Who is poor? Analysis of social representations in an Argentine sample / Quem é pobre? Análise das representações sociais em uma amostra Argentina / ¿Quién es pobre? Análisis de las representaciones sociales en una muestra argentina

Different organizations register alarming poverty rates in Argentina. However, there may be differences in who is considered poor according to these measurements and who is considered poor by society, from common sense knowledge. This work analyzes the social representations of people living in poverty in a sample of 605 Argentines, using the free-word association technique. The results suggest that the poor person is first understood as someone who suffers from hunger, a definition that corresponds to indigence according to the official entity that measures poverty and indigence in Argentina. However, while the core of the representation manifests a significant presence of elements of monetary poverty and its effects on nutrition (hunger), the peripheral system shows the deficit in various social rights, such as education, housing, work, and health. Following these results, it is argued that equating poverty with indigence would render the situation of millions of people in Argentina invisible. (AU)

Diferentes organizações registram índices alarmantes de pobreza na Argentina. No entanto, pode haver diferenças entre quem é considerado pobre de acordo com essas medidas e quem é considerado pobre na sociedade, pelo senso comum. Este trabalho analisa as representações sociais de pessoas em situação de pobreza em uma amostra de 605 argentinos/as por meio da técnica de associação de palavras. Os resultados sugerem que a pessoa que vive na pobreza é entendida principalmente como alguém que passa fome, definição que corresponde à indigência segundo o órgão oficial que mede a pobreza e a indigência na Argentina. Não obstante, enquanto no núcleo da representação se identifica a presença de elementos da pobreza monetária e seus efeitos sobre a alimentação (fome), no sistema periférico se identifica elementos relacionados à violação de direitos sociais, como educação, moradia, trabalho e saúde. Conclui-se que igualar a pobreza à indigência tornaria invisível a situação de milhões de pessoas na Argentina. (AU)

Distintos organismos registran tasas alarmantes de pobreza en Argentina. Sin embargo, pueden existir diferencias en quién es considerado pobre según estas mediciones y quiénes lo son para la sociedad, desde el sentido común. Este trabajo analiza las representaciones sociales sobre las personas en situación de pobreza en una muestra de 605 argentinos/as, administrando la técnica de asociación de palabras. Los resultados sugieren que la persona en situación de pobreza es entendida primeramente como alguien que sufre hambre, definición que corresponde a indigencia según el organismo oficial que mide la pobreza y la indigencia en Argentina. No obstante, mientras que en el núcleo de la representación social tiene una importante presencia la pobreza monetaria y sus efectos sobre la alimentación (hambre), en el sistema periférico se ubican elementos relativos a la vulneración de derechos sociales, como la educación, la vivienda, el trabajo y la salud. Se concluye que equiparar a la pobreza con la indigencia invisibilizaría la situación de millones de personas en Argentina. (AU)

Disentangling the Effects of Backward/Forward Associative Strength and Theme Identifiability in False Memory / Aislando el Papel de la Fuerza Asociativa Directa e Inversa y la Identificabilidad del Tema Sobre los Recuerdos Falsos

Background: False memory has been extensively studied using the Deese/Roediger-McDermott paradigm. Despitethe robustness of the effect, there is wide variability in the results, which is not fully understood. Method: Threeexperiments independently examined the role of backward associative strength (BAS), forward associative strength(FAS), and theme identifiability (ID) on false memories. In Experiment 1, lists varied in BAS while controlling FAS andID. In Experiment 2, FAS was manipulated while BAS and ID were controlled. Finally, in Experiment 3, lists variedin ID while controlling BAS and FAS. Data was analyzed using both frequentist and Bayesian analyses. Results: Wefound false memories in all three experiments. Specifically, false recognition was higher in high-BAS than in low-BASlists in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, false recognition was higher in high-FAS than in low-FAS lists. In Experiment3, false recognition was lower in high-ID than in low-ID lists. Conclusions: These findings suggest that both BAS andFAS—variables that promote error-inflating processes—and ID—which promotes error-editing processes—contributeindependently to the production of false memories. Splitting apart the role of these variables helps to understand thevariability of false memories and to extrapolate DRM tasks to explore other cognitive domains.(AU)

Antecedentes: las memorias falsas se han estudiado ampliamente utilizando el paradigma Deese/Roediger-McDermott. A pesar de la robustez del efecto, existe una amplia variabilidad de resultados que todavía no se comprendecompletamente. Método: tres experimentos examinaron independientemente el papel de la fuerza asociativa inversa(BAS), fuerza asociativa directa (FAS) e identificabilidad del tema (ID) en el reconocimiento falso (RF). Primero, semanipuló el BAS mientras se controló FAS e ID (Experimento 1). Segundo, se manipuló el FAS mientras se controlóBAS e ID (Experimento 2). Finalmente, se manipuló ID mientras se controló BAS y FAS (Experimento 3). Se utilizaronanálisis frecuentistas y bayesianos. Resultados: el RF fue mayor en las listas de alto que bajo BAS (Experimento 1), yalto que bajo FAS (Experimento 2). En cambio, el RF fue menor en las listas de alto ID que bajo ID (Experimento 3).Conclusiones: tanto BAS como FAS, variables que promueven procesos de inflación del error, pero también ID, quienpromueve procesos de edición del error, contribuyen de forma independiente a la producción de memorias falsas. Aislarel papel de estas variables ayuda a comprender la variabilidad de los falsos recuerdos y a extrapolar las tareas DRM paraexplorar otros dominios cognitivos.(AU)

Alquimia das palavras: extraindo o tempo das palavras / Alchemy of words: extracting time from words / Alquimia de las palabras: extracción del tiempo de las palabras

O presente artigo reflete sobre o poder e as substâncias que formam as palavras. Uma dificuldade, palavras a falar sobre palavras. Ideia, o tempo contido nas palavras. A poesia é a bússola na procura do caminho, e a alquimia, o mapa metafórico. O tempo como aspecto central, o tempo escondido nas palavras. Desenvolve-se a extração em paralelo à alquimia e a seus processos básicos, para se chegar ao espírito divino da matéria. Os estudos e conceitos da alquimia de C. G. Jung e E. Edinger são explorados para comparação entre as projeções de alquimistas e poetas. Sentir o tempo nas palavras, ajustar a escuta poética da clínica. Na poesia o tempo funciona diferentemente; o poeta é o que se aproxima da alma, ao juntar palavras. São essas palavras que quebram a rigidez dos relógios.

This article ponders on the power and substances that form words. Using words to talk about words is a difficult endeavor. Ideas are time contained in words, poetry, the compass in the search of the way, and alchemy, the metaphorical map. Time is a central aspect, as time is hidden in words. Extraction is developed in parallel with alchemy and its basic processes in order to arrive at the divine spirit of matter. The studies and concepts of alchemy of C. G. Jung and E. Edinger are explored in comparing the projections of alchemists and poets. Feeling time in the words to adjust poetic listening in clinic activities. In poetry, time works differently; the poet is the one who approaches the soul by putting words together. It is these words that break the iron frule of clocks.

Este artículo reflexiona sobre el poder y las sustancias que forman las palabras. Una dificultad, palabras hablando de palabras. Idea, el tiempo contenido en las palabras. La poesía es la brújula en la búsqueda del camino, y la alquimia, el mapa metafórico. El tiempo como aspecto central, el tiempo escondido en las palabras. La extracción se desarrolla en paralelo con la alquimia y sus procesos básicos, para llegar al espíritu divino de la materia. Se exploran los estudios y conceptos de alquimia de C. G. Jung y E. Edinger para comparar las proyecciones de alquimistas y poetas. Siente el tiempo en las palabras, ajusta la escucha poética de la clínica. En la poesía el tiempo funciona de otra manera; el poeta es el que se acerca al alma juntando palabras. Son estas palabras las que rompen la rigidez de los relojes.

The investigation of semantic memory deficit in chronic tinnitus: a behavioral report / Investigação do déficit de memória semântica no zumbido crônico: um relato comportamental

Abstract Introduction: Tinnitus is a central auditory disorder in which different processing systems are involved as a network. One of these networks is memory. Previous studies have demonstrated some deficits in various types of memory in chronic tinnitus. Objectives: The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the semantic memory, which is not yet investigated in the tinnitus population. Methods: In this case-control study, 15 subjects with chronic tinnitus and 16 matched healthy controls were included. 40 semantically related and 40 semantically unrelated word pairs were presented to the participants in a counter-balanced fashion. They were asked to make decision about their semantic relatedness. Then the participants' reaction times and the accuracy of responses were calculated. Results: Mean of reaction times were significantly longer in the tinnitus group (M = 1034 ms, SD = 0.31) compared to the control group (Mean = 1016 ms, SD = 0.13), p < 0.05. However, no significant difference was found for the mean percentage of correct responses between the two groups. Conclusion: The current study provided behavioral evidence that chronic tinnitus can affect the semantic memory. Such behavioral outcomes may provide new insights into more research activities in the field of electrophysiology and neuroimaging in the tinnitus population.

Resumo Introdução: O zumbido é um distúrbio auditivo central, no qual diferentes sistemas de processamento estão envolvidos como em uma rede. Uma dessas redes é a memória. Estudos anteriores demonstraram alguns déficits em vários tipos de memória no zumbido crônico. Objetivos: Investigar a memória semântica, que ainda não foi investigada na população com zumbido. Método: Neste estudo de caso-controle, 15 indivíduos com zumbido crônico e 16 controles saudáveis pareados foram incluídos; 40 pares de palavras semanticamente relacionados e 40 semanticamente não relacionados foram apresentados aos participantes de forma contrabalançada. Eles foram instruídos a tomar decisões sobre sua relação semântica. Em seguida, os tempos de reação dos participantes e a precisão das respostas foram calculados. Resultados: A média dos tempos de reação foi significativamente maior no grupo com zumbido (M = 1,034 ms, DP = 0,31) em comparação ao grupo controle (média = 1,016 ms, DP = 0,13), p< 0,05. Entretanto, nenhuma diferença significante foi encontrada para a porcentagem média de respostas corretas entre os dois grupos. Conclusão: O presente estudo forneceu evidências comportamentais de que o zumbido crônico pode afetar a memória semântica. Tais resultados comportamentais podem levar a novas percepções em mais atividades de pesquisa no campo da eletrofisiologia e neuroimagem na população com zumbido.

Qualitative Comparison of Semantic Memory Impairment in Patients with Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment Based on β-Amyloid Status

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Semantic memory remains more stable than episodic memory across the lifespan, which makes it potentially useful as a marker for distinguishing pathological aging from normal senescence. To obtain a better understanding of the transitional stage evolving into Alzheimer's dementia (AD), we focused on the amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) stage stratified based on β-amyloid (Aβ) pathology. METHODS: We analyzed the raw data from Korean version of the Boston Naming Test (K-BNT) and the Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT). For K-BNT, the frequencies of six error types and accuracy rates were evaluated. For a qualitative assessment of the COWAT, we computed the number of switching, number of clusters, and mean cluster size. RESULTS: The data from 217 participants were analyzed (53 normal controls, 66 with Aβ− aMCI, 56 with Aβ+ aMCI, and 42 disease controls). There were fewer semantically related errors and more semantically unrelated errors on the K-BNT in Aβ+ aMCI than in Aβ− aMCI, without a gross difference in the z score. We also found that Aβ+ aMCI showed a more prominent deficit in the number of clusters in the semantic fluency task [especially for animal names (living items)] than Aβ− aMCI. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of similar clinical manifestations, Aβ+ aMCI was more similar to AD than Aβ− aMCI in terms of semantic memory disruption. Semantic memory may serve as an early indicator of brain Aβ pathology. Therefore, semantic memory dysfunction deserves more consideration in clinical practice. Longitudinal research with the follow-up data is needed.

O olhar de alunas de escola pública sobre o preservativo feminino / La visión de las alumnas de la escuela pública sobre el preservativo femenino / A look at female condoms from public school students

Resumo OBJETIVO Conhecer as representações sociais de alunas sobre o preservativo feminino. METODOLOGIA Estudo exploratório e descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa, apoiado na Teoria das Representações Sociais. Participaram 94 alunas de Ensino Médio, cursos técnicos e Educação de Jovens e Adultos, de escolas públicas de um município do interior da Bahia-Brasil, que responderam ao teste de associação livre de palavras. As evocações foram submetidas aos softwares EVOC e IRAMUTEQ. RESULTADOS As alunas reconhecem que o preservativo feminino é uma tecnologia que proporciona autonomia, protege de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis e evita a gravidez. Em contraposição, relatam que o estranhamento e o desconforto são elementos importantes que justificam o não uso. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS As representações sociais apontam necessidades de estratégias que promovam trocas de informações e estimulem o conhecimento prático sobre o preservativo feminino entre as estudantes de escolas públicas.

Resumen OBJETIVO Conocer las representaciones sociales de alumnas sobre el preservativo femenino. MÉTODO Estudio exploratorio y descriptivo, con abordaje cualitativo, apoyado en la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales. Participaron 94 alumnas de Enseñanza Media, cursos técnicos y Educación de Jóvenes y Adultos, de escuelas públicas de un municipio del interior de Bahía-Brasil, que respondieron a la prueba de asociación libre de palabras. Las evocaciones fueron sometidas al software EVOC e IRAMUTEQ. RESULTADOS Las alumnas reconocen que el preservativo femenino es una tecnología que proporciona autonomía, protege de infecciones sexualmente transmisibles y evita el embarazo. En contraposición, relatan que el extrañamiento y la incomodidad son elementos importantes que justifican el no uso. CONSIDERACIONES FINALES Las representaciones sociales apuntan necesidades de estrategias que promuevan intercambios de informaciones y estimulen el conocimiento práctico sobre el preservativo femenino entre las estudiantes de escuelas públicas.

Abstract OBJECTIVE to find the social representations of female students about female condoms. Methodology: exploratory and descriptive study, with qualitative approach, based on the Theory of Social Representations. METHOD 94 students from high school students, technical courses, and adult education participated, all from public schools from a municipality in the countryside of Bahia/Brazil, and responded to the test of free word association. The evocations were submitted to the softwares EVOC and IRAMUTEQ. RESULTS students recognize that the female condom is a technology that provides autonomy, protects against sexually transmitted infections, and prevents pregnancy. In contrast, they reported that their reasons for not using the method are finding it uncomfortable and strange. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS Social representations point to the need for strategies that promote information exchange and stimulate practical knowledge about the female condom among public school students.

Priming effects in the recognition of simple and complex words and pseudowords / Efectos de anticipación en el reconocimiento de palabras y pseudopalabras simples y complejas

Whether morphological processing of complex words occurs beyond orthographic processing is a matter of intense debate. In this study, morphological processing is examined by presenting complex words (brujería -> brujo - witchcraft -> witch), as well as simple (brujaña->brujo) and complex pseudowords (brujanza ->brujo), as primes in three masked lexical decision tasks. In the first experiment, the three experimental conditions facilitated word recognition in comparison to the control condition, but no differences emerged between them. Given the importance of the surface frequency effect observed, a second experiment was conducted. The results fully replicate those observed in the first one, but this time with low frequency targets. In the third experiment, vowels were removed from the stems of primes to reduce the orthographic overlap between primes and targets and, therefore, the influence of the embedded stem effect. The results show facilitative effects only for complex words. However, paired comparisons show no differences between experimental conditions. The overall results show the central role played by the processing of stems in visual word recognition and are explained in terms of current models of morphological processing

La cuestión de si el procesamiento morfológico ocurre más allá del mero procesamiento ortográfico continúa siendo objeto de intenso debate. En este estudio se examina el procesamiento morfológico en tres experimentos de decisión léxica con anticipador enmascarado presentando como anticipadores palabras complejas (brujería -> brujo - witchcraft -> witch), así como pseudopalabras simples (brujaña ->brujo) y pseudopalabras complejas (brujanza ->brujo). En el primer experimento, las tres condiciones experimentales facilitaron el reconocimiento en comparación con la condición de control, pero sin mostrar diferencias entre ellas. Debido a la importancia del efecto observado de la frecuencia de palabra se llevó a cabo un segundo experimento. En él se emplearon únicamente estímulos de baja frecuencia, pero los resultados fueron idénticos a los del primer experimento. En el tercer experimento se eliminaron las vocales de los anticipadores para reducir el solapamiento ortográfico entre anticipador y objetivo y, consecuentemente, la influencia del efecto de repetición de la base. Los resultados mostraron efectos facilitadores solo para las palabras complejas. Sin embargo, las comparaciones por pares no mostraron diferencias entre las condiciones experimentales. Los resultados obtenidos suponen en conjunto un rol muy destacado para el procesamiento de las bases en el reconocimiento léxico y son explicados a la luz de los modelos teóricos actuales sobre procesamiento morfológico

Is there a cost at encoding words with joined letters during visual word recognition? / ¿Hay un coste a la hora de codificar las palabras con letras conectadas durante el reconocimiento visual de palabras?

For simplicity, models of visual-word recognition have focused on printed words composed of separated letters, thus overlooking the processing of cursive words. Manso de Zuniga, Humphreys, and Evett (1991) claimed that there is an early "cursive normalization" encoding stage when processing written words with joined letters. To test this claim, we conducted a lexical decision experiment in which words were presented either with separated or joined letters. To examine if the cost of letter segmentation occurs early in processing, we also manipulated a factor (i.e., word-frequency) that is posited to affect subsequent lexical processing. Results showed faster response times for the words composed of separated letters than for the words composed of joined letters. This effect occurred similarly for low- and high-frequency words. Thus, the present data offer some empirical support to Manso de Zuniga et al.'s (1991) idea of an early "cursive normalization" stage when processing joined-letters words. This pattern of data can be used to constrain the mapping of the visual input into letter and word units in future versions of models of visual word recognition

Por simplicidad, los modelos computacionales de reconocimiento visual de palabras se han centrado en cómo procesamos las palabras impresas con letras separadas, omitiendo el procesamiento de las palabras con letras conectadas. Manso de Zuniga, Humphreys y Evett (1991) plantearon la existencia de un estadio temprano que segmenta las letras conectadas en las palabras. Para examinar esta hipótesis, se realizó un experimento de decisión léxica en el que las palabras se presentaban con letras separadas o conectadas. Para conocer si este estadio de segmentación ocurría tempranamente, se manipuló otro factor, la frecuencia de uso de las palabras, que influye en el procesamiento léxico. Los resultados mostraron tiempos de respuesta más rápidos para las palabras con letras separadas que conectadas. La magnitud de dicho efecto fue similar para las palabras de alta y baja frecuencia. Estos resultados ofrecen apoyo empírico a la hipótesis de un estadio temprano de segmentación de letras. Además, estos hallazgos permiten delimitar la codificación de las letras a partir de los rasgos visuales en futuras versiones en los modelos de reconocimiento visual de palabras

Validation of a scale for a nonword repetition task to assess lexical development / Baremación de una tarea de repetición de pseudopalabras para la evaluación del desarrollo léxico

It has been demonstrated that the ability to repeat non-words is a good marker of lexical development in a number of languages, including Spanish. In addition, the ability to repeat nonwords has been used as a good discriminator between typically developing children and children with language delays or other language difficulties. However, despite its potential usefulness for clinical and research purposes, there is no validated scale in Spanish. To address this situation, we present a scale based on a sample of 342 monolingual Spanish-speaking children aged from four to seven years. After data analysis, a scale was elaborated to provide populational references for colleagues working in educational, clinical and research fields. The results show a ceiling effect for six years olds, as well as for monomorphemic and bisyllabic items. Implications of these scores are discussed in the corresponding section (AU)

La habilidad para repetir pseudopalabras se ha mostrado como un buen marcador de desarrollo léxico en multitud de lenguas incluyendo el español. Además, permite discriminar en buena medida entre niños con desarrollo típico y niños con trastornos y retrasos del lenguaje. Sin embargo, pese a su potencial importancia para su uso clínico e investigador, en español no contamos con baremos para una lista de estímulos determinada. Con el objetivo salvar esta notable carencia, se realiza una tarea de repetición de pseudopalabras a una muestra total de 342 niños y niñas monolingües españoles de entre cuatro y siete años. Tras el análisis de los resultados se elaboró un baremo con el objeto de aportar referencias poblacionales a colegas que trabajan en las citadas áreas clínico-educativas y de investigación. Los resultados muestran un efecto techo de esta tarea a los 6 años, así como para los estímulos monomorfémicos y bisílabos. Las implicaciones de estos resultados y baremo obtenido son discutidas en el apartado correspondiente (AU)

Influence of the Short-term Intake of High Doses of Solifenacin and Trospium on Cognitive Function and Health-Related Quality of Life in Older Women With Urinary Incontinence / 대한배뇨장애요실금학회지

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the safety and the effects of elevated doses of solifenacin and trospium on cognitive function and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in elderly women receiving treatment for urinary incontinence. METHODS: The study included 312 women aged 60–83 years (mean age, 69.4 years). All participants had scored at least 24 points on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scale, and all of them had been diagnosed with urge urinary incontinence (UUI) or mixed urinary incontinence (MUI). The women were randomly assigned to 3 groups: group A, individuals who were simultaneously administered solifenacin at a high dosage of 20 mg per day and trospium at a high dosage of 60 mg per day; group B, persons taking solifenacin and trospium at the usual dosage of 10 and 30 mg per day, respectively; and group C, persons who received a placebo. Participants’ cognitive status was assessed by the MMSE, Controlled Oral Word Association Test, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised, Wechsler Memory Scale III, Colour Trails Test, and California Verbal Learning Test scales. The HRQoL assessment was performed using the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Health Survey. RESULTS: The cognitive function parameters did not differ at the start and end of the study across the groups (P>0.05). Additionally, the cognitive function parameters did not differ significantly within each group between the start and end of the study (P>0.05). The values of most HRQoL parameters regarding the functional state of the lower urinary tract (LUT) after the termination of treatment significantly improved in groups A and B (P < 0.05). A significant correlation between cognitive status and HRQoL or LUT parameters was absent (r < 0.3), while the correlations between HRQoL and LUT parameters were r=0.31–0.83, P < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: The use of elevated doses of solifenacin and trospium did not increase the risk of cognitive impairment in women with UUI and MUI. The combination of solifenacin and trospium at a double dosage may be recommended to elderly women with treatment-resistant symptoms of UUI and MUI. However, the safety of combining antimuscarinic drugs in women with an increased volume of residual urine requires further study.

Efectos de la edad de adquisición de las palabras en denominación de imágenes en sujetos afásicos hablantes del español / Effects of Age of Acquisition of Words on Images Naming Task in the Spanish-Speaking Aphasic Subjects

Resumen Se analizaron los efectos de la variable edad de adquisición de las palabras (EdA) en sujetos afásicos hablantes del español en una tarea de denominación de imágenes y su influencia en las propiedades de activación, inhibición y competencia léxicas. Veintidós sujetos afásicos completaron una tarea consistente en denominar 20 imágenes representativas de palabras de adquisición temprana (ATe) y 20 imágenes representativas de palabras de adquisición tardía (ATa). Las variables de precisión y tiempo de respuesta (TR) fueron analizadas, observándose un mayor número de aciertos y un menor TR ante imágenes ATe que ante imágenes ATa. A partir de los resultados se estableció que en sujetos afásicos la activación léxica de palabras correctas es mayor ante imágenes ATe que ante imágenes ATa.

Abstract The age of acquisition of words (AoA) effects in spanish-speaking aphasic subjects and its influence on the properties of lexical activation, inhibition and competition were analyzed in a naming task. Twenty two aphasic subjects completed a naming task with 20 images with early acquisition words (EA) and 20 images with late acquisition words (LA). Variables precision and response time (RT) were analyzed and the results showed a higher number of correct responses and a lower RT with EA images than those with LA images and it can be established that in aphasic subjects, lexical activation of right words to images is greater with EA images than with LA images.

Validación del test para la detección temprana de las dificultades en el aprendizaje de la lectura y escritura / Validation of the test for the early detection of learning difficulties in reading and writing

Introducción: la detección temprana de las dificultades en el aprendizaje de la lectoescritura es clave para iniciar cuanto antes programas de intervención. Pero para detectar esas dificultades es necesario disponer de herramientas con probada eficacia. Objetivos: el objetivo de este estudio fue validar un test elaborado con tareas lingüísticas relacionadas con la lectura, aplicado hace tres años a 298 niños prelectores, con el que se pretendía detectar posibles dificultades antes de iniciar el aprendizaje de la lectura. Material y método: un total de 190 niños de aquella muestra inicial fueron evaluados cuando tenían siete años con dos tareas de lectura, una de palabras reales y otra de palabras inventadas. De cada niño se recogieron datos de precisión, velocidad y eficiencia lectora. Resultados: aunque habían pasado tres años, se encontró una correlación altamente significativa, medida mediante el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson, entre las puntuaciones en el test de detección temprana y las puntuaciones en la prueba de lectura. Además, la mitad de los niños que habían sido clasificados como niños de riesgo por haber obtenido bajas puntuaciones en ese test presentaban serios problemas de lectura (AU)

Introduction: early detection of difficulties in learning to read and write is key to starting intervention programs as soon as possible. But to detect these difficulties it is necessary to have tools with proven efficiency. Aims: the objective of this study was to validate a test developed with linguistic tasks related to reading, applied three years ago to 298 children with the aim of detecting possible difficulties before learning to read. Material and method: a total of 190 children from that initial sample were evaluated when they were 7 years old with two reading tasks, one with real words and other with invented words. From each child, accuracy, speed and reading efficiency data were collected. Results: despite the three years elapsed, a highly significant correlation, using the Pearson coefficient, was found between the early detection battery scores and the reading test scores. In addition, half of the children who had been classified as at-risk children because of low scores on that battery had serious reading problems. Conclusions: the early detection of reading difficulties test, which is being widely used both by pediatricians and by nursery school teachers, due to its quick and easy application, has a strong empirical support. Although it is not a diagnostic test of dyslexia, it is capable of alerting about possible future difficulties in learning to read (AU)

Los falsos amigos en el lenguaje de la medicina / False friends in medical Language

El lenguaje médico en español está plagado de vicios que le restan credibilidad al mensaje científico. Entre ellos, sobresalen los extranjerismos innecesarios. Principalmente traducciones erróneas del inglés, aunque no solamente de este idioma, conocidas como 'palabras traidoras' o 'falsos amigos', es decir, palabras de ortografía muy similar o idéntica en inglés y español, pero con significados diferentes en ambos idiomas. Así, el objetivo del presente artículo está dirigido a revisar un grupo de estas palabras con el interés de estimular a los profesionales de las ciencias médicas para el uso adecuado del idioma español en las ciencias médicas(AU)

Medical language in Spanish is plagued of bad habits that subtract credibility to the scientific message. Among them are outstanding unnecessary foreign expressions, mainly erroneous translations from English, although not only from this language, known as 'treacherous words' or 'false friends'; that is to say, words of very similar or identical spelling in English and Spanish, but with different meanings in both languages. Thus, the objective of the present article is aimed to revise a group of these words, with the interest of stimulating the professionals of the medical sciences for the appropriate use of the Spanish language in the field(AU)

Los falsos amigos en el lenguaje de la medicina / False friends in medical Language

El lenguaje médico en español está plagado de vicios que le restan credibilidad al mensaje científico. Entre ellos, sobresalen los extranjerismos innecesarios. Principalmente traducciones erróneas del inglés, aunque no solamente de este idioma, conocidas como 'palabras traidoras' o 'falsos amigos', es decir, palabras de ortografía muy similar o idéntica en inglés y español, pero con significados diferentes en ambos idiomas. Así, el objetivo del presente artículo está dirigido a revisar un grupo de estas palabras con el interés de estimular a los profesionales de las ciencias médicas para el uso adecuado del idioma español en las ciencias médicas(AU)

Medical language in Spanish is plagued of bad habits that subtract credibility to the scientific message. Among them are outstanding unnecessary foreign expressions, mainly erroneous translations from English, although not only from this language, known as 'treacherous words' or 'false friends'; that is to say, words of very similar or identical spelling in English and Spanish, but with different meanings in both languages. Thus, the objective of the present article is aimed to revise a group of these words, with the interest of stimulating the professionals of the medical sciences for the appropriate use of the Spanish language in the field(AU)

The role of backward associative strength in false recognition of DRM lists with multiple critical words / Papel de la fuerza asociativa inversa en el reconocimiento falso empleando listas DRM con múltiples palabras críticas

Background: Memory is a reconstruction of the past and is prone to errors. One of the most widely-used paradigms to examine false memory is the Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm. In this paradigm, participants studied words associatively related to a non-presented critical word. In a subsequent memory test critical words are often falsely recalled and/or recognized. Method: In the present study, we examined the influence of backward associative strength (BAS) on false recognition using DRM lists with multiple critical words. In forty-eight English DRM lists, we manipulated BAS while controlling forward associative strength (FAS). Lists included four words (e.g., prison, convict, suspect, fugitive) simultaneously associated with two critical words (e.g., CRIMINAL, JAIL). Results: The results indicated that true recognition was similar in high-BAS and low-BAS lists, while false recognition was greater in high-BAS lists than in low-BAS lists. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between false recognition and the probability of a resonant connection between the studied words and their associates. Conclusions: These findings suggest that BAS and resonant connections influence false recognition, and extend prior research using DRM lists associated with a single critical word to studies of DRM lists associated with multiple critical words (AU)

Antecedentes: la memoria es reconstructiva y puede estar sujeta a errores. El paradigma más ampliamente utilizado para estudiar las memorias falsas es el paradigma Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM). En este paradigma se estudian palabras relacionadas con una palabra crítica no presentada, posteriormente recordándose y/o reconociéndose falsamente esta palabra crítica. Método: se analizó la influencia de la fuerza asociativa inversa (Backward Associative Strength, BAS) sobre el reconocimiento falso utilizando listas DRM con múltiples palabras críticas. Para ello se construyeron 48 listas DRM en inglés, manipulando el BAS mientras se controlaba la fuerza asociativa directa (Forward Associative Strength, FAS). Las listas incluían cuatro palabras (e.g., prison, convict, suspect, fugitive) asociadas simultáneamente con dos palabras críticas (e.g., CRIMINAL, JAIL). Resultados: el reconocimiento correcto era similar en las listas con alto y bajo BAS, mientras que el reconocimiento falso era mayor en las listas con alto BAS. Además, había una correlación positiva entre reconocimiento falso y la probabilidad de conexión resonante entre las palabras estudiadas y sus asociados. Conclusiones: los resultados confirman que el BAS y las conexiones resonantes afectan al reconocimiento falso, y amplían las conclusiones de anteriores estudios que empleaban listas con una palabra crítica al estudio de listas DRM con múltiples palabras críticas (AU)

Parsing complex noun phrases: effects hierarchical structure and sentence position on memory load

In this paper, we report two experiments in Spanish designed to find out what kind of processes underlie the online parsing of complex noun phrases (NPs). To that end, we used a 'click detection' paradigm coupled with an oral comprehension task with sentences made up of complex NPs comprising embedded prepositional phrases PPs or coordinate NPs. The critical NPs consisted of words or pseudowords, and were inserted either at subject position (Experiment 1) or at object position (Experiment 2) in the sentence. Results show an opposite pattern of RTs to clicks when the complex NP is located at subject (vs. object) position, with the former case showing heavier processing demands as the parser delves deeper into the complex NP, regardless of the internal constituency of the target NP and its lexical content, and the latter yielding the opposite pattern. These results suggest that structural complexity by itself does not determine an increase in processing costs during sentence parsing, which is only apparent in cases involving deferred operations like subject-verb agreement (AU)

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Word and nonword repetition abilities in Spanish language: longitudinal evidence from typically developing and late talking children

This longitudinal study examined the early word and nonword repetition abilities of monolingual Spanish speaking children. We explored the role that word status, word length, and time play in repetition performance of children with different vocabulary levels. We also examined the predictive value of vocabulary level in repetition abilities. Thirty-seven children participated in this study: 15 late talkers and 22 typically developing children. Families completed the Spanish version of the MacArthur Communicative Developmental Inventory (MCDI) at age 2; children performed a word and nonword repetition task at three different moments, with a temporal interval of 6 months between Time 1 and Time 2, and eight months between Time 2 and Time 3, periods during which linguistic development takes place. We found significant effects for word status, word length, vocabulary level and time: words are repeated better than nonwords; one syllable items are easier to repeat than two and three syllable ones; the performance of late talking children is lower compared to typically developing children throughout the study; and repetition abilities improve longitudinally. In addition, early vocabulary level predicts subsequent repetition abilities and early nonword repetition abilities predict future nonword repetition performance (AU)

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Clustering words to match conditions: an algorithm for stimuli selection in factorial designs / Agrupar palabras para igualar condiciones: un algoritmo para la selección de palabras en diseños factoriales

With the increasing refinement of language processing models and the new discoveries about which variables can modulate these processes, stimuli selection for experiments with a factorial design is becoming a tough task. Selecting sets of words that differ in one variable, while matching these same words into dozens of other confounding variables is time consuming and error prone. To assist experimenters in this thankless task, we present a simple method to perform it with little effort. The method is based on Kmeans clustering as a way to detect small and tight clusters of words that match in the desired variables. We have formalized the procedure into an algorithmic format, that is, a series of easy-to-follow steps. In addition, we also provide an SPSS syntax that helps in choosing the correct size of the clustering. After reviewing the theory, we present a worked example that will guide the reader through the complete procedure. The dataset of the worked example is available as a supplementary material to this paper (AU)

Con el creciente refinamiento de los modelos de procesamiento del lenguaje y los nuevos hallazgos sobre qué variables pueden modular dichos procesos, la selección de palabras para experimentos de diseño factorial se está convirtiendo en una tarea cada vez más ardua. Seleccionar conjuntos de palabras que difieren en una variable pero que están igualadas en una decena de posibles variables extrañas, lleva mucho tiempo y está sujeto a errores. Para ayudar a los experimentadores en esta desagradecida tarea, presentamos un método sencillo que permite realizarla con poco esfuerzo. El método se basa en el agrupamiento de Kmedias para identificar conjuntos pequeños y compactos de palabras igualadas en las variables deseadas. El procedimiento ha sido formalizado en un algoritmo, esto es, una serie de pasos concretos y sencillos de seguir. Además, también aportamos la sintaxis en SPSS para ayudar en la selección del número adecuado de agrupaciones. Tras una revisión de la teoría, presentamos un ejemplo práctico que guiará al lector a través del procedimiento completo. El conjunto de datos del ejemplo se encuentra disponible como material complementario a este artículo (AU)

False recognition in DRM lists with low association: a normative study / Reconocimiento falso en listas DRM con asociación baja: estudio normativo

A wide array of studies have explored memory distortions with the Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm, where participants study lists of words (e.g., door, glass, pane, shade, ledge, etc.) that are associated to another nonpresented critical word (e.g., WINDOW). On a subsequent memory test, the critical word is often falsely recalled and recognized, even though the critical word was not studied. The present normative study provided false recognition indexes for 48 DRM lists in Spanish with three critical words per list. Lists were constructed with low levels of backward associative strength (BAS), never examined before. Results showed that, even with low association, DRM lists were able to produce false recognition (M = 34%). Also, and despite the low level of association, results showed that there was a wide variability in false recognition per list (e.g., 10% in List 24: ANIMAL [ANIMAL], GATO [CAT], PERRO [DOG], celo [heat], cola [tail], manso [docile], peludo [furry], zarpa [claw], presa [prey]; 62% in List 05: DOLOR [PAIN], MUERTE [DEATH], TRISTEZA [SADNESS], odio [hatred], hambre [hunger], inanición [starvation], morir [to die], huérfano [orphan], consolado [consoled]), replicating previous findings. These new DRM lists will allow researchers to explore false memory effects when words are weakly associated among them (AU)

Una gran variedad de estudios han explorado las distorsiones de la memoria con el paradigma Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM). En este paradigma, los participantes estudian listas de palabras (p.e., puerta, vidrio, cristal, persiana, cornisa, etc.) asociadas a otra palabra, no presentada, denominada palabra crítica (p.e., VENTANA). En una posterior prueba de memoria, la palabra crítica, a pesar de no haber sido estudiada, es a menudo recordada o reconocida falsamente. El presente estudio normativo proporciona índices de reconocimiento falso para 48 listas DRM en español con tres palabras críticas por lista. Las listas se construyeron con niveles bajos de fuerza asociativa inversa, niveles que nunca antes se habían examinados. Los resultados mostraron que, incluso con baja asociación, las listas DRM produjeron reconocimiento falso (M = 34%). Además, a pesar del bajo nivel de asociación, los resultados también mostraron que hubo una gran variabilidad en el reconocimiento falso obtenido en las diferentes listas (p.e., 10% en Lista 24: ANIMAL, GATO, PERRO, celo, cola, manso, peludo, zarpa, presa; 62% en Lista 05: DOLOR, MUERTE, TRISTEZA, odio, hambre, inanición, morir, huérfano, consolado), replicándose hallazgos previos. Estas nuevas listas DRM permitirán a los investigadores explorar el efecto de las memorias falsas cuando las palabras están débilmente asociadas entre sí (AU)

Caracteristicas de la respuesta emocional generada por las palabras: un estudio experimental desde la emoción y la motivación / Characteristics of emotional response generated by words: an experimental study from emotion and motivation

Resumen Los estudios experimentales de la emoción y la motivación se han desarrollado de forma más frecuente con imágenes, sonidos y videos, sin embargo, son pocos los trabajos que han estudiado la respuesta emocional y motivacional ante las palabras, las cuales son estímulos que guían significativamente nuestra interacción social. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de la presente investigación fue identificar la capacidad que tienen las palabras para generar estados emocionales y las posibles diferencias entre hombres y mujeres. Para esto se llevó a cabo un estudio con 232 personas y se utilizaron 15 palabras con contenido afectivo, las cuales fueron evaluadas en las dimensiones de valencia, arousal y dominancia. Los resultados muestran que las palabras agradables, en especial aquellas con contenido sexual generan una valencia apetitiva, alto arousal y alta dominancia, y las palabras desagradables generan una valencia aversiva, bajo arousal y baja dominancia. Solo se encontraron diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres en la valencia de las palabras desagradables y el arousal de las palabras agradables.

Abstract The experimental studies of emotion and motivation have developed more often with pictures, sounds and videos; however, few studies have addressed the emotional and motivational response to the words, which are stimuli that guide significantly our social interaction. Therefore, the objective of this research was to identify the words capacity to generate emotional states and differences between men and women. For this we conducted a study with 232 persons and used 15 words with affective content which were evaluated in the dimensions of valence, arousal and dominance. The results show that pleasant words, especially those with sexual content generate an appetitive valence, high arousal and high dominance, and unpleasant words generate an aversive valence, low arousal and low dominance. Significant differences between men and women only found in valence of unpleasant words and in arousal of the pleasant words.