Cocaine-related ischemic priapism. Systematic review and presentation of a single center series.

INTRODUCTION: Ischemic priapism is a medical emergency that, if not treated, could lead to permanent erectile dysfunction. The association between cocaine and priapism is well-known; however, data on patient characteristics, treatment, and outcomes is missing. This work aimed to answer the research question: What are the characteristics, management strategies, and erectile prognosis of patients consuming cocaine and presenting with priapism? METHODS: We conducted a systematic review according to PRISMA guidelines and described our case series. RESULTS: Eight studies were selected for qualitative synthesis, presenting information on ten patients. In our case series, we showed information regarding four patients. From the systematic review, the mean presentation time was 42.6 h, and the mean number of procedures to solve priapism was 2,4; in our case series was 42.75 h and 2, respectively. CONCLUSION: Cocaine-related priapism might present with a delayed diagnosis, need more procedures to be managed, and have a worse prognosis. More extensive and prospective studies are required.

[Priapism associated to zuclopentixol and the choice for an alternative]. / Priapisme bij gebruik van zuclopentixol en de keuze voor een alternatief.

A 29-year-old man developed priapism following the (re)administration of zuclopentixol. In the previous days, a significant amount of alcohol was consumed, presumably in combination with amphetamine and cannabis. Priapism is a rare but serious side effect of various psychoactive medications and recreational drugs, leading to permanent loss of erectile function if not treated in time. In this case the side effect was discovered in a late stage, at which curative treatment was no longer viable. A clear guideline for choosing an alternative antipsychotic agent is currently lacking, but an antipsychotic with low alfa-adrenergic affinity seems preferable. To prevent erectile disfunction following priapism, awareness of its severity is essential, for both doctor and patient.

Priapism associated with anti-seizure medications: a pharmacovigilance study and a review of published cases.

BACKGROUND: Recently, case reports of priapism associated with the use of some anti-seizure medications began to emerge in the literature. We aimed to investigate if there is a potential safety signal of priapism among individual anti-seizure medications and to search the literature for relevant published cases. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted a disproportionality analysis using OpenVigil 2.1 to query the United States Food and Drug Administration's Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database. Literature search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science up to 12 July 2023. RESULTS: We identified positive signal of priapism for valproic acid and its derivatives (n = 23, chi-squared = 59.943, PRR = 4.566), gabapentin (n = 20, chi-squared = 9.790, PRR = 2.060), lamotrigine (n = 16, chi-squared = 8.318, PRR = 2.120), levetiracetam (n = 16, chi-squared = 10.766, PRR = 2.329), topiramate (n = 14, chi-squared = 28.067, PRR = 3.972) and carbamazepine (n = 8, chi-squared = 6.147, PRR = 2.568), as well as published cases of priapism associated with these drugs. We also found published cases of priapism for pregabalin and phenytoin in the literature and FAERS, and at least one reported adverse event of priapism in FAERS for clonazepam, lacosamide, ethosuximide, oxcarbazepine, and vigabatrin in which they were considered primary suspect. CONCLUSIONS: Our study identified signals for priapism for several anti-seizure medications, but these results need to be confirmed in well-designed pharmacoepidemiological studies.

Oral phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors and priapism: A VigiBase analysis.

PURPOSE: To explore the differences of priapism events among a diverse cohort taking erectogenic medicines (i.e., phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors [PDE5i] and intracavernousal drugs). METHODS: We queried the World Health Organization global database of individual case safety reports (VigiBase) for records of the adverse drug reactions (ADR) with sildenafil, tadalafil, avanafil, vardenafil, papaverine, and alprostadil. Disproportionality analyses (case/non-case approach) were performed to assess the reporting odds ratio (ROR) of priapism reporting in PDE5i consumers compared to intracavernousal drug recipients. RESULTS: From a total of 133 819 ADR events for erectogenic medications, 632 were priapism (PDE5is: n = 550, 0.41%; intracavernousal drugs: n = 82, 9.92%). Priapism disproportionality signals from intracavernousal drugs were 25 times stronger than PDE5is (ROR = 34.7; confidence interval [CI] 95%: 27.12-43.94 vs. ROR = 1.38; 95% CI: 1.24-1.54). For all PDE5i agents, the 12-17 years age group had the highest ROR (9.49, 95% CI: 3.76-19.93) followed by 2-11 years (4.31, 95% CI: 1.57-9.4). Disproportionality signals for consumers under 18 for both all PDE5is as a whole (ROR = 4.57, 95% CI: 2.48-7.73) and sildenafil (ROR = 4.89, 95% CI: 2.51-8.62) were stronger than individuals 18 or older (ROR = 1.06, 95% CI: 0.93-1.21 and ROR = 1.08, 95% CI: 0.91-1.26, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: PDE5i use shows disproportionate priapism signals which are higher in young patients.

Ischaemic Priapism: A Complication of Self-Administered Hyaluronic Acid Gel as an Injectable Filler for Penile Augmentation

Background: Injectable hyaluronic acid (HA) gel has emerged as a widely used soft tissue filler for surgeries. In penile reconstructivesurgery, HA gel has been employed for penile or glans augmentation in selected patients diagnosed with micropenis.This augmentation technique involves injecting the gel into submucosal tissue and increasing the size of the penis for approximately1 year. A few studies have investigated the possible complications correlated with medically assisted penile injections ofHA gel. However, no previous reports have shown the complications of self-administered HA injection. This case report aims topresent the first documented case of ischaemic priapism as a complication of self-administered HA injection.Case Presentation: We present the case of a 43-year-old male who self-administered a 20 mL injection of HA into the dorsal sideof his penis. The injected material probably reached the corpora cavernosa, leading to priapism within a few hours. However,the patient did not seek medical attention until 72 h later. The first two initial conservative attempts of blood drainage wereunsuccessful because the gel had obstructed vein drainage, causing the penis to remain in a state of priapism. The final treatmentapproach involved shunting, high enoxaparin doses and oral Effortil administration.Conclusions: While complications from medically assisted HA injections have been documented, this case report sheds light onthe complications arising from self-administered penile injections. Priapism is a severe medical condition that requires immediatetreatment to avoid potentially serious long-term consequences. Healthcare providers and patients must acknowledge itssymptoms and its appropriate course of treatment, especially in the context of penile medical injections. (AU)

[Refractory ischemic priapism due to trazodone]. / L'image du mois. Priapisme ischémique réfractaire sur prise de trazodone.

Priapism is a prolonged erection lasting more than four hours. In most cases, it is a surgical emergency. Trazodone is one of the molecules that can cause priapism. This constitutes a real challenge in the management of these patients, who are often young, to avoid too bad impact on erectile function. We report the case of a 34-year-old man.

Le priapisme est une érection prolongée de plus de quatre heures. Il constitue, dans la majorité des cas, une urgence chirurgicale. La trazodone fait partie des molécules pouvant entraîner un priapisme. Ceci constitue un vrai challenge dans la prise en charge de ces patients, souvent jeunes, pour éviter un impact trop important sur la fonction érectile. Nous rapportons le cas d'un homme de 34 ans.

Priapism Secondary to Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins: A Case Report.

Priapism may be a side effect of low-molecular-weight heparins, and its mechanism remains unknown. The authors present a clinical case of a 51-year-old male patient with oligodendroglioma. The patient presented ischemic priapism on the third month after starting tinzaparin, without other recent changes to his medication and he denied the use of other new medicines. The patient went through surgery and the erection was resolved but presented fibrosis of the cavernous body which left him with erectile dysfunction. Since this event, the patient is no longer receiving Heparin and has had no other episodes of priapism. The prompt recognition of this side effect may decrease its morbidity and consequent impact on the quality of life. More studies are needed to better understand its pathophysiology.

O priapismo pode ser um efeito adverso das heparinas de baixo peso molecular, cuja fisiopatologia não é totalmente compreendida. Os autores apresentam o caso de um doente, do sexo masculino, 51 anos, com diagnóstico de oligodendroglioma. O doente apresentou um episódio de priapismo, no terceiro mês sob tinzaparina, sem nenhuma outra alteração recente da sua medicação habitual e com consumo de outros medicamentos negado. Foi submetido a cirurgia, com resolução do priapismo, mas apresentou fibrose sequelar dos corpos cavernosos, com consequente disfunção eréctil. Desde então o doente não retomou heparina e não apresentou novos episódios de priapismo. Um célere reconhecimento do quadro pode contribuir para menores sequelas, com consequente diminuição da morbilidade e impacto na qualidade de vida. Mais investigação é necessária para aumentar o conhecimento sobre a fisiopatologia desta situação.

Probable drug-induced clitoral priapism due to potentiating effects of pregabalin and duloxetine.

PURPOSE: The following case report discusses probable clitoral priapism secondary to duloxetine and pregabalin. While this is a rare adverse effect, it is possible given the mechanism of action and potentiating effects of the combined therapy. This adverse drug reaction was reported to MedWatch and shows that additional research into the physiology of clitoral erection is warranted given the scarcity of information on how drugs influence this reaction. SUMMARY: A 53-year-old African American female with uncontrolled anxiety was started on duloxetine. Pregabalin was added 1 month later due to continued feelings of anxiety. Three weeks later, the patient reported symptoms of clitoral pain, as well as a swollen, tender, and erect clitoris. These adverse effects remained for 4 days, prompting the patient to present to the emergency department where a physical exam was completed with no significant finding except as noted above. Pregabalin was immediately discontinued by the attending physician based on the probability that the swelling was likely drug-induced clitoral priapism. During follow-up, the patient continued to note clitoral erection and pain. The psychiatric pharmacist tapered off duloxetine over 2 weeks with resolution of symptoms. In an examination of the mechanism of action of both drugs, pregabalin can amplify duloxetine's inhibitory effects on voltage-dependent calcium channels. It is likely this mechanism that causes smooth muscle relaxation and led to clitoral priapism. CONCLUSION: This case suggests that pharmacological agents affecting vasoconstriction through serotonergic receptors or calcium-dependent channels can also influence clitoral erection.

Ischaemic Priapism: A Complication of Self-Administered Hyaluronic Acid Gel as an Injectable Filler for Penile Augmentation.

BACKGROUND: Injectable hyaluronic acid (HA) gel has emerged as a widely used soft tissue filler for surgeries. In penile reconstructive surgery, HA gel has been employed for penile or glans augmentation in selected patients diagnosed with micropenis. This augmentation technique involves injecting the gel into submucosal tissue and increasing the size of the penis for approximately 1 year. A few studies have investigated the possible complications correlated with medically assisted penile injections of HA gel. However, no previous reports have shown the complications of self-administered HA injection. This case report aims to present the first documented case of ischaemic priapism as a complication of self-administered HA injection. CASE PRESENTATION: We present the case of a 43-year-old male who self-administered a 20 mL injection of HA into the dorsal side of his penis. The injected material probably reached the corpora cavernosa, leading to priapism within a few hours. However, the patient did not seek medical attention until 72 h later. The first two initial conservative attempts of blood drainage were unsuccessful because the gel had obstructed vein drainage, causing the penis to remain in a state of priapism. The final treatment approach involved shunting, high enoxaparin doses and oral Effortil administration. CONCLUSIONS: While complications from medically assisted HA injections have been documented, this case report sheds light on the complications arising from self-administered penile injections. Priapism is a severe medical condition that requires immediate treatment to avoid potentially serious long-term consequences. Healthcare providers and patients must acknowledge its symptoms and its appropriate course of treatment, especially in the context of penile medical injections.

Lamotrigine induced priapism in children: case analysis and literature review.

Lamotrigine is an antiepileptic drug that can be used to control many types of seizures as a single-agent or an add-on therapy in patients over 2 years of age. In addition to common adverse reactions, this current case report describes a paediatric male patient with a rare side-effect of persistent penile erectile due to lamotrigine. Previous studies have shown that it can improve sexual function in adult male patients. This patient suffered from refractory epilepsy and pneumonia. He had taken a variety of antiepileptic drugs for a long time and developed priapism after the dosage of lamotrigine had been increased. The priapism improved after drug withdrawal and sedation. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanism of this rare side-effect.

Buprenorphine/naloxone (Suboxone®) withdrawal may facilitate antipsychotic-induced priapism. A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Priapism is defined as a prolonged penile erection in absence of sexual arousal, leading also to serious sexual and urological problems such as erectile dysfunction and penile fibrosis. Amongst many different etiologies, priapism may be caused by a wide range of antipsychotic medications, mainly due to the α1-adrenergic receptor antagonism. On the other hand, only a couple of cases of opioid compounds have been linked to the onset of priapism, with evidence coming only from methadone and buprenorphine. Here we describe the case of a patient treated with antipsychotics who developed priapism four times following rapid discontinuation of buprenorphine/naloxone (Suboxone®). CASE PRESENTATION: S.C. is a 30-year-old Caucasian man suffering from chronic buprenorphine/naloxone (Suboxone®) abuse, borderline personality disorder, antisocial traits, and multiple suicide attempts. During the acute and the first part of post-acute Suboxone® withdrawal, four episodes of priapism developed while he was treated with clotiapine, clozapine, and chlorpromazine. However, after the last episode of priapism, despite he was either on haloperidol or zuclopenthixol and chlorpromazine, no other urological event occurred during the following 6 months of observation. CONCLUSIONS: As opioids may have dampened the patient's sexual function due to chronic consumption, a rapid drug suspension coupled with an antipsychotic therapy might have created the conditions to facilitate the occurrence of close clustered priapism events.

A Case of Priapism in a Child With Autism Spectrum Disorder, Possibly Due to Risperidone Treatment With Addition of Atomoxetine.

OBJECTIVES: Risperidone is an effective drug used for the treatment of irritability in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Atomoxetine (ATX) is a well-tolerated drug used in first-line therapy in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, uncommon adverse effects of risperidone and ATX are a concern among mental health professionals. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of priapism after addition of ATX upon existing treatment with risperidone. METHODS: Written informed consent for publication was obtained from the patient and his parents, and their identities were concealed for ethical reasons. RESULTS: Here, we report a case of priapism as an adverse effect of ATX and risperidone treatment in a 7-year-old boy with ASD and comorbid ADHD. In this case, priapism was not observed with risperidone until ATX was added. CONCLUSIONS: Priapism is a condition viewed as a medical emergency. Although risperidone-induced priapism is a rare phenomenon, it is advised for clinicians to consider the drug interactions in treatment of ASD and ADHD in terms of early diagnosis and intervention.

Physiopathology of the Priapism Secondary to Tamsulosin: Clinical Cases of Our Hospital and Literature Review.

OBJECTIVE: To describe two cases of man with the diagnosis of ischemic priapism after the intake of tamsulosin and to revise the scientific literature. METHODS: We present two cases of men that developed an ischemic priapism after the intake of tamsulosin prescribed for STUI and were treated in our hospital. We described the two cases, from the diagnosis until the surgery that was performed. Also, we review the scientific literature about this topic. RESULTS: In one hand, a 67 years old man with the previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidemia that take a one single dosis of tamsulosin and developed a priapism of 9 hours of duration. He was diagnosticated of low-flow priapism that was reverted after the use of intracavernosal phenylephrine. On the other hand, a 61 years old man without any medical condition. He developed a priapism after the intake of also one single dosis of tamsulosin and came to the hospital after 48 hours of the beginning of the erection. In this case, the use of intracavernosal phenylephrine wasn´t effective so we decided to performed a distal shunt between cavernosal and spongy body according to the techniques of Winter, Ebbehoj and Al-Ghorab. All of them without results. At the end, we tried a proximal shunt according Quackles technique, also ineffective. The patient declined another surgery for implantation of a pennis prothesis and went home after four days of hospitalization with the disappearance of the pain. CONCLUSIONS: The tamsulosin is a drug well known by urologist that have a safety profile probed with the years. Nevertheless, it's association with a disease like the priapism forced us to explain to our patients this rare adverse effect.

Physiopathology of the Priapism Secondary to Tamsulosin: Clinical Cases of Our Hospital and Literature Review

Objective: To describe two cases of man with the diagnosis of ischemic priapism after the intake of tamsulosin and to revise the scientific literature. Methods: We present two cases of men that developed an ischemic priapism after the intake of tamsulosin prescribed for STUI and were treated in our hospital. We described the two cases, from the diagnosis until the surgery that was performed. Also, we review the scientific literature about this topic. Results: In one hand, a 67 years old man with the previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidemia that take a one single dosis of tamsulosin and developed a priapism of 9 hours of duration. He was diagnosticated of low-flow priapism that was reverted after the use of intracavernosal phenylephrine. On the other hand, a 61 years old man without any medical condition. He developed a priapism after the intake of also one single dosis of tamsulosin and came to the hospital after 48 hours of the beginning of the erection. In this case, the use of intracavernosal phenylephrine wasn´t effective so we decided to performed a distal shunt between cavernosal and spongy body according to the techniques of Winter, Ebbehoj and Al-Ghorab. All of them without results. At the end, we tried a proximal shunt according Quackles technique, also ineffective. The patient declined another surgery for implantation of a pennis prothesis and went home after four days of hospitalization with the disappearance of the pain. Conclusions: The tamsulosin is a drug well known by urologist that have a safety profile probed with the years. Nevertheless, it's association with a disease like the priapism forced us to explain to our patients this rare adverse effect (AU)

Objetivo: Describir la fisiopatología del priapismoasociado a tamsulosina a través de dos casos clínicos tratados en nuestro centro.Método: Se presentan dos casos de varones que desarrollan un priapismo isquémico tras la toma de tamsulosina yque fueron tratados en nuestro hospital. Describimos amboscasos, desde el diagnóstico hasta el tratamiento. Además,revisamos la literatura científica sobre dicho tema.Resultado: Introducimos el caso de un hombre de 67años con comorbilidad cardiovascular que desarrolla un priapismo isquémico de 9 horas de duración que revirtió confenilefrina intracavernosa. Por otro lado, se presenta el casode un varón de 61 años sin patología de base con un priapismo de 48 horas que no mejoró tras tratamiento conservador ni tras cirugía de derivación cavernoso-esponjosa.Conclusiones: La tamsulosina es un fármaco seguroque en, raras ocasiones, puede asociarse a un priapismo isquémico. (AU)

Tamsulosin and risk of priapism: A causality assessment using Austin Bradford Hill Criteria.

Tamsulosin hydrochloride, a selective alpha-adrenergic blocking agent has been previously associated with priapism. Priapism is a medically serious condition that, if not intervened, can cause permanent erectile dysfunction. This study was conducted to investigate whether the association of tamsulosin and priapism is causal. All currently available evidence such as experimental, biological, toxicological, published studies, and safety data mined from the WHO global pharmacovigilance database was systematically organized into the Austin Bradford Hill causality assessment framework. In the international pharmacovigilance database, a strong association between tamsulosin and priapism (IC025  = 4.1; PRR025  = 19.9; ROR025  = 20) was observed. There were 122 cases of priapism associated with tamsulosin submitted to the database from 23 countries. In 87.7% of the cases, tamsulosin was reported as a 'sole suspect,' and in 50.8%, it was the only drug administered. In several patients, priapism resolved following discontinuation of tamsulosin and recurred after its reintroduction. Both in the published and unpublished data, for majority of the cases, the time to onset of priapism was within few days following the first intake of tamsulosin. Cases of priapism, particularly those published, were consistent in their clinical features with patients experiencing prolonged painful erection that required aspiration of cavernosal blood, irrigation of the corpora cavernosa, and treatment with vasopressors. Other alpha-adrenergic blocking agents that are structurally analogous with tamsulosin have also been associated with priapism. In several cases, tamsulosin was used off-label, for the treatment of ureteral calculi expulsion. Eight patients experienced priapism that ended up with serious complications such as ejaculation disorders and erectile dysfunction. The currently available totality of evidence suggests that the association of tamsulosin and priapism is causal. Healthcare professionals are therefore recommended to cautiously prescribe tamsulosin and ensure that consumers are aware of the potential risk of priapism.