RESUMEN
The current study addressed to investigate the effect of lycopene (LYC) on blood physiology, digestive-antioxidant enzyme activity, specific-nonspecific immune response, and inflammatory gene transcriptional regulation (cytokines, heat shock proteins, vitellogenins) in spotted snakehead (Channa punctata) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In unchallenged and challenged fish treated with 200 mg LYC enriched diet the growth performance and digestive-antioxidant enzymes increased after 30 days, whereas with inclusion of 100 or 400 mg LYC in the diets, the increase manifested on or after 45 days. No mortality in fish treated with any LYC diet against P. aeruginosa was revealed. In the unchallenged and challenged fish the phagocytic (PC) activity in head kidney (HK) and spleen were significantly enhanced when fed the control diet or other LYC diets, whereas the respiratory burst (RB) activity and nitric oxide (NO) production significantly increased when fed the 200 mg diet for 45 and 60 days. Similarly, the lysozyme (Lyz) activity in the HK and spleen, and total Ig content in serum were significantly higher in both groups fed the 200 mg LYC diet for 15, 45, and 60 days. Heat shock protein (Hsp 70) was significantly improved in the uninfected group fed the 200 mg LYC diet for 45 and 60 days, but Hsp27 did not significantly change among the experimental groups at any time points. TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA pro-inflammatory cytokine expression significantly increased in both groups fed the 200 mg LYC diet after 45 and 60 days, while the IL-12 mRNA expression was moderate in both groups fed the same diet for 60 days. The IL-10 did not significant mRNA expression between groups at any sampling. The iNOS and NF-κB mRNA expression was pointedly high in both groups fed the 200 mg LYC diet on day 45 and 60. Vitellogenin A (VgA) mRNA was significantly higher in the uninfected fish fed the 100 and 200 mg LYC diets for 45 and 60 days, but VgB did not reveal significant difference between the treatment groups at any time points. The present results suggest that supplementation of LYC at 200 mg significantly modulate the blood physiology, digestive-antioxidant enzymes, specific-nonspecific immune parameters, and cytokines, Hsp, and vitellogenins in spotted snakehead against P. aeruginosa.
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Antioxidantes , Enfermedades de los Peces , Peces/inmunología , Licopeno/administración & dosificación , Pigmentos Biológicos/administración & dosificación , Infecciones por Pseudomonas/veterinaria , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Animales , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Citocinas/genética , Dieta/veterinaria , Suplementos Dietéticos , Fenómenos Fisiológicos del Sistema Digestivo , Enfermedades de los Peces/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Peces/microbiología , Inmunidad Innata/genética , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , ARN Mensajero , VitelogeninasRESUMEN
Gardenia blue pigments derived from genipin reacting with amino acids have been used as natural food colorants for nearly 30 years in East Asia. However, their pharmacological effects, especially antidepressant-like effects, have not been reported so far. In this study, one of the gardenia blue pigments, was obtained from the reaction of genipin with tyrosine (genipin-tyrosine derivant (GTD)), and its antidepressant-like effects were investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) models. The results showed that GTD could attenuate depressive-like behaviors in both animal models. GTD reversed the LPS-induced cytokine increase of TNF-α, IL-6, and corticosterone (CORT) in mice plasma and hippocampus. In CUMS rats, GTD treatment significantly reduced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis-related stress hormone levels in plasma including those of CORT, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). Besides, GTD increased plasma testosterone and hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in CUMS rats. GTD increased serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), and norepinephrine (NE) in rat hippocampus and corpus striatum. Consistently, hippocampal metabolomic analysis demonstrated that GTD restored monoamine neurotransmitter metabolism, mitochondrial oxidative function, and membrane structural integrity. Our data suggested that GTD produced antidepressant-like activity through the restoration of the HPA axis hormone balance and the regulation of neurotransmitter release.
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Antidepresivos/administración & dosificación , Depresión/tratamiento farmacológico , Gardenia/química , Iridoides/química , Pigmentos Biológicos/administración & dosificación , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Tirosina/química , Animales , Antidepresivos/química , Factor Neurotrófico Derivado del Encéfalo/metabolismo , Corticosterona/metabolismo , Depresión/genética , Depresión/metabolismo , Depresión/psicología , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Humanos , Interleucina-6/genética , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Pigmentos Biológicos/química , Sistema Hipófiso-Suprarrenal/efectos de los fármacos , Sistema Hipófiso-Suprarrenal/metabolismo , Extractos Vegetales/química , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Serotonina/metabolismoRESUMEN
Our preliminary data showed that VEGFR2 upregulation promoted renal ROS overproduction in high-fat diet- (HFD-) treated mice. Given that ROS-induced NLRP3 activation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetic kidney injury, we evaluate whether VEGFR2 upregulation induces type 2 diabetic kidney injury via ROS-mediated NLRP3 activation and further explore the underlying mechanism. Our results showed that VEGFR2 knockdown decreased ROS overproduction, blocked NLRP3-dependent inflammation, and alleviated kidney damage in HFD-treated mice. Treatment with α-lipoic acid, a scavenger of ROS, lowered ROS overproduction and alleviated NLRP3-triggered kidney injury of HFD-treated mice. Collectively, the VEGFR2/ROS/NLRP3 signal is a critical therapeutic strategy for the kidney injury of HFD-treated mice. Purple sweet potato color (PSPC), a natural anthocyanin, can exert renal protection by inhibiting ROS in HFD-treated mice. Here, we provide a novel mechanism of PSPC against renal damage in HFD-treated mice by downregulating VEGFR2 expression.
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Ipomoea batatas/química , Riñón/patología , Proteína con Dominio Pirina 3 de la Familia NLR/metabolismo , Pigmentos Biológicos/farmacología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Receptor 2 de Factores de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/metabolismo , Animales , Dieta Alta en Grasa , Técnicas de Silenciamiento del Gen , Inflamación/patología , Riñón/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , Especificidad de Órganos , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Pigmentos Biológicos/administración & dosificación , Ácido Tióctico/farmacologíaRESUMEN
AIM: To investigate the relationship between the colors of vegetables and fruits and the risk of colorectal cancer in Korea. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted with 923 colorectal cancer patients and 1846 controls recruited from the National Cancer Center in Korea. We classified vegetables and fruits into four groups according to the color of their edible parts (e.g., green, orange/yellow, red/purple and white). Vegetable and fruit intake level was classified by sex-specific tertile of the control group. Logistic regression models were used for estimating the odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: High total intake of vegetables and fruits was strongly associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer in women (OR = 0.32, 95%CI: 0.21-0.48 for highest vs lowest tertile) and a similar inverse association was observed for men (OR = 0.60, 95%CI: 0.45-0.79). In the analysis of color groups, adjusted ORs (95%CI) comparing the highest to the lowest of the vegetables and fruits intake were 0.49 (0.36-0.65) for green, and 0.47 (0.35-0.63) for white vegetables and fruits in men. An inverse association was also found in women for green, red/purple and white vegetables and fruits. However, in men, orange/yellow vegetables and fruits (citrus fruits, carrot, pumpkin, peach, persimmon, ginger) intake was linked to an increased risk of colorectal cancer (OR = 1.61, 95%CI: 1.22-2.12). CONCLUSION: Vegetables and fruits intake from various color groups may protect against colorectal cancer.
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Neoplasias Colorrectales/prevención & control , Dieta Saludable , Frutas , Pigmentos Biológicos/administración & dosificación , Conducta de Reducción del Riesgo , Verduras , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Distribución de Chi-Cuadrado , Color , Neoplasias Colorrectales/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Colorrectales/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Oportunidad Relativa , Factores Protectores , República de Corea/epidemiología , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
On the basis of our findings about chemo-preventive roles of squid ink polysaccharide and the well-known toxicity of cyclophosphamide (CP) on female gonad, this research investigated the protective effects of a novel polysaccharide from Sepia esculenta ink (SEP) on the ovarian failure resulting from CP, as well as the action mechanisms underpinning this. The results indicated that CP destroyed the ovaries of mice which caused depletion of various follicles, and led to a reduction in estradiol content, increases in FSH and LH contents in sera, decreases in ovary and uterus masses and their relative mass ratios, disruption of the ultrastructure of granulosa cells, as well as induction of apoptosis and autophagy via p38 MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. The phenomenon resulted in ovarian failure. However, SEP exposure altered the negative effects completely. The data indicated that SEP can effectively prevent ovarian failure CP caused in mice by inhibiting the p38 MAPK signaling pathway and activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway as regulated by CP. SEP was a novel polysaccharide from Sepia esculenta ink with a unique primary structure mainly composed of GalN and Ara that accounted for almost half of all monosaccharides: their ratio was nearly one-to-one. Besides, the polysaccharide contained a small number of Fuc and tiny amounts of Man, GlcN, GlcA, and GalA.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos Alquilantes/efectos adversos , Ciclofosfamida/efectos adversos , Pigmentos Biológicos/administración & dosificación , Polisacáridos/administración & dosificación , Insuficiencia Ovárica Primaria/prevención & control , Sepia/química , Animales , Apoptosis , Estradiol/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Ratones , Ovario/efectos de los fármacos , Ovario/metabolismo , Pigmentos Biológicos/química , Polisacáridos/química , Insuficiencia Ovárica Primaria/etiología , Insuficiencia Ovárica Primaria/metabolismo , Insuficiencia Ovárica Primaria/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Photothermolysis of unwanted hair depends on the presence of melanin in the hair follicle as the chromophore, but is not effective in patients with non-pigmented, melanin-sparse hair shafts and follicles. This split-scalp, double-blind study was to monitor the efficacy of melanin bound in nanosomes to inject exogenous melanin into the hair follicles thus potentiating successful photothermolysis.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twelve patients, phototypes II-III, with white or very fair hair, were treated with a compound containing melanin encapsulated in nanosomes (Melaser®) together with a fluorescent marker. Two equal 6 cm² areas were marked on each side of the occiput of the subjects. The compound was applied to a randomly selected experimental side on each patient (area A), and a saline solution applied in the same manner to the contralateral control side (area B). Penetration of the melanin into the hair follicle was assessed using optical and fluorescence microscopy. Also, condition of hair structure was checked in vivo after standard laser settings used for epilation.
RESULTS: A slight transient erythema was observed in those areas where the compound was applied with some perifollicular edema. No such effects were noticed in those areas where saline solution was applied. No persistent complications such as scarring, hypo- or hyperpigmentation were observed in any of the experimental or control areas. Under fluorescence microscopy, the hair structures in the areas to which the compound had been applied showed a clear melanin deposit confirmed by the immunofluorescence intensity, which was highest at 2 hours after application. By optical microscopy, external melanin was deposited in hair follicles. Tests with standard settings for epilation were efficacious in damaging melanin-marked white hair.
CONCLUSION: This study strongly suggests the safety and efficacy of the application of nanosomes encapsulating melanin for the introduction of melanin into hair follicles. Changes noticed in the hair structure compromising its viability indicated potential application of this external melanin marker for white hair photoepilation.
J Drugs Dermatol. 2016;15(5):615-625.
Asunto(s)
Folículo Piloso/efectos de los fármacos , Remoción del Cabello/métodos , Melaninas/administración & dosificación , Nanosferas/administración & dosificación , Fosfolípidos/administración & dosificación , Trastornos de la Pigmentación/tratamiento farmacológico , Anciano , Animales , Colorantes/administración & dosificación , Colorantes/química , Decapodiformes , Portadores de Fármacos/administración & dosificación , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Femenino , Color del Cabello/efectos de los fármacos , Folículo Piloso/patología , Humanos , Masculino , Melaninas/química , Microscopía Fluorescente/métodos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nanosferas/química , Agujas , Fosfolípidos/química , Trastornos de la Pigmentación/patología , Pigmentos Biológicos/administración & dosificación , Pigmentos Biológicos/química , Estudios Prospectivos , Distribución AleatoriaRESUMEN
Bioactive pigments were extracted and purified from cultures of Serratia marcescens and Chromobacterium violaceum. Spectroscopic, FTIR, and HPLC analyses showed prodigiosin and violacein as the principle molecules in the extract. Bioactive microbial pigments prodigiosin, violacein and their combinations with phytosynthesized silver and gold nanoparticles were studied for in vitro growth inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. Prodigiosin was found to be more effective than violacein for inhibition of both parasites in vitro. Specifically, combinations of the microbial pigment prodigiosin with metal nanoparticles showed a significant decrease in the IC50 values on both parasites (2.7 to 3.6 fold) without increase of cytotoxicity upon mammalian cells. The data may be useful for the microbial pigment based drug designing.
Asunto(s)
Indoles/farmacología , Nanopartículas del Metal , Pigmentos Biológicos/farmacología , Plasmodium falciparum/efectos de los fármacos , Prodigiosina/farmacología , Trypanosoma brucei gambiense/efectos de los fármacos , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antimaláricos/farmacología , Chromobacterium/química , Portadores de Fármacos , Oro , Humanos , Indoles/química , Leucocitos Mononucleares/efectos de los fármacos , Pigmentos Biológicos/administración & dosificación , Plantas/metabolismo , Prodigiosina/química , Serratia/química , Plata , Tripanocidas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The use of Palmaria palmata (PP) as a natural ingredient in farmed Atlantic salmon diets was investigated. The effect of salmon diet supplementation with P. palmata (0, 5, 10 and 15%) or synthetic astaxanthin (positive control, PC) for 16 weeks pre-slaughter on quality indices of fresh salmon fillets was examined. The susceptibility of salmon fillets/homogenates to oxidative stress conditions was also measured. RESULTS: In salmon fillets stored in modified atmosphere packs (60% N2 /40% CO2 ) for up to 15 days at 4 °C, P. palmata increased surface -a* (greenness) and b* (yellowness) values in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in a final yellow/orange flesh colour. In general, the dietary addition of P. palmata had no effect on pH, lipid oxidation (fresh, cooked and fillet homogenates) and microbiological status. 'Eating quality' sensory descriptors (texture, odour and oxidation flavour) in cooked salmon fillets were not influenced by dietary P. palmata. Salmon fed 5% PP showed increased overall acceptability compared with those fed PC and 0% PP. CONCLUSION: Dietary P. palmata was ineffective at providing red coloration in salmon fillets, but pigment deposition enhanced fillets with a yellow/orange colour. Carotenoids from P. palmata may prove to be a natural pigment alternative to canthaxanthin in salmon feeds.
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Alimentación Animal , Calidad de los Alimentos , Pigmentos Biológicos/análisis , Rhodophyta/química , Salmo salar/crecimiento & desarrollo , Alimentos Marinos/análisis , Algas Marinas/química , Animales , Acuicultura , Océano Atlántico , Carotenoides/administración & dosificación , Carotenoides/análisis , Carotenoides/metabolismo , Culinaria , Colorantes de Alimentos/administración & dosificación , Colorantes de Alimentos/análisis , Colorantes de Alimentos/metabolismo , Preferencias Alimentarias , Almacenamiento de Alimentos , Humanos , Irlanda , Músculo Esquelético/crecimiento & desarrollo , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Pigmentos Biológicos/administración & dosificación , Pigmentos Biológicos/metabolismo , Salmo salar/metabolismo , Alimentos Marinos/microbiología , Sensación , Propiedades de Superficie , Distribución TisularRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: There is a great need for novel strategies to overcome the high mortality associated with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in immunocompromised patients. To evaluate the antifungal and antihepatotoxic potentials of Sepia ink extract, its effect on liver oxidative stress levels was analyzed against IPA in neutropenic mice using amphotercin B as a reference drug. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty neutropenic infected mice were randomly assigned into four main groups. The 1(st) group was treated with saline, neutropenic infected (NI), the 2(nd) group was treated with ink extract (200 mg/kg) (IE) and the 3(rd) group was treated with amphotericin B (150 mg/kg) (AMB) and 4(th) group was treated with IE plus AMB. Treatment was started at 24 h after fungal inoculation (1×10(9) conidia/ml). RESULTS: The present study revealed good in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of IE against A. fumigatus. IE significantly reduced hepatic fungal burden and returns liver function and histology to normal levels. Compared with the untreated infected group, mice in the IE, AMB, and IE+ AMB groups had increased glutathione reduced (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels at 24 and 72 h after inoculation with A. fumigatus conidia. CONCLUSION: It is then concluded that in combination with antifungal therapy (AMB), IE treatment can reduce hepatic fungal burden, alleviate hepatic granulomatous lesions and oxidative stress associated with IPA in neutropenic mice.
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Antifúngicos/administración & dosificación , Aspergilosis Pulmonar Invasiva/tratamiento farmacológico , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Neutropenia/complicaciones , Pigmentos Biológicos/administración & dosificación , Sepia/química , Anfotericina B/administración & dosificación , Animales , Aspergillus fumigatus/efectos de los fármacos , Glutatión/metabolismo , Humanos , Aspergilosis Pulmonar Invasiva/etiología , Aspergilosis Pulmonar Invasiva/metabolismo , Aspergilosis Pulmonar Invasiva/microbiología , Hígado/metabolismo , Hígado/microbiología , Masculino , Malondialdehído/metabolismo , Ratones , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Pigmentos Biológicos/metabolismo , Sepia/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the inhibitory effect of lycium pigment on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced uveitis in rats and its mechanism. METHOD: The rat uveitis model was established by 30-day oral administration of lycium pigment (50, 100, 200 mg x kg(-1)) and footpad injection of LPS. Ocular tissues were collected for a histopathological inspection. The protein, nitric oxide and ADMA in aqueous humor, level of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in retina, activities of serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and content of malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined by using Western blot, ELISA and biochemical methods. RESULT: According to the pathological study, lycium pigment (50, 100, 200 mg x kg(-1)) could notably reduce the inflammatory cell infiltration around corpus ciliare matrix of uveitis rats, and the concentration of protein and nitric oxide, and increased ADMA in aqueous humor. Lycium pigment (100, 200 mg x kg(-1)) could significantly inhibit the expression of iNOS in ocular tissues. In addition, lycium pigment (100, 200 mg x kg(-1)) also decrease the activities of serum T-AOC, SOD, GSH-PX, and the content of lipid peroxide MDA. CONCLUSION: Lycium pigment has the inhibitory effect on LPS-induced uveitis in rats. Its mechanism is related to the regulation of nitric oxide/ADMA pathway and the improvement of oxidation resistance.
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Lipopolisacáridos/efectos adversos , Lycium/química , Pigmentos Biológicos/administración & dosificación , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Uveítis/prevención & control , Animales , Glutatión Peroxidasa/genética , Glutatión Peroxidasa/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Malondialdehído/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/genética , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Superóxido Dismutasa/genética , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismo , Uveítis/inducido químicamente , Uveítis/genética , Uveítis/metabolismoRESUMEN
The Monascus species has been used in foods for thousands of years in China. In this study, 10 azaphilone pigments, including four yellow and six orange pigments, were isolated from the fermented rice and dioscorea of Monascus purpureus NTU 568. By employing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells, we determined the inhibitory activities of these pigments on nitric oxide (NO) production. As a result, four orange pigments, monaphilols A-D, showed the highest activities (IC50 = 1.0-3.8 µM), compared with the other two orange pigments, monascorubrin (IC50 > 40 µM) and rubropunctatin (IC50 = 21.2 µM), and the four yellow pigments ankaflavin (IC50 = 21.8 µM), monascin (IC50 = 29.1 µM), monaphilone A (IC50 = 19.3 µM), and monaphilone B (IC50 = 22.6 µM). Using Western blot and ELISA kits, we found that treatments with 30 µM of the yellow pigments and 5 µM of the orange pigments could down-regulate the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and suppress the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). We also used two animal experiments to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of these pigments. In a 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear edema model, eight of these pigments (0.5 mg/ear) could prevent ear edema against TPA administrations on the ears of BALB/c mice. In an LPS-injection mice model, several of these pigments (10 mg/kg) could inhibit the NO, TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 levels in the plasma of BALB/c mice. As concluded from the in vitro and in vivo studies, six azaphilonoid pigments, namely, ankaflavin, monaphilone A, and monaphilols A-D, showed high potential to be developed into chemopreventive foods or drugs against inflammation-associated diseases.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Edema/tratamiento farmacológico , Monascus/química , Pigmentos Biológicos/administración & dosificación , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/metabolismo , Color , Edema/genética , Edema/inmunología , Humanos , Interleucina-1beta/genética , Interleucina-1beta/inmunología , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/inmunología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Monascus/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/genética , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/inmunología , Pigmentos Biológicos/metabolismo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/genética , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/inmunologíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether natural dyes facilitate posterior hyaloid detachment (posterior vitreous detachment [PVD]) and retinal internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling in human eyes. METHODS: Open-sky vitrectomy with posterior hyaloid and ILM removal was performed in 86 human cadaveric eyes. After core vitrectomy, 11 different dyes were injected into the vitreous cavity to aid hyaloid detachment and ILM removal. The dyes were allowed to settle on the macula for 5 minutes after PVD and were removed by mechanical aspiration. Intraocular forceps were used for ILM peeling, which was confirmed by light microscopy of the peeled tissue. Acai fruit (Euterpe oleracea) extract and 10 additional dyes from plants or animal sources were tested: pomegranate (Punica granatum), logwood (Haematoxylum campechianum), chlorophyll extract from alfalfa (Medicago sativa), cochineal (Dactylopius coccus), hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), indigo (Indigofera tinctoria), paprika (Capiscum annuum), turmeric (Curcuma longa), old fustic (Maclura tinctoria), and grape (Vitis vinifera). RESULTS: The dyes facilitated PVD and ILM peeling. Acai fruit (E. oleracea) extract, logwood (H. campechianum), cochineal (D. coccus), and old fustic (M. tinctoria) facilitated PVD in all cases; dye-assisted PVD was compared with triamcinolone-assisted PVD performed previously in a comparative model. Acai fruit (E. oleracea) extract, cochineal (D. coccus), and chlorophyll extract from alfalfa (M. sativa) showed the best capability for ILM staining; dye-assisted ILM removal was compared with the ILM peeling guided by indocyanine green staining performed previously in a comparative model. Light microscopy confirmed the ILM removal in all cases. CONCLUSION: Anthocyanin dye of the acai fruit (E. oleracea) and the dyes from cochineal (D. coccus) and chlorophyll extract from alfalfa (M. sativa) resulted in the best capability for posterior hyaloid and ILM staining in human cadaveric eyes and may be a useful tool for vitreoretinal surgery.
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Antocianinas/administración & dosificación , Arecaceae/química , Membrana Epirretinal/cirugía , Frutas/química , Pigmentos Biológicos/administración & dosificación , Desprendimiento del Vítreo/cirugía , Membrana Basal/cirugía , Cadáver , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Membrana Epirretinal/diagnóstico , Humanos , Extractos Vegetales/química , Espectrometría de Masa por Ionización de Electrospray , Coloración y Etiquetado/métodos , Succión , Donantes de Tejidos , Vitrectomía , Desprendimiento del Vítreo/diagnósticoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: This study attempts to compare two possibilities of enhancing the colour of egg yolk. One of them is based on the ecological rearing of laying hens on natural green grass whereas the other uses a feeding dose supplemented with natural pigments in laying hens reared in individual cages. Is it possible to distinguish these two technologies using yolk colour determination in the CIELAB system? RESULTS: Yolk colour parameters such as L*, a*, and b* in the group of grazed hens are significantly different (α = 0.001) from those observed in hens reared in cages. The yolk colour shows a darker, redder and more yellow colour. The greatest difference was seen in the red colour parameter, a*, that increased more than twice. Visually, this means a shift towards a more orange colour. Compared to grazing in the meadow (ΔE* = 13.257), the addition of artificial pigments in the feed resulted in a more significant increase in the parameter ΔE* (CIE total colour difference), with the greatest value of ΔE* being observed with the use of both pigments (ΔE* = 24.265). CONCLUSION: Grazing increases the parameter a* whereas the values of the parameter C*(ab) remain relatively low. The parameter ΔE* is significantly lower in the case of grazing as compared to the supplementation of the feed with pigments. However, colourity parameters cannot be used as a specific standard to identify a particular grazing technology as their values vary during the laying period.
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Alimentación Animal/análisis , Crianza de Animales Domésticos , Yema de Huevo/metabolismo , Pigmentos Biológicos/administración & dosificación , Pigmentos Biológicos/metabolismo , Animales , Animales Endogámicos , Pollos , República Checa , Femenino , Flores/química , Poaceae/metabolismo , Tagetes/química , Xantófilas/administración & dosificación , Xantófilas/metabolismoRESUMEN
CONTEXT: Rosa laevigata Michx. (Rosaceae), widespread in China, contains many valuable nutrients and has long been used as food and medicine in Chinese folklore. Nowadays, due to its favorable property of coloring, the brown pigment of R. laevigata has an attractive potential as an available additive in food. OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to optimize the extraction process of brown pigment from R. laevigata and investigate its antioxidant activities on the basis of its abilities to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Extraction conditions of brown pigment from R. laevigata were investigated through an orthogonal design of L9(3)4 assay. Ethanol concentration, extraction temperature, time, and ratio of material to solvent were the main factors affecting the extraction rate. Subsequently, the antioxidant activity of brown pigment was assessed using DPPH method, while hydroxyl radicals and superoxide free radicals were respectively determined by the Fenton-RhB (Rhodamine B) system and using the pyrogallol-luminol system. RESULTS: The optimum extraction conditions were determined: temperature 70°C, ethanol concentration was 60%, extraction time 2 h and ratio of material to solvent was 1:6. Brown pigment showed a good radical scavenging activity, and exhibited a concentration-dependent inhibition of hydroxyl radical and superoxide free radical at low concentrations. When the concentration of brown pigment was 1 mg/mL, the scavenging percentage of hydroxyl radical reached 67.33%. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The brown pigment of R. laevigata could potentially be used as a promising natural antioxidant in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Antioxidantes/farmacología , Pigmentos Biológicos/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Rosa/química , Antioxidantes/administración & dosificación , Antioxidantes/aislamiento & purificación , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/administración & dosificación , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/aislamiento & purificación , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/farmacología , Radical Hidroxilo/metabolismo , Medicina Tradicional China , Pigmentos Biológicos/administración & dosificación , Pigmentos Biológicos/aislamiento & purificación , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , TemperaturaAsunto(s)
Enfermedades del Cabello/etiología , Hipopigmentación/etiología , Terapia por Láser/efectos adversos , Tatuaje/efectos adversos , Adulto , Pueblo Asiatico , Enfermedad Crónica , Párpados , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Hipopigmentación/fisiopatología , Terapia por Láser/métodos , Rayos Láser/efectos adversos , Pigmentos Biológicos/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
The stem of sorghum is used as color additives in cooking meals and taken as beverages when steeped or boiled in water as folklore for the management of anemia and some other diseases. This study sought to assess the antioxidant and neuroprotective potentials of red dye extract from sorghum stem on cyclophosphamide-induced oxidative stress in rat brain. Wistar strain albino rats were fed diet supplemented with the red dye (0.5% and 1.0% inclusion) for 14 days. There was no significant difference (P > .05) in average feed intake and weight gain of rats fed the basal diet and the red dye-supplemented diet. However, intraperitoneal administration of cyclophosphamide (75 mg/kg of body weight) 24 hours prior the termination of the experiment caused a significant (P < .05) increase in the brain malondialdehyde (MDA) content and serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase in those rats fed diet without the dye supplement, whereas there was a significant decrease (P < .05) in brain MDA content and serum enzyme activities in rats fed diet with the dye in a concentration-dependent manner. The protective effect of the red dye against cyclophosphamide-induced oxidative stress could be attributed to the high phenolic content (56.2%) and antioxidant activities of the red dye as typified by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging ability, reducing properties, and Fe(2+) chelating ability. Therefore, dietary inclusion of the red dye from sorghum stem could be harnessed in the management of neurodegenerative diseases associated with oxidative stress.
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Encéfalo/metabolismo , Ciclofosfamida/farmacología , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Pigmentos Biológicos/administración & dosificación , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Sorghum/química , Alanina Transaminasa/sangre , Fosfatasa Alcalina/sangre , Animales , Antioxidantes/análisis , Aspartato Aminotransferasas/sangre , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Química Encefálica , Dieta , Malondialdehído/análisis , Fenoles/análisis , Fitoterapia , Pigmentos Biológicos/química , Tallos de la Planta/química , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) was isolated from the dried flower of Carthamus tinctorius L. which was extensively used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat diseases due to blood stasis. However, there have been few detailed pharmacokinetic studies about HSYA on human beings. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim was to investigate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of HSYA in healthy Chinese female volunteers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The volunteers were given intravenous infusion of single doses of safflor yellow injection (containing HSYA 35, 70 and 140 mg) in separate trial periods with 1 week washout period. The concentration levels of HSYA in plasma were determined with HPLC. Various pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated from the plasma concentration versus time data using non-compartmental methods. RESULTS: The C(max) values were 2.02+/-0.18, 7.47+/-0.67 and 14.48+/-4.71 microg/mL after the administration of single doses of 35, 70, and 140 mg of HSYA, respectively. The corresponding values of AUC(0-15 h) were 6.57+/-1.20, 25.90+/-4.62 and 48.47+/-12.11 microg/(mL h(-1)), and the values of t(1/2) were 3.21+/-1.26, 3.33+/-0.68 and 2.98+/-0.09 h. The Student-Newman-Keuls test results showed that C(max) and AUC(0-15 h) were both linearly related to dose. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the pharmacokinetic properties of HSYA are based on first-order kinetics over the dose range tested.
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Chalcona/análogos & derivados , Pigmentos Biológicos/farmacocinética , Quinonas/farmacocinética , Adulto , Área Bajo la Curva , Secuencia de Carbohidratos , Chalcona/administración & dosificación , Chalcona/efectos adversos , Chalcona/farmacocinética , Estudios Cruzados , Femenino , Humanos , Infusiones Intravenosas , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Pigmentos Biológicos/administración & dosificación , Pigmentos Biológicos/efectos adversos , Control de Calidad , Quinonas/administración & dosificación , Quinonas/efectos adversos , Estándares de Referencia , Riboflavina/químicaRESUMEN
Thermal degradation and color changes of purified strawberry anthocyanins in model solutions were studied upon heating at 85 degrees C by HPLC-DAD analyses and CIELCh measurements, respectively. The anthocyanin half-life values increased significantly due to the addition of rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) petal extracts enriched in natural copigments. Correspondingly, the color stability increased as the total color difference values were smaller for anthocyanins upon copigment addition, especially after extended heating. Furthermore, the stabilizing effect of rose petal polyphenols was compared with that of well-known copigments such as isolated kaempferol, quercetin, and sinapic acid. The purified rose petal extract was found to be a most effective anthocyanin-stabilizing agent at a molar pigment/copigment ratio of 1:2. The results obtained demonstrate that the addition of rose petal polyphenols slows the thermal degradation of strawberry anthocyanins, thus resulting in improved color retention without affecting the gustatory quality of the product.
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Antocianinas/análisis , Flavonoides/administración & dosificación , Flores/química , Calor , Fenoles/administración & dosificación , Rosa/química , Color , Estabilidad de Medicamentos , Pigmentos Biológicos/administración & dosificación , Pigmentos Biológicos/análisis , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Polifenoles , SolucionesRESUMEN
Black rice and its pigment fraction have shown anti-atherogenic activities in several animal models, but whether their beneficial effects will recur in humans remains unknown. The aim of the present study is to investigate the influence of black rice pigment fraction (BRF) supplementation on selected cardiovascular risk factors in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Sixty patients with CHD aged 45-75 years were recruited from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University in Guangzhou, China and randomly divided into two groups. In the test group, the diet was supplemented with 10 grams of BRF derived from black rice for 6 months; While in the placebo group, the diet was supplemented with 10 grams of white rice pigment fraction (WRF) derived from white rice. At baseline, plasma antioxidant status and the levels of inflammatory biomarkers and other measured variables were similar between two groups. After 6 months' intervention, compared to WRF supplementation, BRF supplementation greatly enhanced plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (p=0.003), significantly reduce plasma levels of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) (p=0.03), soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) (p=0.002) and high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (p=0.002) in the test group. No significant changes were observed in plasma total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity, lipids level and carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) between two groups. These results may suggest that BRF could exert cardioprotective effects on patients with CHD by improving plasma antioxidant status and inhibiting inflammatory factors.
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Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Enfermedad Coronaria/prevención & control , Oryza/química , Pigmentos Biológicos/administración & dosificación , Anciano , Proteína C-Reactiva/metabolismo , Antígenos CD40/sangre , Arterias Carótidas/patología , Enfermedad Coronaria/sangre , Suplementos Dietéticos , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Humanos , Inflamación , Lípidos/sangre , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Oxidación-Reducción , Molécula 1 de Adhesión Celular Vascular/sangreRESUMEN
Theory suggests that carotenoid-based signals are used in animal communication because they contain specific information about parasite resistance or immunocompetence. This implies that honesty of carotenoid-based signals is maintained by a trade-off between pigmentation and immune function for carotenoids, assuming that the carotenoids used for coloration are also immunoenhancing. We tested this hypothesis by altering the diets of nestling great tits (Parus major) with supplementary beadlets containing the carotenoids that are naturally ingested with food or beadlets containing the carotenoids that are incorporated into the feathers; a control group received beadlets containing no carotenoids. We simultaneously immune challenged half of the nestlings of each supplementation group, using a two-factorial design. Activation of the immune system led to reduced color expression. However, only nestlings fed with the naturally ingested carotenoids and not with the carotenoids deposited in the feathers showed an increased cellular immune response. This shows that the carotenoids used for ornamentation do not promote the immune function, which conflicts with the trade-off hypothesis. Our results indicate that honesty of carotenoid-based signals is maintained by an individual's physiological limitation to absorb and/or transport carotenoids and by access to carotenoids, indicating that preferences for carotenoid-based traits in sexual selection or parent-offspring interactions select for competitive individuals, rather than specifically for immune function.