Exploring substance misuse behaviors among black girls in detention: Intersections of trauma, sex, and age.

High risk substance misuse, trauma and gang involvement are prevalent in adolescents and often occur with youth involved with the youth punishment system. Evidence suggests that system involvement is related to trauma histories, substance misuse, as well as gang involvement. This study investigated the associations between individual and peer factors and their relationship to problem drug and alcohol use among Black girls involved with the youth punishment system. Data were collected from 188 Black girls in detention at baseline, as well as 3 and 6 month follow up periods. Measures assessed were abuse history, trauma history, sex while using drugs and alcohol, age, government assistance, and drug use. Significant findings from the multiple regression analyses indicated that younger girls were more likely to have a higher prevalence of having a drug problem than older girls at baseline. Having sex while on drugs and alcohol at the 3 month follow up period was correlated with drug use. These findings highlight how individual and peer factors can influence problem substance misuse, their behavior and peer relationships among Black girls in detention.

Indigenous and non-Indigenous people experiencing homelessness and mental illness in two Canadian cities: A retrospective analysis and implications for culturally informed action.

OBJECTIVES: Indigenous people in Canada are not only over-represented among the homeless population but their pathways to homelessness may differ from those of non-Indigenous people. This study investigated the history and current status of Indigenous and non-Indigenous people experiencing homelessness and mental illness. We hypothesised that compared with non-Indigenous people, those who are Indigenous would demonstrate histories of displacement earlier in life, higher rates of trauma and self-medication with alcohol and other substances. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective data were collected from a sample recruited through referral from diverse social and health agencies in Winnipeg and Vancouver. PARTICIPANTS: Eligibility included being 19 years or older, current mental disorder and homelessness. MEASURES: Data were collected via interviews, using questionnaires, on sociodemographics (eg, age, ethnicity, education), mental illness, substance use, physical health, service use and quality of life. Univariate and multivariable models were used to model the association between Indigenous ethnicity and dependent variables. RESULTS: A total of 1010 people met the inclusion criteria, of whom 439 self-identified as Indigenous. In adjusted models, Indigenous ethnicity was independently associated with being homeless at a younger age, having a lifetime duration of homelessness longer than 3 years, post-traumatic stress disorder, less severe mental disorder, alcohol dependence, more severe substance use in the past month and infectious disease. Indigenous participants were also nearly twice as likely as others (47% vs 25%) to have children younger than 18 years. CONCLUSIONS: Among Canadians who are homeless and mentally ill, those who are Indigenous have distinct histories and current needs that are consistent with the legacy of colonisation. Responses to Indigenous homelessness must be developed within the context of reconciliation between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Canadians, addressing trauma, substance use and family separations. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN42520374, ISRCTN57595077, ISRCTN66721740.

Alone, but protected? Effects of social support on mental health of unaccompanied refugee minors.

Unaccompanied refugee minors (URM) are the most vulnerable group of refugees suffering from higher levels of mental health problems. Yet, there is also a group of URM with little or no symptoms or disorders. A major predictor for positive mental health outcomes is the social support network in the post-flight period which has rarely been investigated for the group of URM. The present study analyzes differences between perceived social support from family, peers, and adult mentors in URM, with subgroup analyses of peer and mentor support in URM with and without family contact. Furthermore, we investigate whether social support from each of the three sectors moderates the relationship between stressful life events (SLE) and mental health of URM with family contact. Questionnaire data were collected from 105 male URM from Syria and Afghanistan aged 14-19 years who were living in group homes of the Child Protection Services in Leipzig, Germany, in summer 2017. URM receive most social support from their families, followed by peers and adult mentors. URM without family contact received less peer and mentor support compared to URM with family contact. Lower social support from mentors increased the risk for PTSD, depression and anxiety symptoms after SLE, whereas lower social support from peers increased the association between SLE and anxiety symptoms. Mentor and peer support in the host country is relevant for the processing of SLE. URM without family contact represent a "double burden" group, as they might feel less supported by other social networks.

Discrimination and externalizing problems among Moroccan- and Romanian-origin early adolescents in Italy: Moderating role of cultural orientations and impulse control.

OBJECTIVE: Although discrimination is a common stressor in the everyday life of immigrant youth, individuals are not equally susceptible to its adverse effects. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine whether cultural orientation preferences and impulse control (IC) moderate the association between perceived discrimination and externalizing problems among Moroccan- and Romanian-origin early adolescents in Italy. METHOD: The sample included 126 Moroccan and 126 Romanian youths (46% girls, 42% first-generation) aged 11-13 years and their parents. Perceived discrimination and cultural orientations were assessed using self-report questionnaires, while IC was evaluated via a computerized version of the Iowa Gambling Task. Externalizing behaviors were assessed via parental report. RESULTS: Cluster analysis identified separated, assimilated, and integrated early adolescents. Regression analyses revealed that when facing discrimination, youths who endorsed separation and exhibited low levels of IC were more vulnerable to externalizing problems. In contrast, among assimilated adolescents the discrimination-externalizing difficulties link was significant at high levels of IC. Furthermore, low levels of IC were associated with more externalizing problems for Romanian, but not for Moroccan early adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Findings underscore the need to consider both cultural orientation processes and early adolescents' ability to control their impulses when developing interventions aimed to reduce discrimination-related problem behaviors in immigrant youth. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record

The Longue Durée of Black Lives Matter.

Black Lives Matter was first articulated just a few years ago, but it has been the leitmotif of antiracist struggles for generations. The Movement for Black Lives extends the work of previous movements that challenged forms of oppression that act on Black bodies with impunity. It should be understood in the context of Ida B. Wells' anti-lynching campaign, Fannie Lou Hamer's reproductive justice demands, and the Black Panther Party's health activism. The 50th anniversary of the Black Panther Party is an occasion to recall that its work confronted the callous neglect and the corporeal surveillance and abuse of poor Black communities. Similar demands have been the centrifugal force of social movements that for centuries have refused to have Black lives cast beyond the human boundary.

FACE DA MORTE: A LEI EM CONFLITO COM O ADOLESCENTE / EL ROSTRO DE LA MUERTE: LA LEY EN CONFLICTO CON EL ADOLESCENTE / FACE OF DEATH: THE LAW IN CONFLICT WITH YOUTHS

O artigo traça um breve panorama histórico de como a lei tem abordado a temática da infância e adolescência no Brasil desde o Código de Menores ao Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente, priorizando o adolescente em conflito com a lei. A partir do Mapeamento Nacional de Medidas Socioeducativas em Meio Aberto e do Índice de Homicídios na Adolescência, relaciona o perfil dos adolescentes brasileiros integrantes do sistema socioeducativo em meio aberto com aquele dos adolescentes vítimas de homicídio: são do sexo masculino, pobres, de baixa escolaridade, vivendo nas regiões metropolitanas dos grandes centros urbanos, embora nos últimos anos tenha se observado um processo de interiorização das mortes violentas. Partindo das compreensões de disciplina e biopoder, conforme postuladas por Michel Foucault, busca promover reflexões acerca da incidência das medidas socioeducativas sobre um determinado grupo, justamente aquele que diariamente engrossa as estatísticas de mortalidade decorrente de causas violentas. .(AU)

Este artículo traza un breve panorama histórico que indica cómo se ha abordado en la legislación la temática de la infancia y la adolescencia en Brasil desde el Código de Menores hasta el Estatuto del Niño y el Adolescente, haciendo hincapié en el adolescente en conflicto con la ley. Con base en el Mapeo Nacional de Medidas Socioeducativas en Medio Abierto y en el Índice de Homicidios durante la Adolescencia, se vincula el perfil de los adolescentes brasileños insertados en el sistema socioeducativo en medio abierto con el de los adolescentes víctimas de homicidios: son del sexo masculino, pobres, de escasa escolaridad y viven en las zonas metropolitanas de los grandes centros urbanos, aunque en los últimos años se ha detectado un proceso de interiorización de las muertes violentas. A partir de la comprensión de los conceptos de disciplina y biopoder, tal como los postulara Michel Foucault, se apunta a promover reflexiones acerca la incidencia de las medidas socioeducativas sobre un grupo determinado, precisamente aquél que diariamente abulta las estadísticas de mortalidad derivada de causas violentas.(AU)

The article provides a historical overview on how Brazilian law has addressed the topic of child and youth since the Minors Code to the Children and Adolescent Statute, prioritizing adolescents in conflict with law. From the National Mapping of Socio-educational Measures in Semi-Open Conditions and the Index of Homicide in Youth lists the profile of Brazilian youths that integrate the socio educative system in semi-open conditions with youths homicide victims: they are male, poor and low-schooling, living in metropolitan areas of large urban centers; although it has been observed in the recent years a process of violent deaths moving inland. Starting from the comprehensions of discipline and biopower as postulated by Michel Foucault, we seek to promote reflections regarding the incidence of socio-educational measures around a determined group, precisely the one that day-by-day monopolizes mortality statistics resulting from violent causes.(AU)

FACE DA MORTE: A LEI EM CONFLITO COM O ADOLESCENTE / EL ROSTRO DE LA MUERTE: LA LEY EN CONFLICTO CON EL ADOLESCENTE / FACE OF DEATH: THE LAW IN CONFLICT WITH YOUTHS

O artigo traça um breve panorama histórico de como a lei tem abordado a temática da infância e adolescência no Brasil desde o Código de Menores ao Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente, priorizando o adolescente em conflito com a lei. A partir do Mapeamento Nacional de Medidas Socioeducativas em Meio Aberto e do Índice de Homicídios na Adolescência, relaciona o perfil dos adolescentes brasileiros integrantes do sistema socioeducativo em meio aberto com aquele dos adolescentes vítimas de homicídio: são do sexo masculino, pobres, de baixa escolaridade, vivendo nas regiões metropolitanas dos grandes centros urbanos, embora nos últimos anos tenha se observado um processo de interiorização das mortes violentas. Partindo das compreensões de disciplina e biopoder, conforme postuladas por Michel Foucault, busca promover reflexões acerca da incidência das medidas socioeducativas sobre um determinado grupo, justamente aquele que diariamente engrossa as estatísticas de mortalidade decorrente de causas violentas...

Este artículo traza un breve panorama histórico que indica cómo se ha abordado en la legislación la temática de la infancia y la adolescencia en Brasil desde el Código de Menores hasta el Estatuto del Niño y el Adolescente, haciendo hincapié en el adolescente en conflicto con la ley. Con base en el Mapeo Nacional de Medidas Socioeducativas en Medio Abierto y en el Índice de Homicidios durante la Adolescencia, se vincula el perfil de los adolescentes brasileños insertados en el sistema socioeducativo en medio abierto con el de los adolescentes víctimas de homicidios: son del sexo masculino, pobres, de escasa escolaridad y viven en las zonas metropolitanas de los grandes centros urbanos, aunque en los últimos años se ha detectado un proceso de interiorización de las muertes violentas. A partir de la comprensión de los conceptos de disciplina y biopoder, tal como los postulara Michel Foucault, se apunta a promover reflexiones acerca la incidencia de las medidas socioeducativas sobre un grupo determinado, precisamente aquél que diariamente abulta las estadísticas de mortalidad derivada de causas violentas...

The article provides a historical overview on how Brazilian law has addressed the topic of child and youth since the Minors Code to the Children and Adolescent Statute, prioritizing adolescents in conflict with law. From the National Mapping of Socio-educational Measures in Semi-Open Conditions and the Index of Homicide in Youth lists the profile of Brazilian youths that integrate the socio educative system in semi-open conditions with youths homicide victims: they are male, poor and low-schooling, living in metropolitan areas of large urban centers; although it has been observed in the recent years a process of violent deaths moving inland. Starting from the comprehensions of discipline and biopower as postulated by Michel Foucault, we seek to promote reflections regarding the incidence of socio-educational measures around a determined group, precisely the one that day-by-day monopolizes mortality statistics resulting from violent causes...

The influence of family management style on psychosocial problems of childhood cancer survivors in Korea.

PURPOSE: To examine the psychosocial problems of childhood cancer survivors in Korea and investigate whether such problems are influenced by family management style. METHODS: Family members of 158 childhood cancer survivors answered a questionnaire on demographic and illness characteristics, described psychosocial problems in their children using the Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC), and completed the Family Management Measure (FaMM). RESULTS: Perceived economic status and all six subscales of the FaMM were significantly correlated with children's psychosocial problems. In a multiple regression model, the Family Life Difficulty and Parental Mutuality scales of the FaMM were each independent predictors of psychosocial problems in young cancer survivors. CONCLUSIONS: A detailed care plan designed to (1) promote balance between the management of a child's condition and normal family life and (2) encourage parents to share their feelings with one another and provide mutual support should be required to improve psychosocial outcomes for childhood cancer survivors.

The development of medical museums in the antebellum American South: slave bodies in networks of anatomical exchange.

Prior to the American Civil War, museums were enthusiastically promoted in the annual circulars of southern medical colleges as valuable aids to medical education. Using case history narratives, medical college circulars, and announcements, this article examines the social origins of the region's collections of anatomical and pathological specimens and explores the professional agents and organizations responsible for their maintenance and development. The article is also concerned with exploring the racial framework in which these bodies and specimens were sourced and displayed. The social relations embodied in natural history and medical museum collections, and the emerging specialism of "negro medicine," were all elements of a context that subordinated and objectified blackness, as well as permitting and legitimizing the exploitation of black bodies. Medical museums function as a key case study for examining power relations among physicians, slaves, and slave owners, as well as underscoring southern medicine's dependence on slavery for its development.

Childhood lead exposure in an enslaved African community in Barbados: implications for birthplace and health status.

Lead was ubiquitous on Caribbean sugar plantations, where it was used extensively in the production of sugar and rum. Previous studies suggest that skeletal lead contents can be used to identify African-born individuals (as opposed to Creoles) among slave burials found in the New World. To test this hypothesis, we measured lead concentrations in enamel samples from 26 individuals from the Newton Plantation cemetery in Barbados, which was in use from around 1660 to 1820, and compared the results with enamel (87) Sr/(86) Sr measurements that had been previously obtained for the same population. Results show a clear association between low (i.e., below 1 ppm) enamel lead concentrations and higher enamel (87) Sr/(86) Sr ratios which have previously been interpreted as being indicative of African birth, suggesting that individuals with low enamel lead levels were indeed born in Africa as opposed to the New World. Based on these results, we propose that enamel lead measurements provide an effective and inexpensive way to determine African birth from skeletal remains. Furthermore, the lead measurements can provide useful insights into the health status and childhood environment of enslaved Africans during the colonial period.

A decade of serious non-fatal assault in New Zealand.

AIM: To describe the distribution of, and trends in, the characteristics of serious non-fatal assault injury for the period 2000-2009. METHODS: Serious non-fatal hospitalised assault injury for the 2000-2009 period were identified and described by: sociodemographic characteristics, location of incidents, methods used to inflict injury, alcohol involvement, and nature of injury. Trends in assault by age, gender, and method were examined. RESULTS: Males, 15-24 year olds, Maori, Pacific Islanders, and those from deprived neighbourhoods had markedly elevated assault rates. Assault by bodily force and head injuries predominated with the former being the major category of assault that increased the most over time CONCLUSIONS: There is a disturbing level of serious assault in New Zealand and the situation is getting worse. We need to review current efforts to prevent these incidents.

Fat Christians and fit elites: negotiating class and status in Evangelical Christian weight-loss culture.

As American culture has become increasingly concerned about fatness, the fat body and weight loss have become salient symbols for other social tensions. This article uses the case of evangelical Christian weight-loss culture to argue that class is one of those tensions. Drawing on ethnographic work in a Christian weight-loss program as well as on recent theories of class, I argue that certain recurring concerns in Christians' weight-loss discourse, notably concerns about fat Christian leaders and appearing healthy, reflect tensions about class-based aspirations and class-based denigrations evangelicals face in negotiating their position in American society.

San Francisco's Pioneer Mother Monument: maternalism, racial order, and the politics of memorialization, 1907­1915.

The 1907­1915 campaign to create San Francisco's Pioneer Mother Monument provides both a case study of conservative uses of maternalism and a window into the political mutability of maternalist rhetoric. Ella Sterling Mighels, a pioneer descendant, utilized the monument campaign to promote white women's moral influence over middle-class men, to argue against Asian immigration and labor unrest, and to inculcate old-fashioned moral values among urban children. Although some of Mighels's contemporaries cited pioneer mothers as proof of women's fitness for suffrage, Mighels herself used the pioneer mother to argue against suffrage. The final statue, created by the sculptor Charles Grafly, failed to encapsulate Mighels's multivalent political message and to express her ideals about gender, race, class, and morality.

Overturning anti-miscegenation laws: news media coverage of the Lovings' legal case against the state of Virginia.

This study fills a gap in scholarship by exploring historical news coverage of interracial relationships. It examines coverage by The New York Times, Washington Post and Times-Herald, and Chicago Tribune of the progression of the landmark civil rights case of Loving v. Virginia, in which the Supreme Court overturned Virginia's anti-miscegenation law, which prohibited marriage between any White and non-White person. An analysis of the frames and sources used in these publications' news stories about the case indicate all three publications' coverage favored the Lovings.

The influence of world societal forces on social tolerance. A time comparative study of prejudices in 32 countries.

Societal variation in xenophobia, homophobia, and other prejudices is frequently explained by the economic background and political history of different countries. This article expands these explanations by considering the influence of world societal factors on individual attitudes. The empirical analysis is based on survey data collected within the World Value Survey and European Values Study framework between 1989 and 2010. Data are combined to a three-wave cross-sectional design including about 130,000 respondents from 32 countries. Results show that xenophobia and homophobia are influenced by the national political history, societal affluence, and the presence of international organizations. Global forces, however, are of particular importance for homophobia.