Horseshoe Kidney Complicated by Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis in a Young Girl: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

The cases of horseshoe kidney presented by xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis are very rare. In this study, the case of XGP developing in HSK in a young female patient was presented due to its rare incidence and the previously reported cases were reviewed, as well. The patient, who has end-stage renal disease and was under treatment, admitted to the clinic for preemptive kidney transplantation. Bilateral open en bloc nephrectomy was performed before the kidney transplantation. The histopathological examination of the specimen was reported as XGP. Eight months later, living-donor organ transplantation was performed to the patient with the kidney obtained from her father. XGP can present as a complication of HSK. Moreover, HSK may rarely be manifested by end-stage renal disease in young patients. In such cases, who would undergo kidney transplantation, it is important to examine the HSK in detail and perform bilateral nephrectomy to prevent complications after transplantation.

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: a rare presentation of disbelieved renal cell cancer recurrence after nephron-sparing surgery.

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is a rare, painful inflammatory subtype of chronic renal infection, which can lead to severe parenchymal destruction. It imitates virtually every other renal inflammatory disease. We report a 51-year-old male presenting with left flank pain, on evaluation found to have a renal mass with a history of nephron-sparing surgery in the same kidney performed 6 months previously. Radical nephrectomy was carried out and histopathology was suggestive of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis rather than renal cell cancer recurrence.

Analysis of 35 cases of Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis.

BACKGROUND: To retrospectively determine key demographic and clinical features of 35 patients with Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) in a New Zealand setting and to compare it with the existing literature. METHODS: A retrospective review of patients having a confirmed diagnosis of XGP on histopathology examination was performed. Key clinical and demographic features were analysed and compared with the published literature. RESULTS: XGP was diagnosed in 35 patients over a 12-year (2001-2013) period in Auckland Public Hospital. Ninety-one percent of the patients were female. The population had significantly higher numbers of Maori and Pacific Island patients compared with the general population (74%). Staghorn calculi were the most common cause (51.4%) with obstructing ureteric calculi as the next most common (22.9%) cause. Twenty percent of cases were not thought to be XGP prior to nephrectomy (suspicious renal mass). Thirteen (38%) patients suffered serious complications post-operatively (Clavien 3-5). CONCLUSION: XGP is a rare chronic inflammatory condition that appears to be overrepresented by Maori and Pacific islanders in our cohort when compared with the overall patient pool. Surgical treatment is associated with significant morbidity but remains the only definitive option. Obesity and other conditions associated with metabolic syndrome may coexist at the time of presentation and may be contributing factors to the development of XGP and poor outcomes associated with it.

Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la pielonefritis xantogranulomatosa / Diagnosis and treatment of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis

La pielonefritis xantogranulomatosa es una enfermedad inflamatoria-infecciosa crónica que involucra el riñón. Generalmente se presenta en adultos, más comúnmente en las mujeres jóvenes, y se asocia con litiasis. En la mayoría de los casos es unilateral y se acompaña de destrucción parcial o total del parénquima renal. Los hallazgos más frecuentes del examen físico son: fiebre, dolor lumbar o abdominal o ambos, masa palpable, pérdida de peso y antecedentes de infecciones urinarias recurrentes. La tomografía computarizada es el método más comúnmente empleado para su diagnóstico. Inicialmente se la puede confundir con un tumor. En los análisis de laboratorio se observa anemia, eritrosedimentación muy acelerada, leucocitosis y piuria en el sedimento urinario. El diagnóstico de certeza es el histopatológico. El tratamiento antibiótico evita las complicaciones sépticas, pero la terapia de elección es la nefrectomía total o parcial. Nuestro objetivo es actualizar esta enfermedad infrecuente, tanto en sus formas de presentación, fisiopatogenia, manifestaciones clínicas, como su diagnóstico y tratamiento. (AU)

Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la pielonefritis xantogranulomatosa / Diagnosis and treatment of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis

La pielonefritis xantogranulomatosa es una enfermedad inflamatoria-infecciosa crónica que involucra el riñón. Generalmente se presenta en adultos, más comúnmente en las mujeres jóvenes, y se asocia con litiasis. En la mayoría de los casos es unilateral y se acompaña de destrucción parcial o total del parénquima renal. Los hallazgos más frecuentes del examen físico son: fiebre, dolor lumbar o abdominal o ambos, masa palpable, pérdida de peso y antecedentes de infecciones urinarias recurrentes. La tomografía computarizada es el método más comúnmente empleado para su diagnóstico. Inicialmente se la puede confundir con un tumor. En los análisis de laboratorio se observa anemia, eritrosedimentación muy acelerada, leucocitosis y piuria en el sedimento urinario. El diagnóstico de certeza es el histopatológico. El tratamiento antibiótico evita las complicaciones sépticas, pero la terapia de elección es la nefrectomía total o parcial. Nuestro objetivo es actualizar esta enfermedad infrecuente, tanto en sus formas de presentación, fisiopatogenia, manifestaciones clínicas, como su diagnóstico y tratamiento.

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in an adolescent.

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the kidney rarely found in the pediatric population. We report the case of a 16-year-old boy with fever, microscopic hematuria, and an enlarging cystic renal mass on ultrasonography. The patient had no evidence of renal stones and no known risk factors, other than a recent tattoo performed with unsterile equipment. Because the differential diagnoses included Wilms tumor, he underwent open exploration and nephrectomy. The histopathologic findings were consistent with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis, and cultures grew methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The etiology was believed to be bacterial seeding from the unsterile tattoo.

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in a horse-shoe kidney.

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGPN) represents an unusual suppurative granulomatous reaction to chronic infection, often in the presence of chronic obstruction from a calculus. We present a case of XGPN in a horse shoe kidney in an adult. Hemi-nephrectomy of the involved side was followed by clinical improvement. The case highlights the importance of early hemi-nephrectomy in XPGN with horse shoe kidney.

Uretero-appendiceal fistula.

We report a case of uretero-appendiceal fistula. A 63-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with high grade fever and loss of 5 kg of body weight over 6 months. Pyonephrosis was diagnosed. A retrograde ureterogram and barium enema showed a connection between cecum and ureter. Right nephroureterectomy and right hemicolectomy were carried out. The final diagnosis was uretero-appendiceal fistula.

Laparoscopic nephrectomy for xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in the absence of kidney stones or clinical urinary infection.

Here, we present a patient who underwent transperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy for a nonfunctional kidney on the left side, and who was found to have xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) on the subsequent histopathology examination. XGP is a severe, chronic infection of the renal parenchyma. Nephrectomy is the treatment of choice. Preoperative diagnosis of XGP can be challenging because the clinical presentation may vary. Our patient's loss of kidney function was due to a simple cortical kidney cyst that compressed the urinary collecting system. He presented only with mild flank pain and a poorly functioning kidney, and therefore XGP was not suspected before surgery. Because of the renal and perirenal inflammatory changes that commonly accompany XGP, the laparoscopic approach is difficult and is therefore rarely used. However, laparoscopic nephrectomy for XGP offers an easier recovery for the patient and therefore deserves further consideration as a method of treatment.

Xanthgranulomatous pyelonephritis associated with Staphylococcus aureus.

A 44-year old man with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis presented with abdominal distention, left lumber pain, fever, loss of appetite, and loss of weight. He had been known to have diabetes mellitus type II for 20 years, and he was diagnosed to have a left renal stone three months prior to this presentation. The patient's urine and the left psous abscess grew staphylococcus aureus.

Atypical presentation of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: a case report.

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XPN) is a rare form of chronic pyelonephritis, which is usually caused by calculous obstructive uropathy. We present a previously healthy 45-year-old housewife, who was admitted to The Dammam Central Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia with left loin pain and increased frequency of micturition of four days duration. She also had icterus and features of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography of the abdomen was suggestive of XPN. She responded well to treatment with antibiotics and nephrectomy. Histology of the resected kidney confirmed a diagnosis of XPN. Our case suggests that the diagnosis of XPN should be kept in mind when a middle-aged female patient presents with unilateral non-functioning hydronephrotic kidney, which is totally distorted, and has enhancing as well as non-enhancing regions on computed tomography.

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis with a renocolic fistula caused by a parapelvic cyst.

Fistula formation between the upper urinary tract and bowel is an uncommon complication in urogenital diseases. We present a rare case of focal xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis with a renocolic fistula. This is the first case where a parapelvic cyst obstructs the caliceal outflow and leads to the formation of a renocolic fistula in renal inflammatory disease. It is difficult to make a preoperative diagnosis of focal xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis with widespread involvement that is caused by non-calculous urinary tract obstruction.