Severe complications of chronic cholelithiasis treatment.

BACKGROUND: Gallstone disease is a burden affecting about 15% percent of the population around the world. The complications of gallstone disease are numerous and many require emergency care. Severe complications are not uncommon and require special attention, as lethal outcome is possible. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a retrospective analysis of eight cases describing severe complications of gallstones in patients undergoing endoscopic treatment of chronic gallstones conditions. All patients were admitted to our emergency care department following symptoms onset. The diagnostic difficulties, treatment strategies and outcomes are presented. The associated risk factors and preventative measures are discussed. Two patients developed profuse bleeding, two developed acute pancreatitis, two patients had perforation related complications. One rare case of bilioma and one case of iatrogenic injury are presented. All patients had severe condition, in two cases lethal outcome was a result of co-morbidity and difficulties in management. CONCLUSION: Special care should be taken in patients with risk factors of severe complications in order to improve outcome and prevent the development of life-threatening conditions.

Case Report: Paralytic Ileus: A Potential Extrapulmonary Manifestation of Severe COVID-19.

The COVID-19 pandemic has recently spread worldwide, presenting primarily in the form of pneumonia or other respiratory disease. In addition, gastrointestinal manifestations have increasingly been reported as one of the extrapulmonary features of the virus. We report two cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection complicated by paralytic ileus. The first patient was a 33-year-old man who was hospitalized with severe COVID-19 pneumonia requiring ventilator support and intensive care. He developed large bowel dilatation and perforation of the mid-transverse colon, and underwent laparotomy and colonic resection. Histopathology of the resected bowel specimen showed acute inflammation, necrosis, and hemorrhage, supporting a role for COVID-19-induced micro-thrombosis leading to perforation. The second patient was a 33-year-old man who had severe COVID-19 pneumonia, renal failure, and acute pancreatitis. His hospital course was complicated with paralytic ileus, and he improved with conservative management. Both cases were observed to have elevated liver transaminases, which is consistent with other studies. Several authors have postulated that the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors, the host receptors for COVID-19, that are present on enterocytes in both the small and large bowel might mediate viral entry and resultant inflammation. This is a potential mechanism of paralytic ileus in cases of severe COVID-19 infection. Recognizing paralytic ileus as a possible complication necessitates timely diagnosis and management.

Malignant Brenner tumour of the ovary manifesting as distal intestinal obstruction and perforation.

A rare case of malignant Brenner tumour of ovary manifesting with intestinal perforation due to colonic infiltration is elaborated in the present report. Brenner's tumour accounts for 1%-2% of all ovarian neoplasms and malignant Brenner tumour is even rarer and only about 5% of Brenner tumours are malignant. A 62-year-old woman came to surgical emergency with 1-month history of abdominal pain, vomiting and constipation with a palpable mass in right iliac fossa. Abdominal radiograph was suggestive of colonic obstruction. Contrast-enhanced CT of the abdomen revealed cystic right ovarian mass of 10.2×8.8 cm2 with pneumoperitoneum. Exploratory laparotomy was done, which revealed mass arising from right ovary involving terminal ileum, cecum and ascending colon. Possibility of ovarian malignancy was kept. Patient underwent debulking surgery along with ileostomy and descending colon mucous fistula was created. Histology was compatible with malignant Brenner tumour of the ovary.

Acute Appendicitis in Children Younger than Five Years of Age: Diagnostic Challenge for Pediatric Surgeons.

Background: The aim of this study is the evaluation of clinical signs and outcomes of treatment in children under five years of age who underwent appendectomy because of acute appendicitis. Patients and Methods: From January 2009 until December 2018, 90 patients (54 boys and 36 girls) younger than five years of age, treated with appendectomy because of acute appendicitis, were included in this study. Patients were divided into two groups, depending on the intra-operative finding of non-perforated (Group I; n = 32) or perforated (Group II; n = 58) appendicitis. The groups were compared regarding demographic, clinical, and laboratory data and outcomes of treatment. Results: Of 1687 appendectomies in this period, 90 (5.3%) of them were performed in patients aged five years or younger. There were 58 (64.4%) patients with perforated appendix. Positive correlation between the rate of perforation and the age of patients was found. Perforation rates were significantly higher in younger patients (100%, <1 year; 100%, 1-2 y; 83.3%, 2-3 y; 71.4%, 3-4 y; 78.6%, 4-5 y, and 47.3%, 5 y) (p = 0.037). Vomiting and diarrhea were found more commonly in the group of perforated appendix (p < 0.002, p < 0.001), while constipation was found more often in the patients whose appendix was not perforated (p < 0.001). The median duration of symptoms (48 h vs. 16 h; p < 0.001) and median duration of hospitalization (7.5 d vs. 5 d; p < 0.001) were notably longer for the group of patients with perforated than the group of patients with non-perforated appendix. All complications occurred in the group of perforated appendix with total incidence of 4.4%. Conclusion: The clinical presentation of acute appendicitis for children aged five years or younger is often unusual, and establishing the proper diagnosis is often delayed. Patient age is tied closely to the stage of acute appendicitis, so the youngest patients present with more advanced stages of disease and are at greater risk of perforation. Acute appendicitis should be considered in all cases where a child is having abdominal pain, fever, and diarrhea, which has been shown to be present significantly more often in children with perforated appendix.

Abdominal Emergencies in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Although improved medical therapies have been associated with decreased rates of emergent intestinal resection for inflammatory bowel disease, prompt diagnosis and management remain of utmost importance to ensure appropriate patient care with reduced morbidity and mortality. Emergent indications for surgery include toxic colitis, acute obstruction, perforation, acute abscess, or massive hemorrhage. Given this broad spectrum of emergent presentations, a multidisciplinary team including surgeons, gastroenterologists, radiologists, nutritional support services, and enterostomal therapists are required for optimal patient care and decision making. Management of each emergency should be individualized based on patient age, disease type and duration, and patient goals of care.

Long-term outcomes of very low birth weight infants with spontaneous intestinal perforation: A retrospective case-matched cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous intestinal perforation (SIP) is an intestinal complication that occurs in very ill preterms. We investigated whether SIP survivors have worse neurodevelopmental and gastrointestinal outcomes and a poorer quality of life than controls. METHODS: A retrospective case-matched cohort study was performed involving infants treated for SIP in a NICU between August 1994 and April 2014. Controls and SIP patients were matched to gestational age, gender, and birth period. Medical records were reviewed. Telephone surveys were conducted to evaluate the medical condition, quality of life (PedsQL™ 4.0), neuropsychiatric and gastrointestinal outcome. McNemar's and Wilcoxon tests were performed, and generalized linear models were computed. RESULTS: Forty-nine SIP patients were included. The percentages of children with multiple disabilities (40% vs. 17%, OR = 3.3) and requiring physiotherapy (86% vs. 60%, OR = 4.77) were higher in the SIP group than in the control group. Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) led to a worse neurodevelopmental outcome regardless of SIP (OR = 8.79 for disability), and female gender was a protective factor against disability (OR = 0.06). Reported quality of life and gastrointestinal comorbidities did not differ between the two groups. CONCLUSION: SIP survivors tend to be at risk of multiple disabilities. IVH and female gender influence the neurodevelopmental outcome regardless of SIP. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE: Level III: case-control study.

The Impact of Low Muscle Mass in Patients Undergoing Emergency Surgery for Colonic Perforation - A Single-center Experience.

AIM: The aim was to analyze the correlation between psoas muscle mass and mortality, as well as postoperative complications in patients treated for colonic perforation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 46 patients met the study criteria. Patients were classified into an elderly (age, ≥75 years, n=24) and a younger group (age, <75 years, n=22). Background factors, postoperative data (including duration of hospital stay and discharge) were collected. The cross-sectional area of the psoas muscle area (PMA) was measured on the same day of operation. RESULTS: The age/length of stay and PMA were significantly correlated in the younger group (p=0.0015, 0.023, respectively). Fifteen and six patients were discharged to return home, and 8 and 16 patients were transferred to another hospital, in the younger and elderly groups, respectively (p=0.02). Discharge was not correlated with the PMA in either group. CONCLUSION: The total psoas muscle mass would be useful as a quick and convenient measure of sarcopenia in younger patients, but not elderly patients.

Perforation Peritonitis at High Altitude.

Trekkers going to high altitude can suffer from several ailments both during and after their treks. Gastro-intestinal symptoms including nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain are common in high altitude areas of Nepal due to acute mountain sickness or due to a gastro-intestinal illness. Occasionally, complications of common conditions manifest at high altitude and delay in diagnosis could be catastrophic for the patient presenting with these symptoms. We present two rare cases of duodenal and gastric perforations in trekkers who were evacuated from the Everest trekking region. Both of them had to undergo emergency laparotomy and repair of the perforation using modified Graham's patch in the first case and distal gastrectomy that included the perforated site, followed by two-layer end-to-side gastrojejunostomy and two-layer side-to-side jejunostomy in the second case. Perforation peritonitis at high-altitude, though rare, can be life threatening. Timely evacuation from high altitude, proper diagnosis and prompt treatment are essential for taking care of such patients. Keywords: duodenal ulcer; Everest; hypoxia; mountaineering; trekking.

Predictive Value of a Persistent Tachycardia to Indicate Impending Perforation in Necrotizing Enterocolitis.

INTRODUCTION: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating disease of infancy. Full-thickness bowel wall necrosis may lead to perforation, peritonitis, and death. Timeous clinical diagnosis of impending perforation is imperative. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine whether a persistent tachycardia in an infant with proven NEC is indicative of full-thickness bowel wall necrosis and therefore impending perforation. STUDY DESIGN: This study was conducted at the University of Pretoria academic hospitals. Forty-five neonates with proven NEC were divided into a surgical group (32 progressed to full-thickness bowel necrosis) and a nonsurgical group (13 resolved on conservative treatment). Differences in the pulse rate between the groups were analyzed. RESULTS: The 24-hour leading average pulse rate data for the surgical group were analyzed over a period of 10 days leading up to surgery and compared with the nonsurgical group. A clear upward trend of the mean pulse rate was observed in the surgical group, 48 hours prior to surgery. This was statistically significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that a persistent tachycardia in a neonate with NEC is a predictor of progression to full-thickness bowel wall necrosis. Pulse rate is therefore an important clinical tool when deciding on operative management in NEC.

Rectal perforation secondary to transanal haemorrhoidal dearterialisation.

Haemorrhoidal artery ligation has now been established as a treatment modality for symptomatic haemorrhoids. We report a case of a fit 44-year-old male who underwent the procedure as a day case, who subsequently developed pelvic sepsis due to rectal perforation. This case is the first report of a potentially life-threatening complication resulting from this procedure, which has a previously excellent safety profile.

Perforación múltiple de divertículos de intestino delgado en paciente con síndrome de Ehlers-Danlos / Multiple perforation of small-intestine diverticula in a patient with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

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Cell sheet technology for the regeneration of gastrointestinal tissue using a novel gastric perforation rat model.

PURPOSE: Anastomotic leakage is a major postoperative complication. While cell sheet technology has been gaining popularity in the clinical field, the utility of cell sheets for containing contaminated enteral perforation remains unclear. We established a new gastric perforation rat model and evaluated the efficacy of the myoblast cell sheet to prevent leakage. METHODS: To establish a suitable rat model, perforations of various sizes were made in the stomach. We then pasted the sheet onto the perforated stomach in our new model. After the operation, the rats were sacrificed and analyzed macroscopically and histologically. Serum levels of C-related protein and hyaluronic acid in the peritoneal cavity washing lavage were also evaluated. RESULTS: An incision 5 mm in length was found to be the most suitable for evaluation of the cell sheet performance. In the rats where the cell sheet had been pasted onto the perforation site, we noted less adhesion in the abdominal cavity and a significant reduction in the hyaluronic acid levels in the peritoneal cavity washing lavage. CONCLUSIONS: We evaluated the efficacy of cell sheets for preventing leakage of enteral contents in a gastric perforation rat model. Myoblast cell sheets were able to markedly reduce the degree of both intra-abdominal adhesion and inflammation.