Does exercise program of endurance and strength improve health-related quality of life in persons living with HIV-related distal symmetrical polyneuropathy? A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The most common HIV neurological comorbidity, Distal Symmetrical Peripheral Neuropathy (DSPN), is characterized by severe symptoms and reduced quality of life. Exercise has consistently been mentioned as one of the non-pharmacological therapies for the rehabilitation of individuals with HIV, but little is known about an exercise program to recommend to people living with HIV (PLWHIV)-related DSPN. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of aerobic (AE) or progressive resisted exercise (PRE) on quality of life (QOL) in a person living with HIV-related DSPN. METHOD: A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 136 persons living with HIV-related Neuropathy, including 6 domains of QOL within WHOQOL-BREF, 45 in the AE (used ergometer), 44 in the PRE (used quadriceps bench), and 47 in the control group (CG). The outcome measures (QOL) data were analyzed using the inferential statistic of Friedman for within-group with post hoc analysis of Wilcoxon signed Test. A Kruskal-Wallis test was carried out for between-groups with post hoc analysis of Mann-Whitney to find where significant differences exist. RESULTS: The results indicated significant differences within experimental groups in all six domains p < 0.05. Similarly, the result indicated significant differences within the CG in Physical, level of independence, and Spirituality/Religions domains (p = 0.002, p = 0.035, p = 0.006). However, the results indicated significant differences between experimental groups and CG. CONCLUSION: These findings indicated that strength and endurance exercise of moderate intensity have a positive effect on QOL in PLWHIV-related DSPN. Clinical trial No. http://apps.who.int/trialsearch/default.aspx (PACTR201707002173240).

Implementation of a gait center training to improve walking ability and vital parameters in inpatient neurological rehabilitation- a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Many studies showed that robot-assisted gait training might improve walking of patients after stroke. The question remains whether patients with other neurological diagnoses can improve their ability to walk by training in a gait center. Aim of the present study was therefore to investigate the effects of a gait center training in inpatient neurological rehabilitation on walking ability. METHODS: We implemented a gait center training in addition to individual inpatient rehabilitation. Our primary outcome was walking ability based on the Functional Ambulation Categories (FAC). Our secondary outcomes were vital capacity and blood pressure. We predefined subgroups of patients with ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke and critical illness myopathy (CIM) and polyneuropathy (CIP). RESULTS: We included 780 patients from our inpatient rehabilitation center in our cohort study. We analyzed 329 patients with ischemic, 131 patients with hemorrhagic stroke and 74 patients with CIP/ CIM. A large number of patients were able to improve their ability to walk. At the end of rehabilitation, patients with ischemic stroke and FAC 3 = increased theirFAC scores by 5%, FAC 4 = 4% and FAC 5 = 7%. Patients with hemorrhagic stroke and FAC 3 = increased by 5%, FAC 4 = 11% and FAC 5 = 9% and patients with CIP/CIM increased by FAC 3 = 3%, FAC 4 = 22% and FAC 5 = 26%. The largest improvement in walking ability during rehabilitation had patients with a FAC = 1 at baseline who improved by a median of 1.4 FAC points (p < 0.001). After adjusting for the number of gait training sessions, the largest improvement in walking ability during rehabilitation had patients with a FAC = 0 at baseline who improved by 1.8 FAC points (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of an additional gait center training may significantly improve walking ability in neurological rehabilitation.

Critical Illness Polyneuropathy (CIP): a multicenter study on functional outcome.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the functional recovery of consecutive inpatients with Critical Illness Polyneuropathy (CIP) at the time-point of the discharge from rehabilitation units according to Barthel Index scores. To examine whether age, gender, pre-ICU admission diagnosis, tracheostomy performance, heterotopic ossification development and duration of neuro-rehabilitation treatment are among the prognostic factors that can predict the functional outcome in studied patients. METHODS: A retrospective observational clinical study from January 2010 to December 2014 in three rehabilitation units in Greece. RESULTS: Sixteen subjects (57.1%) had >60 BI discharge scores, showing a prospect in gaining further independence. Females presented a tendency for better functional outcome vs males (73.8 ± 12.6 vs 58.6 ± 23.4, p=0.082). Respiratory, septic and neurologic patients demonstrated better rates of functional improvement after the rehabilitation process vs cardiac patients (p minor than 0.001, p=0.009 and p=0.019, respectively vs p=0,072). Heterotopic ossification development proved to be an adverse independent prognostic factor of functional outcome (47.8 ± 25.7 vs 68.8 ± 17.7, p=0.023). CONCLUSIONS: A proportion of included patients experienced severe disability with poor prospect of further functional development and return to work at the discharge from the rehabilitation units. According to the present study, which is the first that focuses only on CIP and its outcome, specific prognostic factors can be defined. Our results can be used as pilot data for larger studies, so that firmer conclusions can be drawn.

Disfunción neuromuscular adquirida en la unidad de cuidados intensivos / Acquired neuromuscular dysfunction in the intensive care unit

Introducción: La polineuropatía y la miopatía, agrupadas bajo el término «polineuromiopatía del paciente crítico» (PNMPC), son enfermedades neuromusculares que los pacientes de la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) son susceptibles de presentar. Son enfermedades multifactoriales: la conexión prolongada al ventilador es uno de los factores más comunes. El objetivo de esta revisión ha sido identificar la eficacia de diferentes tratamientos rehabilitadores en pacientes con PNMPC y la relación entre esta y una serie de indicadores hospitalarios. Metodología: Se ha realizado una revisión sistemática de los estudios primarios seleccionados de las bases de datos Medline, Scielo, Web of Science, Cochrane, Cuiden y Science Direct, siguiendo las directrices de la declaración PRISMA, a través de la cual se estableció el protocolo de búsqueda. Resultados y conclusiones: De 161 artículos, solo 10 fueron seleccionados para formar parte de esta revisión, en la cual se estudiaron un total de 717 pacientes ingresados en la UCI. Se ha observado una relación estadísticamente significativa entre la PNMPC y el fallo en la desconexión del ventilador, la mortalidad, el aumento de estancia en UCI y del tiempo que los pacientes necesitan ventilación mecánica. Además, todo ello mejora en este tipo de pacientes con la aplicación de alguna terapia rehabilitadora. El uso de corticoides, por el contrario, no ha demostrado tener relación con la alteración neuromuscular

Introduction: Polyneuropathy and myopathy, grouped under the term «intensive care unit-acquired weakness» (ICUAW), are neuromuscular pathologies to which patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) are susceptible. They are multifactorial pathologies, prolonged connection to a ventilator is one of the most common. The objective of this review was to identify the efficacy of different rehabilitative treatments in patients with ICUAW, and the relationship between ICUAW and a series of indicators. Methods: A systematic review of the primary studies selected from the Medline, Scielo, Web of Science, Cochrane, Cuiden and Science Direct databases was carried out, following the guidelines of the PRISMA statement, by which the search protocol was established. Results and conclusions: Of 161 articles, only 10 were selected to be part of this review, in which a total of 717 patients admitted to the ICU were studied. A statistically significant relationship was observed between ICUAW and failure in ventilator disconnection, mortality, increase in ICU stay and the time that the patients required mechanical ventilation. Moreover, all this improved in this type of patients with the application of a rehabilitation therapy. The use of corticosteroids, was not shown to be related to neuromuscular alteration

Acquired neuromuscular dysfunction in the intensive care unit. / Disfunción neuromuscular adquirida en la unidad de cuidados intensivos.

INTRODUCTION: Polyneuropathy and myopathy, grouped under the term «intensive care unit-acquired weakness¼ (ICUAW), are neuromuscular pathologies to which patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) are susceptible. They are multifactorial pathologies, prolonged connection to a ventilator is one of the most common. The objective of this review was to identify the efficacy of different rehabilitative treatments in patients with ICUAW, and the relationship between ICUAW and a series of indicators. METHODS: A systematic review of the primary studies selected from the Medline, Scielo, Web of Science, Cochrane, Cuiden and Science Direct databases was carried out, following the guidelines of the PRISMA statement, by which the search protocol was established. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Of 161 articles, only 10 were selected to be part of this review, in which a total of 717 patients admitted to the ICU were studied. A statistically significant relationship was observed between ICUAW and failure in ventilator disconnection, mortality, increase in ICU stay and the time that the patients required mechanical ventilation. Moreover, all this improved in this type of patients with the application of a rehabilitation therapy. The use of corticosteroids, was not shown to be related to neuromuscular alteration.

Impact of Critical Illness Polyneuromyopathy in Rehabilitation: A Prospective Observational Study.

BACKGROUND: Critical illness polyneuromyopathy (CIPNM) increasingly is recognized as a source of disability in patients requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission. The prevalence and impact of CIPNM on patients in the rehabilitation setting has not been established. OBJECTIVES: To determine the proportion of at-risk rehabilitation inpatients with evidence of CIPNM and the functional sequelae of this disorder. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Tertiary academic rehabilitation hospital. PATIENTS: Rehabilitation inpatients with a history of ICU admission for at least 72 hours. METHODS: Electrodiagnostic studies were performed to evaluate for axonal neuropathy and/or myopathy in at least one upper and one lower limb. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome was prevalence of CIPNM. Secondary outcomes included Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scores, rehabilitation length of stay (RLOS), and discharge disposition. RESULTS: A total of 33 participants were enrolled; 70% had evidence of CIPNM. Admission FIM score, discharge FIM, FIM gain, and FIM efficiency were 64.1, 89.9, 25.5, and 0.31 in those with CIPNM versus 78.4, 94.6, 16.1, and 0.33 in those without CIPNM, respectively. Average RLOS was 123 days versus 76 days and discharge to home was 57% versus 90% in the CIPNM and non-CIPNM groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: CIPNM is very common in rehabilitation inpatients with a history of ICU admission. It was associated with a lower functional status at rehabilitation admission, but functional improvement was at a similar rate to those without CIPNM. Longer RLOS stay may be required to achieve the same functional level. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Feasibility of Early, Motor-Assisted Cycle Ergometry in Critically Ill Neurological Patients With Upper Limb Weakness and Variable Cognitive Status: A Case Series.

Upper limb paresis, common in many neurological conditions, is a major contributor of long-term disability and decreased quality of life. Evidence shows that repetitive, bilateral arm movement improves upper limb coordination after neurological injury. However, it is difficult to integrate upper limb interventions into very early rehabilitation of critically ill neurological patients because of patient arousal and medical acuity. This report describes the safety and feasibility of bilateral upper limb cycling in critically ill neurological patients with bilateral or unilateral paresis. Patients were included in this pilot observational series if they used upper limb cycle ergometry with occupational therapy while in the neurocritical care unit between May and August 2016. Patient demographics, neurological function, and hemodynamic status were recorded precycling and postcycling. Cycling parameters including duration and active and/or passive cycling were collected. No significant changes in hemodynamic or respiratory status were noted postintervention. No adverse effects or safety events were noted. In this series, upper limb cycle ergometry was a safe and feasible intervention for early rehabilitation in critically ill patients in the neurocritical care unit. Future studies will prospectively measure the impact of early upper limb cycle ergometry on neurological recovery and functional outcome in this population.

Functional outcome of critical illness polyneuropathy in patients affected by severe brain injury.

BACKGROUND: Critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy (CIPNM) frequently occur in intensive care unit (ICU) critically ill subjects; about 55-70% of subjects achieve full recovery. CIPNM can occur in ICU subjects with severe acquired brain injury (sABI), but no data have been reported regarding their outcome. AIM: The aim of the present study was to investigate the functional recovery in subjects suffering from both CIPNM and sABI and whether they had poorer outcome than those with sABI only. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Dedicated rehabilitation setting. POPULATION: Adult ICU subjects with sABI causing a disorder of consciousness graded 3-8 on the Glasgow Coma Scale admitted to a dedicated rehabilitative setting were enrolled from January 2015 to June 2016. METHODS: The enrolled sample was divided in two groups: patients with CIPNM and coexistent sABI (CIPNM+sABI) and patients with sABI. Electromyography was performed in all subjects to ascertain CIPNM occurrence, at admission. Functional outcome was investigated using the Rancho Los Amigos Levels of Cognitive Functioning (LCF), Disability Rating Scale (DRS), Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) and modified Rankin Scale (mRS), at admission and discharge. Mortality and length of stay (LOS) were recorded. RESULTS: One-hundred and thirty-one patients (59 F, 72 M; mean age 54.7±15.8) were admitted to the rehabilitation setting, and 111 (47 F, 64 M; mean age: 53.6±18.4 years) were enrolled. Thirty-six (31.8%) had CIPNM+sABI, and 75 patients had isolated sABI. Significant functional outcomes in all assessment measures were observed after rehabilitation in all samples. The estimated mean scores (95% confidence interval) of LCF, DRS, GOS and mRS from a multivariate model adjusted for age, sex and time of ICU stay were: 2.85 (2.53-3.21) and 5.24 (4.81-5.71), 23.94 (22.37-25.62) and 16.04 (14.77-17.41), 2.86 (2.70-3.04) and 3.46 (3.28-3.65), and 4.91 (4.67-5.17) and 3.79 (3.58-4.02), at admission and at discharge, respectively. Despite functional improvement, CIPNM+sABI patients showed lesser improvement than those with sABI only. Furthermore, patients with both disorders had significantly higher median LOS than sABI subjects: 107 (q1-q3: 65-146), and 65 (q1-q3: 38-105) days (P=5.5x10-83), respectively. No statistically significant difference in mortality rates was found between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Subjects with CIPNM and coexistent sABI improved after rehabilitation, but had poorer recovery than those with solely sABI requiring a longer LOS. CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT: The rehabilitation process in subjects suffering from CINPM is challenging and no evidence support the use of specific rehabilitative approaches to improve function and activities of daily living.

Gastric perforation and critical illness polyneuropathy after steroid treatment in a patient with encephalitis/encephalopathy with transient splenial lesion.

The outcome of mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with reversible splenial lesion (MERS) is favorable whether or not specific treatment is performed. We report a patient with MERS treated with methylprednisolone, complicated by gastric perforation followed by critical illness polyneuropathy. The patient was a 14-year-old male with mildly impaired consciousness and hyponatremia who was treated with methylprednisolone pulse therapy. High fever appeared after methylprednisolone pulse therapy and free air was recognized on an abdomen roentgenogram. Gastric perforation was recognized on emergent endoscopic surgery and omental implantation repair was performed. His consciousness was fully recovered after surgery, whereas he was noted to have motor and sensory impairment of the lower extremities and vesico-rectal disturbance. Nerve conduction studies revealed decreased compound muscle action potentials with preserved motor conduction velocity and decreased sensory nerve action potentials. He was diagnosed as having critical illness polyneuropathy, and bedside physical rehabilitation was initiated. His neurological symptoms resolved within 6months. Our patient highlighted possible serious adverse events associated with steroid treatment for children with MERS.

Critical illness polyneuropathy (CIP) in neurological early rehabilitation: clinical and neurophysiological features.

BACKGROUND: Critical illness polyneuropathy (CIP) is a complex disease affecting 30-70% of critically ill patients. METHODS: Clinical (Barthel index, length of stay (LOS), morbidity, duration of mechanical ventilation, routine lab results) and neurophysiological (neurography) data of 191 patients admitted to neurological early rehabilitation and diagnosed with CIP have been analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: CIP diagnosis was correct in 159 cases (83%). In this study, systemic inflammation, sepsis, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), multiple organic failure (MOF), chronic renal failure, liver dysfunction, mechanical ventilation, diabetes, dyslipidemia and impaired ion homeostasis (hypocalcaemia, hypokalemia) were associated with CIP. Neurography, in particular of the peroneal, sural, tibial and median nerves, helped to identify CIP patients. Compound muscle action potential amplitude (r = -0.324, p < 0.05), as well as sensory (r = -0.389, p < 0.05) and motor conduction velocity (r = -0.347, p < 0.05) of the median nerve correlated with LOS in neurological early rehabilitation but not with outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS: In most cases, diagnosis of CIP among neurological early rehabilitation patients seems to be correct. Neurography may help to verify the diagnosis and to learn more about CIP pathophysiology, but it does not allow outcome prediction. Further studies on CIP are strongly encouraged.

ICU-Acquired Weakness: A Rehabilitation Perspective of Diagnosis, Treatment, and Functional Management.

ICU-acquired weakness (ICUAW) occurs with reported incidence rates from 25% to 100%. Risk factors include immobility, sepsis, persistent systemic inflammation, multiorgan system failure, hyperglycemia, glucocorticoids, and neuromuscular blocking agents. The pathophysiology remains unknown. Clinical features may be neuropathic, myopathic, or a combination of both. Although manual muscle testing is more practical in diagnosing ICUAW, the "gold standard" for the diagnosis of ICUAW remains electromyography and nerve conduction studies. The only potential interventions known to date to prevent ICUAW include insulin therapy and early rehabilitation, but patients still may develop activity limitations in the acute care hospital. For these patients, rehabilitation may continue in long-term care hospitals, inpatient rehabilitation facilities, or skilled nursing facilities. ICUAW is a catastrophic and debilitating condition that potentially leaves patients with permanent residual activity limitations and participation restrictions. Further research on ICUAW needs to better understand its pathophysiology so that more definitive preventive and therapeutic interventions may be developed.

Early Mobilization and Rehabilitation of Patients Who Are Critically Ill.

Neuromuscular disorders are increasingly recognized as a cause of both short- and long-term physical morbidity in survivors of critical illness. This recognition has given rise to research aimed at better understanding the risk factors and mechanisms associated with neuromuscular dysfunction and physical impairment associated with critical illness, as well as possible interventions to prevent or treat these issues. Among potential risk factors, bed rest is an important modifiable risk factor. Early mobilization and rehabilitation of patients who are critically ill may help prevent or mitigate the sequelae of bed rest and improve patient outcomes. Research studies and quality improvement projects have demonstrated that early mobilization and rehabilitation are safe and feasible in patients who are critically ill, with potential benefits including improved physical functioning and decreased duration of mechanical ventilation, intensive care, and hospital stay. Despite these findings, early mobilization and rehabilitation are still uncommon in routine clinical practice, with many perceived barriers. This review summarizes potential risk factors for neuromuscular dysfunction and physical impairment associated with critical illness, highlights the potential role of early mobilization and rehabilitation in improving patient outcomes, and discusses some of the commonly perceived barriers to early mobilization and strategies for overcoming them.

From treatment to preventive actions: improving function in patients with diabetic polyneuropathy.

Diabetic polyneuropathy is an insidious and long-term complication of this disease. Synergistic treatments and preventive actions are crucial because there are no clear boundaries for determining when health professionals should intervene or what intervention would best avoid the consequences of neuropathy. Until now, most therapies to any diabetic individual were applied only after the patient's limb was ulcerated or amputated. The loss of muscle and joint functions is recognized as the main cause of plantar overloading. However, if foot and ankle exercises are performed following the early diagnosis of diabetes, they can enable the patient to maintain sufficient residual function to interact with the environment. This article summarizes the current knowledge about the musculoskeletal deficits and biomechanical alterations caused by neuropathy. It also describes the potential benefits of foot and ankle exercises for any diabetic patient that is not undergoing the plantar ulcer healing process. We concentrate on the prevention of the long-term deficits of neuropathy. We also discuss the main strategies and protocols of therapeutic exercises for joints and muscles with deficits, which are applicable to all diabetic patients with mild to moderate neuropathy. We describe further efforts in exploiting the applicability of assistive technologies to improve the adherence to an exercise program. Following the contemporary trends towards self-monitoring and self-care, we developed a software to monitor and promote personalized exercises with the aim of improving autonomous performance in daily living tasks. Initiatives to prevent the complications of functional diabetes are highly recommended before it is too late for the patient and there is no longer an opportunity to reverse the tragic consequences of neuropathy progression.

Physical rehabilitation for critical illness myopathy and neuropathy: an abridged version of Cochrane Systematic Review.

Intensive care unit (ICU) acquired or generalised weakness due to critical illness myopathy (CIM) and polyneuropathy (CIP) are major causes of chronically impaired motor function that can affect activities of daily living and quality of life. Physical rehabilitation of those affected might help to improve activities of daily living. Our primary objective was to assess the effects of physical rehabilitation therapies and interventions for people with CIP and CIM in improving activities of daily living such as walking, bathing, dressing and eating. Secondary objectives were to assess effects on muscle strength and quality of life, and to assess adverse effects of physical rehabilitation. On 16 July 2014 we searched the Cochrane Neuromuscular Disease Group Specialized Register and on 14 July 2014 we searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL Plus. In July 2014, we searched the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) and three trials registries for ongoing trials and further data about included studies with no language restrictions. We also handsearched relevant conference proceedings and screened reference lists to identify further trials. We planned to include randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-RCTs and randomised controlled cross-over trials of any rehabilitation intervention in people with acquired weakness syndrome due to CIP/CIM. We would have extracted data, assessed the risk of bias and classified the quality of evidence for outcomes in duplicate, according to the standard procedures of The Cochrane Collaboration. Outcome data collection would have been for activities of daily living (for example, mobility, walking, transfers and self care). Secondary outcomes included muscle strength, quality of life and adverse events. The search strategy retrieved 3587 references. After examination of titles and abstracts, we retrieved the full text of 24 potentially relevant studies. None of these studies met the inclusion criteria of our review. No data were suitable to be included in a meta-analysis. There are no published RCTs or quasi-RCTs that examine whether physical rehabilitation interventions improve activities of daily living for people with CIP and CIM. Large RCTs, which are feasible, need to be conducted to explore the role of physical rehabilitation interventions for people with CIP and CIM. This paper is based on a Cochrane Review published in in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR) 2015, Issue 3, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010942.pub2. (see www.thecochranelibrary.com for information). Cochrane Reviews are regularly updated as new evidence emerges and in response to feedback, and the CDSR should be consulted for the most recent version of the review.

Physical rehabilitation for critical illness myopathy and neuropathy.

BACKGROUND: Intensive care unit (ICU) acquired or generalised weakness due to critical illness myopathy (CIM) and polyneuropathy (CIP) are major causes of chronically impaired motor function that can affect activities of daily living and quality of life. Physical rehabilitation of those affected might help to improve activities of daily living. OBJECTIVES: Our primary objective was to assess the effects of physical rehabilitation therapies and interventions for people with CIP and CIM in improving activities of daily living such as walking, bathing, dressing and eating. Secondary objectives were to assess effects on muscle strength and quality of life, and to assess adverse effects of physical rehabilitation. SEARCH METHODS: On 16 July 2014 we searched the Cochrane Neuromuscular Disease Group Specialized Register and on 14 July 2014 we searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL Plus. In July 2014, we searched the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro, http://www.pedro.org.au/) and three trials registries for ongoing trials and further data about included studies. There were no language restrictions. We also handsearched relevant conference proceedings and screened reference lists to identify further trials. SELECTION CRITERIA: We planned to include randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-RCTs and randomised controlled cross-over trials of any rehabilitation intervention in people with acquired weakness syndrome due to CIP/CIM. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We would have extracted data, assessed the risk of bias and classified the quality of evidence for outcomes in duplicate, according to the standard procedures of The Cochrane Collaboration. Outcome data collection would have been for activities of daily living (for example, mobility, walking, transfers and self care). Secondary outcomes included muscle strength, quality of life and adverse events. MAIN RESULTS: The search strategy retrieved 3587 references. After examination of titles and abstracts, we retrieved the full text of 24 potentially relevant studies. None of these studies met the inclusion criteria of our review. No data were suitable to be included in a meta-analysis. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There are no published RCTs or quasi-RCTs that examine whether physical rehabilitation interventions improve activities of daily living for people with CIP and CIM. Large RCTs, which are feasible, need to be conducted to explore the role of physical rehabilitation interventions for people with CIP and CIM.