Comparative analysis of the distribution and antifungal susceptibility of yeast species in cat facial hair and human nails.

Zoonotic yeast species have been implicated in disease development in both humans and cats. This study analyzed the yeast mycobiota present in feline facial hair and human nails and explored potential interspecies associations. A total of 118 biological specimens were examined, including 59 feline facial hair and 59 human nail samples. DNA extraction and DNA sequencing were performed to identify the specific yeast species. The most predominant yeast species in humans and cats were selected for antifungal susceptibility testing (itraconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, and terbinafine). The findings unveiled diverse yeast species in cats and humans. Malassezia pachydermatis (45.8%) and Malassezia furfur (30.5%) were the most common yeast species in cats and humans, respectively. However, no significant correlation was detected between the yeast species identified in cats and their owners residing in the same household (p > 0.05). Miconazole exhibited the highest minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against Malassezia pachydermatis and Malassezia furfur in both cat and human isolates, whereas terbinafine showed the lowest MICs against most Malassezia pachydermatis and Malassezia furfur in both cat and human isolates. Diverse yeast species in cat facial hair and human nails suggest possible cross-contamination among humans, pets, and environments.

LONG-TERM SURVIVAL OF PSEUDOGYMNOASCUS DESTRUCTANS AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES.

White-nose syndrome is an emerging fungal disease that has devastated hibernating bat populations across eastern North America. The causal pathogen, Pseudogymnoascus destructans (PD), is a psychrophilic fungus with a known maximal growth temperature of 20 C. Although it is widely speculated that PD is primarily spread between hibernacula by the movement of bats, experimental evidence is lacking to demonstrate that PD can endure temperatures experienced by active bats for periods of time that would facilitate dispersal of viable fungus. We used an in vitro culture-based approach to study the survival of PD conidia on three artificial growth media and bat fur. The fungus was incubated at three temperatures it might realistically be exposed to on nonhibernating bats or in the environment outside of caves and mines (24 C, 30 C, and 37 C). When incubated on artificial media, we found that PD conidia were able to survive for a maximum of 150 d when exposed to temperatures of 24 C, 60 d at 30 C, and 15 d at 37 C. At all temperatures, maximal survival duration was recorded when conidia were incubated on brain-heart infusion agar with 10% volume of sheep (Ovis aries) blood. When incubated on bat fur, viable PD was recovered at 180 d, 60 d, and 5 d when exposed to temperatures of 24 C, 30 C, and 37 C, respectively. Our results suggest that viable PD conidia may be able to survive on or within the bodies of bats, which may facilitate long-distance dispersal. The long-term viability of the fungus on various fomites may differ, and therefore must be assessed for each potential substrate.

Padronização de uma PCR para diagnóstico molecular de Microsporum canis em amostras de pelos e crostas de cães e gatos / Standardization of a pcr for molecular diagnosis of microsporum canis in samples of fur and crusts of dogs and cats

Objetivou-se neste estudo padronizar um protocolo de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) para detecção de Microsporum canis em amostras de pelos e/ou crostas de cães e gatos. Foram selecionadas 48 amostras previamente identificadas por meio de cultura. Destas, 23 foram positivas para dermatófitos no cultivo. Padronizou-se a PCR a partir de primers desenhados para o alvo M. canis. Sessenta e um por cento (14/23) das amostras positivas para dermatófitos foram identificadas como M. canis em cultura. Desse total, 71,4% (10/14) apresentaram um fragmento de 218pb compatível com o esperado para a espécie fúngica alvo dessa reação. Observou-se uma sensibilidade de 71,4% e especificidade de 100% na PCR, além de uma boa concordância entre essas técnicas de diagnóstico (Kappa: 0,78; P<0,0001). O protocolo utilizado neste estudo apresentou alta especificidade na detecção de M. canis diretamente de amostras de pelos e/ou crostas de cães e gatos, viabilizando um diagnóstico mais rápido e específico, podendo esse protocolo ser empregado como um método confirmatório para agilizar a detecção de M. canis.(AU)

The aim of this study was to standardize a Polymerase Chain Reaction protocol (PCR) for the detection of Microsporum canis in fur and/or crusts of dogs and cats. 48 samples previously identified by culture were selected. Of these, 23 were positive for dermatophytes in culture. PCR was standardized from drawn primers whose target is M. canis. A total of 61% (14/23) of the dermatophyte positive samples were identified as M. canis in culture. Of this total, 71.4% (10/14) presented a fragment of 218bp compatible with that expected for the fungal species target of the reaction. A sensitivity of 71.4% and specificity of 100% in the PCR were observed, in addition to a good agreement between the techniques (Kappa: 0.78; P<0.0001). The protocol used in this study showed high specificity in the detection of M. canis directly from fur and/or crusts of dogs and cats, making possible a faster and more specific diagnosis. This protocol could be used as a confirmatory method, speeding the detection of M. canis.(AU)

Experimental evaluation on the applicability of necrobiome analysis in forensic veterinary science.

Despite the wide usage of animals as models in forensic studies, the investigations of fundamental legal questions involving domesticated and nondomesticated animals were always given marginal attention compared to "human forensic," and only recently the interest in the discipline is increasing. Our research focuses on the effect of the fur coat on the activity and development of microbial decomposers. In order to test this variable never assessed before, rabbit carcasses were used and results show that: (i) distinct and significant temporal changes in terms of metabolic activity and taxa distribution can be tracked over the decomposition process; (ii) the richness and the diversity of the bacterial communities does not significantly vary over time, but it does not mean that the species Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) do not change; (iii) the presence/absence of the fur on the carcasses does not significantly affect either the bacterial communities' functional activity or the diversity intra- and intercommunity, neither at phylum nor at family resolution; (iv) the functional activity and the ecological diversity of the bacterial communities are significantly affected by the body region, while the relative abundance is not. Obtained data confirm previous observations and provide new insight in the Forensic Veterinary field in terms of equally using them in order to derive a statistical model for the PMI estimation. As a future perspective, a contribution to the Forensic Entomology approach will be given in legal investigations when domestic or wild animals are involved, regardless of the presence of a hair layer.

Coordinated change at the colony level in fruit bat fur microbiomes through time.

The host-associated microbiome affects individual health and behaviour, and may be influenced by local environmental conditions. However, little is known about microbiomes' temporal dynamics in free-living species compared with their dynamics in humans and model organisms, especially in body sites other than the gut. Here, we investigate longitudinal changes in the fur microbiome of captive and free-living Egyptian fruit bats. We find that, in contrast to patterns described in humans and other mammals, the prominent dynamics is of change over time at the level of the colony as a whole. On average, a pair of fur microbiome samples from different individuals in the same colony collected on the same date are more similar to one another than a pair of samples from the same individual collected at different time points. This pattern suggests that the whole colony may be the appropriate biological unit for understanding some of the roles of the host microbiome in social bats' ecology and evolution. This pattern of synchronized colony changes over time is also reflected in the profile of volatile compounds in the bats' fur, but differs from the more individualized pattern found in the bats' gut microbiome.

Would it be safe to have a dog in the MRI scanner before your own examination? A multicenter study to establish hygiene facts related to dogs and men.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether it would be hygienic to evaluate dogs and humans in the same MRI scanner. METHODS: We compared the bacterial load in colony-forming units (CFU) of human-pathogenic microorganisms in specimens taken from 18 men and 30 dogs. In addition, we compared the extent of bacterial contamination of an MRI scanner shared by dogs and humans with two other MRI scanners used exclusively by humans. RESULTS: Our study shows a significantly higher bacterial load in specimens taken from men's beards compared with dogs' fur (p = 0.036). All of the men (18/18) showed high microbial counts, whereas only 23/30 dogs had high microbial counts and 7 dogs moderate microbial counts. Furthermore, human-pathogenic microorganisms were more frequently found in human beards (7/18) than in dog fur (4/30), although this difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.074). More microbes were found in human oral cavities than in dog oral cavities (p < 0.001). After MRI of dogs, routine scanner disinfection was undertaken and the CFU found in specimens isolated from the MRI scanning table and receiver coils showed significantly lower bacteria count compared with "human" MRI scanners (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our study shows that bearded men harbour significantly higher burden of microbes and more human-pathogenic strains than dogs. As the MRI scanner used for both dogs and humans was routinely cleaned after animal scanning, there was substantially lower bacterial load compared with scanners used exclusively for humans. KEY POINTS: • Bearded men harbour significantly more microbes than dogs. • Dogs are no risk to humans if they use the same MRI. • Deficits in hospital hygiene are a relevant risk for patients.

Antimicrobial effect of different peroxyacetic acid and hydrogen peroxide formats against spores of Clostridium estertheticum.

"Blown pack" spoilage is primarily caused by Clostridium estertheticum. The primary source of contamination is probably pelts, faeces and soil during opening cuts and de-hiding. Peroxyacetic acid (POAA) based fogs are commonly included in an abattoir's routine cleaning process. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a powerful oxidizing agent that penetrates microbe cell walls causing cell death. In this study, we compared the ability of H2O2 and OXYSAN ZS (POAA containing 1-hydroxyethylidine-1,1-diphosphonic acid as a stabilizer) in different formats to inactivate C. estertheticum spores. Hydrogen peroxide treatment using Phytagel™ gel as carrier was effective on fleece against both naturally contaminating microflora and C. estertheticum spores. This is the first time an antimicrobial treatment has been shown to inactivate C. estertheticum spores on such a complex and highly contaminated matrix. Both H2O2 and OXYSAN ZS treatments inactivated C. estertheticum spores on stainless steel indicating their potential use as an in-plant decontamination procedure or inclusion in routine in-process cleaning.

Aislamiento de Microsporum canis y Microsporum gypseum en gatos asintomáticos del área metropolitana de Asunción / Isolation of Microsporum canis and Microsporum gypseum in asymptomatic cats from the metropolitan area of Asunción-Paraguay

Introducción: las mascotas generalmente son reservorios y diseminadores de hongos causantes de tiñas en humanos. Objetivo: aislar e identificar hongos dermatofitos en el pelaje de gatos asintomáticos del área metropolitana de Asunción. Materiales y métodos: se incluyeron 68 gatos asintomáticos del área metropolitana de Asunción, cuyas edades estaban entre 1 mes y 14 años. Las muestras de pelos fueron obtenidas por el método del tapete de Mariat y Tapia, se cultivaron en Agar Sabouraud con cloramfenicol y cicloheximida (agar Mycosel) y se incubaron 21 días a 28 ºC. La identificación se basó en las características macroscópicas y microscópicas de las colonias. Resultados: se aislaron hongos dermatofitos en 13 gatos: 10 (14,7%) tenían Microsporum canis y 3 (4,4%) Microsporum gypseum. No se encontró diferencias significativas en cuanto a la presencia del hongo y las variables sexo, edad, hábitat y contacto con otros animales. Conclusión: en gatos de Asunción se aislaron Microsporun canis (14,7%) y Microscporum gypseum (4,4%).

Introduction: pets are generally reservoirs and disseminators of fungi causing "tinea" in humans. Objective: to isolate and identify dermatophyte fungi in hair of asymptomatic cats of the metropolitan area of Asunción. Materials and methods: 68 asymptomatic cats were included from the metropolitan area of Asunción, whose ages were between 1 month and 14 years. The hair samples were obtained by the Mariat and Tapia mat method, they were cultivated in Sabouraud Agar with chloramphenicol and cycloheximide (Mycosel agar) and incubated 21 days at 28 ºC. The identification was based on the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the colonies. Results: dermatophyte fungi were isolated in 13 cats: 10 (14.7%) had Microsporum canis and 3 (4.4%) Microsporum gypseum. No significant differences were found regarding the presence of the fungus and the variables sex, age, habitat and contact with other animals. Conclusion: Microsporum canis (14.7%) and Microscporum gypseum (4.4%) were isolated of Asunción cats.