indicate that a low concentration of GSC is capable of decreasing the plasma levels of oxidized DNA and pro-inflammatory cytokines of RRMS patients. The results support further research into the action of GSC on clinical symptoms, not only in patients with MS, but also with other neurological conditions.
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Esclerosis Múltiple Recurrente-Remitente , Esclerosis Múltiple , Paullinia , Selenio , Humanos , Esclerosis Múltiple Recurrente-Remitente/diagnóstico , Esclerosis Múltiple/tratamiento farmacológico , Selenio/uso terapéutico , Café , Proyectos Piloto , Carnitina/uso terapéutico , Nutrigenómica , CitocinasRESUMEN
Guarana (Paullinia cupana Kunth var. sorbilis) is a typically Amazonian plant of high economic value due to the compounds found in its seed. For guarana to reach the maximum productive potential, management practices such as weed control are necessary. The use of herbicides is a viable alternative, however, its drift may lead to adverse effects on the primary and secondary plant metabolisms and cause losses in crop production. This study evaluated the differential drift effects of glyphosate doses on the physiology of guarana plants and the production of compounds of economic interest in their seeds. Glyphosate doses (57.6, 115.2, 230.4, 460.8 g ae ha-1) were applied to adult guarana plants after the flowering period. The photosynthetic functions and metabolism effects were evaluated. Herbicide treatments led to oxidative stress due to increased lipid peroxidation and increased carbohydrate and amino acid in their leaflets. Despite this, glyphosate showed no effect on fruit production or the content of secondary metabolites of commercial interest in seeds.
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Frutas , Paullinia , Paullinia/química , Paullinia/metabolismo , Cafeína , Semillas/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , GlifosatoRESUMEN
The litter deposited on the soil surface at various stages of decomposition is important for primary productivity that impacts the microbial communities and soil carbon storage. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accumulation and decomposition of cultural residues of Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex. Spreng) Schum, Paullinia cupana (Mart.) Ducke, Bixa orellana L., and forest in the Amazon region. The study was carried out in the São Francisco settlement, Canutama in the south of Amazonas, in a randomized block experimental design, and the treatments consisted of four areas with different crops: 1 - P. cupana; 2 - T. grandiflorum; 3 - B. orellana; 4 - Native woodland area (forest), in time subdivided plots: 7, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, and 330 days after the distribution of the bags in the field, all with four repetitions. To evaluate the contribution and fractions of litter, conical collectors were used in each area, and collections were performed monthly in the period from March 2020 to February 2021. The estimate of the decomposition rate of the litter was done by quantifying the loss of mass, using litter bags, which allow for a direct analysis of the rate of decay over time. The forest and P. cupana environments presented the highest litter production, and greater deposition when compared to environments cultivated with T. grandiflorum and B. orellana. The forest and B. orellana areas showed the highest speed of decomposition, while the opposite situation occurred under T. grandiflorum and P. cupana cultivation.
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Cacao , Paullinia , Bixaceae , Bosques , Suelo , Hojas de la Planta/químicaRESUMEN
The plant extract guarana is known for its caffeine content and other bioactive ingredients, which purportedly may improve cognitive performance. Recent reviews have examined the effects of chronic supplementation of guarana in clinical populations; however, the acute effects of guarana on cognitive tasks, while of interest, have produced mixed results. Whether acute guarana ingestion improves human cognitive performance was assessed by performing a systematic review coupled with a meta-analysis. Eight placebo-controlled studies were identified and met the inclusion criteria providing data on 328 participants. The dose of guarana (37.5 to 500 mg) with reported caffeine content (4.3 to 100 mg) varied. Effect sizes (ESs) were calculated as the standardized mean difference and meta-analyses were completed using a random-effects model. The ESs for guarana averaged across a variety of cognitive measures and outcome variables were less than trivial (Hedge's g = 0.076, p = 0.14). Using a subgroup meta-analysis (Q = 12.9, p < 0.001), ESs indicating a faster response time for guarana vs. a placebo (g = 0.202, p = 0.005) differed from the accuracy measures (g = −0.077, p = 0.4) which were non-significant. For response time, guarana ingested in a capsule (g = 0.111) tended to differ (Q = 2.96, p = 0.085) compared to guarana when dissolved in liquid (g = 0.281). Meta-regression of the study ESs of overall cognitive task performance was not related to the guarana dose (R2 < 0.001) or to the time allowed prior to cognitive testing (R2 < 0.001). Acute guarana ingestion had a small effect on the response time (faster performance) during a variety of cognitive tasks without affecting the accuracy. Whether the changes were linked to the caffeine content or other bioavailable substances in guarana is unknown. Additional studies that directly compare matched doses of caffeine versus guarana are needed to understand its effects on cognitive performance.