Neuroprotective validation of pectin in T2DM-induced allodynia and hyperalgesia in diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain.

AIM: To validate neuroprotective effect of pectin against neuropathic pain in diabetic rodents. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Pectin was isolated and characterised from different sources to validate its neuroprotective effect against T2DM associated neuropathic pain. The antioxidant activity of pectins was done by the DPPH method. Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was induced in Wistar albino rats by high-fat diet and high-fat emulsion feeding for 2 weeks followed by a single i.p. of Sterptozotocin in 3rd week. The animals were grouped as positive control and Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck peel pectin (CSL-OP) as test group and treated for the next 4 weeks. Body weight and blood glucose were measured up to 8 weeks; however, behavioural assessment was done at the end of 5th to 8th week. RESULT: CSL-OP restored the reduced body weight and elevated blood glucose with increased pain threshold and improved walking performance. CONCLUSION: CSL-OP prevented progression of early diabetic neuropathy with anti-oxidant activity.

Pectic polysaccharides derived from Hainan Rauwolfia ameliorate NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3-mediated colonic epithelial cell pyroptosis in ulcerative colitis.

Pectic polysaccharides (PPs) could exert functions on ulcerative colitis (UC), which is classified as a nonspecific inflammatory disorder. This study investigated the molecular mechanism of PPs derived from Rauwolfia in UC. First, the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced mouse colitis models and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated colonic epithelial cell (YAMC) models were established and treated with PP. Subsequently, the effects of PPs on mucosal damages in DSS mice were detected, and the levels of inflammatory cytokines, pyroptosis-related factors, oxidative stress-related markers, and the tight junction-related proteins in the tissues or cells were examined, and the results suggested that PPs ameliorated colonic mucosal damages and cell pyroptosis in DSS mice, and limited colonic epithelial cell pyroptosis in in vitro UC models. Subsequently, the binding relations of retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) to miR-124-3p and NLR pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) were analyzed. miR-124-3p targeted RBP4 and reduced the binding of RBP4 to NLRP3, thus inhibiting NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis. Finally, functional rescue experiments revealed that miR-124-3p suppression or RBP4 overexpression promoted colonic epithelial cell pyroptosis. Collectively, Rauwolfia-derived PPs limited miR-124-3p and targeted RBP4 and reduced the binding potency of RBP4 to NLRP3 to inhibit NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis, resulting in the alleviation of colonic epithelial cell pyroptosis and mucosal damages in UC.

Tolerance of Fentanyl Pectin Nasal Spray for Procedural Pain in Geriatric Patients.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to assess the tolerance of fentanyl pectin nasal spray (FPNS) when used to treat procedural pain caused by wound dressing or physiotherapy in patients older than 75 years with or without opioid background treatment. DESIGN: This is a prospective monocentric, noncontrolled, nonrandomized study conducted from December 2014 to October 2017 in 2 geriatric wards (rehabilitation and acute medicine). SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-seven patients were included and 314 procedures were monitored. METHODS: For each patient, 6 procedures were monitored: the first 2 without specific treatment, then fentanyl was started at 100 µg with a titration over a few procedures up to 800 µg in non-opioid-naïve patients and 400 µg in opioid-naïve. Sedation and respiratory scale were monitored during the procedures. All adverse drug events occurring from inclusion to 5 days after the intervention were collected and their imputability was assessed separately by 2 pharmacovigilance experts. RESULTS: Overall, 14.4% of the sessions with FPNS administration resulted in adverse drug events. Main adverse drug events were nausea and vomiting, somnolence, and confusion. Most of them were of mild to moderate severity. Four severe adverse events were due to accidental overdoses. No unexpected adverse event occurred. Tolerance was similar for opioid-naïve and non-opioid-naïve patients (P value = .93). CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: FPNS was overall well tolerated in geriatric patients. Given its interesting pharmacokinetics, fentanyl is a promising lead for procedural pain treatment in geriatric patients, even those who are opioid naïve.

Development and In Vivo Evaluation of Pectin Based Enteric Coated Microparticles Loaded with Mesalamine and Saccharomyces boulardii for Management of Ulcerative Colitis.

Mesalamine is the first-line choice of drug for ulcerative colitis management. However, due to the nontargeted delivery of mesalamine, it shows side effects. The possible impact of mesalamine can be improved by coated microparticles in combination with S. boulardii for targeted delivery to the colon with the prevention of unwanted side effects. In this work, pectin-based mesalamine and S. boulardii loaded microparticles were prepared by dehydration technique and coated by an oil-in-oil solvent evaporation method and characterized by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction, and zeta analysis. 2, 4, 6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid was used for the induction of colitis. The anti-inflammatory effects of coated microparticles on Caco-2 cells were assessed by the determination of interleukin (IL)-8 concentration. In addition, the impact of coated microparticles on the concentration of colonic enzymes, including myeloperoxidase (MPO), lipid peroxides, and glutathione (GSH), were also evaluated. Moreover, hematological parameters, including white blood cell (WBC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP), were assessed. SEM data revealed that all the prepared coated microparticles had an almost spherical shape. The X-ray powder diffraction analysis of uncoated and coated microparticles showed maximum stability without any interaction. The particle size of uncoated and coated microparticles was 9.14 and 15.61 µm, respectively. The zeta potential of uncoated and coated microparticles was observed to be -26.78 and -29.36 mV, respectively. The prepared coated microparticles decreased the levels of lipid peroxides, MPO, and GSH significantly in colitis. In the Caco-2 cell culture model, the concentration of IL-8 is decreased significantly. The hematological observations confirmed that the prepared formulation showed a promising decrease in the levels of WBC, CRP, and ESR in diseased animals. Animal experiments revealed that cellulose acetate phthalate coated microparticles of mesalamine and S. boulardii significantly improved the colitis disease conditions of Wistar rats. Hence, cellulose acetate phthalate-coated microparticles of mesalamine and S. boulardii could be recommended as adjuvant therapy to achieve a synergistic effect in the management of UC. Lay summary Mesalamine is the drug of choice for the management of ulcerative colitis (UC), which inhibits mediators responsible for inflammation. We investigated the in vivo effects of cellulose acetate phthalate-coated microparticles of mesalamine with Saccharomyces boulardii (probiotic) for their efficacy against UC. Our findings evidenced that the combination of mesalamine with S. boulardii showed a synergistic effect in the 2,4,6- trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis model by reducing the inflammation and maintains the macroscopic features. From the observed results, it can be concluded that S. boulardii can be used to enhance the individual drug's effect in the therapeutic management of UC.

Enhancing clinical and immunological effects of anti-PD-1 with belapectin, a galectin-3 inhibitor.

BACKGROUND: PD-1/PD-L1 engagement and overexpression of galectin-3 (Gal-3) are critical mechanisms of tumor-induced immune suppression that contribute to immunotherapy resistance. We hypothesized that Gal-3 blockade with belapectin (GR-MD-02) plus anti-PD-1 (pembrolizumab) would enhance tumor response in patients with metastatic melanoma (MM) and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). METHODS: We performed a phase I dose escalation study of belapectin+pembrolizumab in patients with advanced MM or HNSCC (NCT02575404). Belapectin was administered at 2, 4, or 8 mg/kg IV 60 min before pembrolizumab (200 mg IV every 3 weeks for five cycles). Responding patients continued pembrolizumab monotherapy for up to 17 cycles. Main eligibility requirements were a functional Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group status of 0-2, measurable or assessable disease, and no active autoimmune disease. Prior T-cell checkpoint antibody therapy was permitted. RESULTS: Objective response was observed in 50% of MM (7/14) and and 33% of HNSCC (2/6) patients. Belapectin+pembrolizumab was associated with fewer immune-mediated adverse events than anticipated with pembrolizumab monotherapy. There were no dose-limiting toxicities for belapectin within the dose range investigated. Significantly increased effector memory T-cell activation and reduced monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSCs) were observed in responders compared with non-responders. Increased baseline expression of Gal-3+ tumor cells and PD-1+CD8+ T cells in the periphery correlated with response as did higher serum trough levels of pembrolizumab. CONCLUSIONS: Belapectin+pembrolizumab therapy has activity in MM and HNSCC. Increased Gal-3 expression, expansion of effector memory T cells, and decreased M-MDSCs correlated with clinical response. Further investigation is planned.

Spontaneous Fluctuations in Liver Biochemistries in Patients with Compensated NASH Cirrhosis: Implications for Drug Hepatotoxicity Monitoring.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with cirrhosis may have spontaneous fluctuations in liver enzymes, which may confound detection of drug-induced liver injury (DILI), but these fluctuations have not been described. OBJECTIVE: We sought to quantify spontaneous liver enzyme abnormalities in patients with cirrhosis due to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) enrolled in clinical trials. METHODS: We examined the laboratory values of patients with compensated cirrhosis randomized to placebo in two clinical trials for NASH. Patients in one study were followed every 13 weeks up to week 57; patients in the other study were followed every 4 weeks up to week 120. RESULTS: In total, 53 and 85 patients were randomized to placebo in the trials. Baseline alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was greater than the laboratory upper limit of normal (ULN) in 53% and 49% of participants, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was > ULN in 49% and 59%, alkaline phosphatase was > ULN in 36% and 27%, and bilirubin was >ULN in 13% and 19%. During follow-up, ALT increased to 2× baseline in 8% and 15%, AST increased to 2× baseline in 6% and 21%, and bilirubin increased to 2× baseline in 9% and 18%. Alkaline phosphatase did not increase to 2× baseline for any patient. The maximum ALT was 3× ULN in 9% and 12%. ALT increased to 3× baseline in three patients and to 5× ULN in two patients. No patients had elevations consistent with Hy's law. The maximum ALT for patients with abnormal baseline values was higher [median 48 U/L (range 34-299) and 56 U/L (47-85)] than for those with normal baseline values [median 26.5 U/L (range 18-33) and 29 U/L (25.5-30.5)] in both studies, respectively, with p < 0.001. CONCLUSION: Spontaneous liver enzyme abnormalities are common in patients with NASH cirrhosis in clinical trials, and these abnormalities rarely met criteria for DILI suspicion. Further work to better define these abnormalities and continued vigilance to detect DILI in this population is needed.

Effects of Belapectin, an Inhibitor of Galectin-3, in Patients With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis With Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Increased levels of galectin 3 have been associated with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and contribute to toxin-induced liver fibrosis in mice. GR-MD-02 (belapectin) is an inhibitor of galectin 3 that reduces liver fibrosis and portal hypertension in rats and was safe and well tolerated in phase 1 studies. We performed a phase 2b, randomized trial of the safety and efficacy of GR-MD-02 in patients with NASH, cirrhosis, and portal hypertension. METHODS: Patients with NASH, cirrhosis, and portal hypertension (hepatic venous pressure gradient [HVPG] ≥ 6 mm Hg) from 36 centers were randomly assigned, in a double-blind manner, to groups that received biweekly infusions of belapectin 2 mg/kg (n = 54), 8 mg/kg (n = 54), or placebo (n = 54) for 52 weeks. The primary endpoint was change in HVPG (Δ HVPG) at the end of the 52-week period compared with baseline. Secondary endpoints included changes in liver histology and development of liver-related outcomes. RESULTS: We found no significant difference in ΔHVPG between the 2 mg/kg belapectin group and placebo group (-0.28 mm HG vs 0.10 mm HG, P = 1.0) or between the 8 mg/kg belapectin and placebo group (-0.25 mm HG vs 0.10 mm HG, P = 1.0). Belapectin had no significant effect on fibrosis or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score, and liver-related outcomes did not differ significantly among groups. In an analysis of a subgroup of patients without esophageal varices at baseline (n = 81), 2 mg/kg belapectin was associated with a reduction in HVPG at 52 weeks compared with baseline (P = .02) and reduced development of new varices (P = .03). Belapectin (2 mg/kg) was well tolerated and produced no safety signals. CONCLUSIONS: In a phase 2b study of 162 patients with NASH, cirrhosis, and portal hypertension, 1 year of biweekly infusion of belapectin was safe but not associated with significant reduction in HVPG or fibrosis compared with placebo. However, in a subgroup analysis of patients without esophageal varices, 2 mg/kg belapectin did reduce HVPG and development of varices. ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT02462967.

Anti-Inflammatory Local Effect of Hydroxytyrosol Combined with Pectin-Alginate and Olive Oil on Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid-Induced Colitis in Wistar Rats.

Purpose: Evaluate the efficacy of hydroxytyrosol in the local treatment of inflammatory colitis. Currently, the existing treatments for inflammatory bowel diseases does not cure the disease and it is associated with high rates of side effects and complications. Hydroxytyrosol is a phenyl-ethyl-alcohol derived from the hydrolysis of oleuropein and present in olive oil, previous studies have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effect of dietary hydroxytyrosol supplement, with no toxicity. Materials & Methods: Colitis has been induced by using Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid at 40 rats. They were divided into four groups randomly: 10 rats without treatment; 10 rats with pectin/alginate mixture; 10 rats treated with pectin/alginate + olive oil; 10 rats treated with pectin/alginate + olive oil + hydroxytyrosol. Animals were sacrificed 10 days after induction of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, receiving 5 days of continuous treatment. Samples of the rectal area were studied and observed under a microscope to determine the damage by Hunter scoring modified, assessing inflammatory infiltration, number of intestinal walls involved, damage to the mucosal architecture, and edema. Results: When the rectum was analyzed in a global way, nonsignificant differences were observed; however, when performing an individualized analysis, statistically significant differences in the inflammatory infiltrate are present in the samples, which were evaluated using the ANOVA and Student-T statistics. Conclusions: Local treatment with the natural antioxidant hydroxytyrosol combined with pectin/alginate and olive oil of inflammatory bowel disease has been shown to be effective against inflammatory infiltration of TNBS-induced colitis.

Galactomannan More than Pectin Exacerbates Liver Injury in Mice Fed with High-Fat, High-Cholesterol Diet.

SCOPE: Galactomannan and citrus pectin are considered 'super fibers' known for altering gut microbiota composition and improving glucose and lipid metabolism. The study aims to investigate the fiber's effect on a nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) model. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two feeding experiments are carried out using groups of 7-8 week-old male C57BL/6J mice. The diets used are based on a high cholesterol/cholate diet (HCD), such as a nutritional NASH model. Mice are fed a diet with or without 15% fiber-citrus pectin (HCD-CP) or galactomannan (HCD-G) together with the HCD (first experiment), which commenced 3 weeks prior to the HCD (second experiment). Liver damage is evaluated by histological and biochemical parameters. Galactomannan leads to lesser weight gain and improved glucose tolerance, but increased liver damage. This is shown by elevated levels of liver enzymes compared to that with HCD alone. Fibers induce higher steatosis, as evaluated by liver histology. This intriguing result is linked to various changes in the gut microbiota, such as elevated Proteobacteria levels in the galactomannan group, which are correlated with disturbed metabolism and dysbiosis. CONCLUSIONS: In a NASH mouse model, galactomannan increases liver damage but improves glucose metabolism. Changes in the microbiota composition may answer this enigmatic observation.

Safety evaluation and lipid-lowering effects of food-grade biopolymer complexes (ε-polylysine-pectin) in mice fed a high-fat diet.

ε-Polylysine (ε-PL) is a potent cationic antimicrobial, but its application as a food additive is currently limited because it tends to precipitate with anionic species in food matrices. Previous research has shown that the formation of an electrostatic complex between cationic ε-PL and anionic pectin (P) improved the physical stability of ε-PL while maintaining its antimicrobial activity. However, the impact of complexation on the effects of ε-PL on health is currently unknown. A subchronic toxicity study was therefore carried out to determine the safety of ingested ε-PL-P complexes using high-fat diet-fed male and female mice. After a 13-week dietary treatment with P, ε-PL, or ε-PL-P complexes, no significant toxicological effects were observed on the survival, mean body weight, food consumption, and organ weights of the animals, suggesting that the complexes were safe for oral consumption. Interestingly, the ε-PL-P complexes were found to have several beneficial health effects: suppression of high-fat diet-induced elevation of serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities, reduction in serum total triglyceride and cholesterol levels, and an increase in fecal excretion of triglycerides. These effects were much stronger in female mice than in male mice. Moreover, the lipid-lowering effects were observed only for the ε-PL-P complexes but not for ε-PL or P alone at the same doses. Overall, our results demonstrate the oral safety of ε-PL-P complexes and their gender-specific lipid-lowering effects in high-fat diet-fed mice, which provide an important basis for the utilization of ε-PL-P complexes in food systems as functional ingredients.

Randomised clinical study: GR-MD-02, a galectin-3 inhibitor, vs. placebo in patients having non-alcoholic steatohepatitis with advanced fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and resultant liver fibrosis is a major health problem without approved pharmacotherapy. Pre-clinical results of GR-MD-02, a galectin-3 inhibitor, suggested potential efficacy in NASH with advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis and prompted initiation of a clinical development programme in NASH with advanced fibrosis. AIM: To evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics and exploratory pharmacodynamic markers of GR-MD-02 in subjects having NASH with bridging fibrosis. METHODS: The GT-020 study was a first-in-human, sequential dose-ranging, placebo controlled, double-blinded study with the primary objective to assess the safety, tolerability and dose limiting toxicity of GR-MD-02, in subjects with biopsy-proven NASH with advanced fibrosis (Brunt stage 3). The secondary objectives were to characterise first-dose and multiple-dose pharmacokinetic profiles and to evaluate changes in potential serum biomarkers and liver stiffness as assessed by FibroScan. RESULTS: GR-MD-02 single and three weekly repeated of 2, 4 and 8 mg/kg revealed no meaningful clinical differences in treatment emergent adverse events, vital signs, electrocardiographic findings or laboratory tests. Pharmokinetic parameters showed a dose-dependent relationship with evidence of drug accumulation following 8 mg/kg (~twofold). CONCLUSIONS: GR-MD-02 doses were in the upper range of the targeted therapeutic dose determined from pre-clinical data and were safe and well tolerated with evidence of a pharmacodynamic effect. These results provide support for a Phase 2 development programme in advanced fibrosis due to NASH.

Impact of Prophylactic Fentanyl Pectin Nasal Spray on Exercise-Induced Episodic Dyspnea in Cancer Patients: A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial.

CONTEXT: Episodic breathlessness is common and debilitating in cancer patients. OBJECTIVES: In this pilot study, we examined the effect of prophylactic fentanyl pectin nasal spray (FPNS) on exercise-induced dyspnea, physiologic function, and adverse events. METHODS: In this parallel, double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial, opioid-tolerant patients performed three six-minute walk tests (6MWTs) to induce dyspnea. They were randomized to receive either FPNS (15%-25% of total daily opioid dose each time) or placebo 20 minutes before the second and third 6MWTs. We compared dyspnea Numeric Rating Scale (NRS, 0-10, primary outcome), walk distance, vital signs, neurocognitive function, and adverse events between the first and second 6MWTs (T2-T1) and between the first and third 6MWTs (T3-T1). RESULTS: Twenty-four patients enrolled, with 96% completion. FPNS was associated with significant within-arm reduction in dyspnea NRS at rest (T2-T1: -0.9 [95% CI -1.7, -0.1]; T3-T1: -1.3 [95% CI -2.0, -0.5]) and at the end of a 6MWT (T2-T1: -2.0 [95% CI -3.5, -0.6]; T3-T1: -2.3 [95% CI -4.0, -0.7]), and longer walk distance (T2-T1 +23.8 m [95% CI +1.3, +46.2 m]; T3-T1: +23.3 m [95% CI -1.7, +48.2]). In the placebo arm, we observed no significant change in walk distance nor dyspnea NRS at rest, but significant reduction in dyspnea NRS at six minutes (T2-T1: -1.7 [95% CI -3.3, -0.1]; T3-T1: -2.5 [95% CI -4.2, -0.9]). Vital signs, neurocognitive function, and adverse effects did not differ significantly. CONCLUSION: FPNS was safe, reduced dyspnea at rest, and increased walk distance in before-after comparison. The placebo effect was substantial, which needs to be factored in future study designs. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.govNCT01832402.

Modified citrus pectin stops progression of liver fibrosis by inhibiting galectin-3 and inducing apoptosis of stellate cells.

Modified citrus pectin (MCP) is a pH modified form of the dietary soluble citrus peel fiber known as pectin. The current study aims at testing its effect on liver fibrosis progression. Rats were injected with CCl4 (1 mL/kg, 40% v/v, i.p., twice a week for 8 weeks). Concurrently, MCP (400 or 1200 mg/kg) was administered daily in drinking water from the first week in groups I and II (prophylactic model) and in the beginning of week 5 in groups III and IV (therapeutic model). Liver function biomarkers (ATL, AST, and ALP), fibrosis markers (laminin and hyaluronic acid), and antioxidant biomarkers (reduced glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) were measured. Stained liver sections were scored for fibrosis and necroinflammation. Additionally, expression of galectin-3 (Gal-3), α-smooth muscle actin (SMA), tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, collagen (Col)1A1, caspase (Cas)-3, and apoptosis related factor (FAS) were assigned. Modified pectin late administration significantly (p < 0.05) decreased malondialdehyde (MDA), TIMP-1, Col1A1, α-SMA, and Gal-3 levels and increased levels of FAS, Cas-3, GSH, and SOD. It also decreased percentage of fibrosis and necroinflammation significantly (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that MCP can attenuate liver fibrosis through an antioxidant effect, inhibition of Gal-3 mediated hepatic stellate cells activation, and induction of apoptosis.

Comparison Between Sequential Therapy and Modified Bismuth-Included Quadruple Therapy for Helicobacter pylori Eradication in Chinese Patients.

To compare the efficacy and safety of sequential therapy and modified bismuth-included quadruple therapy as a first-line Helicobacter pylori eradication in China. The patients were randomized to receive sequential therapy [n = 90; rabeprazole (20 mg twice daily) and amoxicillin (1 g twice daily) for 5 days, followed by rabeprazole (20 mg twice daily), tinidazole (500 mg twice daily) plus clarithromycin (500 mg twice daily) for another 5 days] or modified bismuth-included quadruple therapy [n = 109; rabeprazole (20 mg twice daily), levofloxacin hydrochloride (400 mg twice daily), clarithromycin (500 mg twice daily), and colloidal bismuth pectin (200 mg 3 times a day) for 7 days]. A follow-up urea breath test was applied 4 weeks later. A total of 199 patients were diagnosed with H. pylori infection. The intention-to-treat and per-protocol (PP) eradication rates were 91.7% and 92.6%, respectively, in the modified bismuth-included quadruple therapy group, and 74.4% and 76.1%, respectively, in the sequential therapy group. The eradication rates were significantly higher in the modified bismuth-included quadruple therapy group, compared with the sequential therapy group (P = 0.001 for intention to treat and P = 0.001 for PP). Adverse effects were reported by patients from both groups, but the difference did not reach significant level (P = 0.280). The modified bismuth-included quadruple therapy seemed to be superior to the sequential therapy as the first-line regimen for H. pylori eradication in Chinese patients.

Disease association and arthritogenic potential of circulating antibodies against the α1,4-polygalacturonic acid moiety.

Much progress has been made in recent years on the diagnostic value, Ag specificity, and pathogenic roles of autoantibodies correlated to the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in humans. However, carbohydrate Ag-specific autoantibodies that may also play important roles in RA have largely been ignored. In this article, we report that serum levels of Abs capable of recognizing α1,4-polygalacturonic acid [(PGA); major structural component of pectin] strongly correlate with RA in humans. The measurements of PGA-specific Abs (PGA-Abs) in sera are comparable to rheumatoid factors and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide Abs as serological diagnostic markers for RA in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Immunohistochemical staining results indicate that the PGA-Abs selectively bound synovial membrane cells and chondrocytes in the joints of both humans and rabbits (but not rodents). Induction of PGA-Abs by s.c. immunization of rabbits with carrier protein-conjugated synthetic PGA led to severe inflammatory reactions (synovial hyperplasia, small vessel proliferation, and inflammatory cell infiltration) in the joints. Injection of affinity purified anti-PGA IgG into the synovial cavity of rabbits resulted in accumulation of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-1ß in synovial fluid, as well as local pathological damage. We conclude that the PGA-cross-reactive moiety represents a major autoantigen in the joints and can be targeted by autoantibodies capable of triggering arthritogenic responses in vivo.

A report on the long-term use of fentanyl pectin nasal spray in patients with recurrent breakthrough pain.

CONTEXT: As patients with cancer are living longer, there is a need to ensure that treatments used for palliative care are well tolerated and effective during long-term use. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the long-term use of fentanyl pectin nasal spray (FPNS) for the treatment of breakthrough pain in cancer (BTPc) in patients receiving regular opioid therapy. METHODS: Adult patients (N = 401) taking at least 60 mg/day oral morphine or equivalent, experiencing one to four episodes of BTPc a day, entered an open-label long-term study (NCT00458510). Patients had either completed an FPNS randomized controlled trial or were newly identified. Of these, 171 patients continued into an extension study. Up to four episodes of BTPc a day were treated with FPNS at 100-800 µg titrated doses. During the extension study, patients visited the clinic every four weeks for assessment and reporting of adverse events (AEs). RESULTS: There were 163 patients with documented FPNS use. The mean duration of use was 325 days; 46 patients used FPNS for ≥360 days; the maximum duration was 44 months. Seventy percent of patients did not change their FPNS dose; 2% of patients withdrew from the study because of the lack of efficacy. The most common AEs, aside from disease progression, were insomnia, 9.9%; nausea, 9.4%; vomiting, 9.4%; and peripheral edema, 9.4%. The overall incidence of FPNS-related AEs was 11.1%, the most common being constipation (4.1%), with no apparent dose relationship. Ten patients (5.8%) experienced nasal AEs, most of which were mild or moderate. CONCLUSION: FPNS appeared to provide sustained benefit and was well tolerated during long-term treatment of BTPc.

A pharmacokinetic assessment of an alternate titration strategy for fentanyl pectin nasal spray.

OBJECTIVE: Fentanyl pectin nasal spray (FPNS) is approved for management of breakthrough pain in cancer. It is available in 100 and 400 µg strength products which allow for doses of 100 - 800 µg (1 or 2 sprays). Existing titration strategies require a transition from the 100 µg product to the 400 µg product when increasing the dose from 200 to 400 µg. This study assessed the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of FPNS administered as 4 sprays of 100 µg as an alternate titration strategy. METHODS: In this 3-way, crossover study, healthy subjects aged 18 - 65 years were randomized to receive each of 3 dosages of FPNS (4 × 100 µg, 2 × 100 µg, and 1 × 400 µg). PK samples were collected over 24 hours. RESULTS: Of 22 subjects randomized, 20 were included in the PK analysis. Administration of both 400 µg regimens (4 × 100 µg and 1 × 400 µg) provided greater systemic fentanyl exposure compared with the 200 µg dose (C(max): 1,748 and 1,485 pg/ml vs. 1,051 pg/ml; AUC(0-1h): 1,012 and 944 pg×h/ml vs. 665 pg×h/ml; and tmax: 0.25 hours and 0.50 hours vs. 0.25 hours); fentanyl exposure after 4 × 100 µg and 1 × 400 µg regimens was similar. Adverse events (AEs) were all mild or moderate in intensity; most common AEs were nausea (50%) and headache (23%). AE frequency was similar across treatments without reports of nasal effects. CONCLUSIONS: Given that systemic fentanyl exposure from FPNS administered as 4 × 100 µg is similar to that from FPNS as 1 × 400 µg, the 4 × 100 µg regimen provides an alternate titration strategy for patients needing more than 200 µg. This alternate strategy will facilitate a patient's ability to achieve an optimized FPNS regimen and reduce opioid wastage.