A psicologia humanista de Carl Rogers na educação médica: Espaços e desafios / Carl Rogers' humanistic psychology in medical education: Spaces and challenges

A problematização dos lugares, papéis e sentidos da Psicologia nos cursos de Medicina é necessária para que as unidades curriculares ligadas a esse campo de conhecimento aportem à formação dos graduandos o desenvolvimento de saberes, habilidades e competências necessários para a o exercício da prática médica humanizada. Este trabalho discute a adoção da Psicologia Humanista de Carl Rogers como fundamento teórico de disciplinas ou módulos ligados à Psicologia na formação médica. Apresenta as bases dessa vertente e relaciona-as à discussão das metodologias de ensino e da relação professor-aluno no ensino médico. Conclui que a teoria analisada pode constituir orientação para a prática docente e as escolhas curriculares e metodológicas da formação médica, apesar dos limites de sua aplicação de forma generalizada nos cursos de graduação. Indica as atividades voltadas para a capacidade dos estudantes de identificar, expressar e refletir sobre seus próprios sentimentos em relação a diferentes situações vivenciadas durante a graduação em Medicina são as mais coerentes com a proposta da psicologia humanista de Carl Rogers.

The problematization of places, roles and meanings of psychology in medical courses is necessary so that the curricular units linked to this field of knowledge contribute to the development of learnings, skills and competences necessary for humanized medical practice. This essay presents the theoretical foundations of Carl Rogers' Humanistic Psychology and advocates its use in the training of future doctors in educational practices consistent with the proposal of Person-Centered Therapy. It concludes that this theory may constitute guidance for theaching practice and curricular choices, despite the limits of general application in medical courses. The activities focused on the student's hability to identifie, express and reflect on their own feelings are the most consistent whit the theoretical foundations of Carl Rogers' Humanistic Psychology.

Comparison of problem-based learning and traditional teaching methods in medical psychology education in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: PBL approach has been widely used in many Chinese universities over the past decade. However, the effects of PBL approach on medical psychology education in China are inconsistent. The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether the PBL approach was superior to the lecture-based teaching method in the context of the medical psychology curriculum in China. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to confirm the effectiveness of PBL in Chinese medical psychology. Corresponding databases were searched for available studies, where data were extracted to calculated Hedges' g and its 95% confidence interval in total and subgroup analyses. Subgroup analyses were also carried out. RESULTS: Nine studies with 551 cases and 496 controls were identified. The total examination scores of students in the PBL approach group were significantly higher compared with students in the traditional lecture-based teaching group under the random effect model (Hedges' g = 1.510, 95%CI 0.792-2.227, p<0.001). Subgroup analyses based on major and school system exhibited similar results. CONCLUSIONS: Our study supported the notion that the PBL approach may be applicable to Chinese medical psychology education.

[Why Pharmacists Need Education in the Humanities: A Medical Professional Educator's Viewpoint].

Over the past few decades, pharmacists' work has changed from product-centered tasks to patient-centered care. In response to such social changes and needs, the pharmacy education course was also extended from 4 to 6 years, and the importance of the humanities in the curriculum (e.g., medical psychology, medical ethics, and communication) is now recognized. The Model Core Curriculum for Pharmacy Education, 2013 version, described 10 professional competencies for pharmacists (professionalism, patient-oriented attitude, communication skills, interprofessional team care, basic sciences, medication therapy management, community health and medical care, research, lifelong learning, and education and training) and stated that the humanities are a foundation of pharmaceutical education. However, a report by the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan (2014) expressed concern that clinical practice was not connected with knowledge of the humanities. It is educationally meaningful when pharmacists who studied the humanities can then offer the best medical care to patients. In order to utilize knowledge of the humanities in the clinical setting, educators need to provide opportunities for active learning. Furthermore, the humanities are useful to help pharmacists acquire meta-cognition.

Pediatric medical psychology.

Paediatric medical psychology is a specialised field within clinical health psychology focussed on the behavioural, developmental, and psychological needs of children, adolescents, and families in healthcare contexts. Paediatric medical psychologists address a myriad of problems by employing evidence-based evaluations and interventions in order to support the well-being of paediatric patients and their families. In this paper, we provide an overview of paediatric medical psychology including the education and training required to be a paediatric psychologist followed by common problems addressed by paediatric psychology, the settings paediatric psychologists work in, and the services they provide. Discussion concludes with future application of integrating paediatric psychology throughout the continuum of care to optimise adjustment and health of paediatric patients.

Cuidados paliativos na terminalidade: revisão integrativa no campo da psicologia hospitalar / Psychological assistance for end-of-life patients under palliative care in the hospital environment: an integrative review / Atención paliativa en terminalidad: revisión integrativa en el campo de la psicología hospitalaria

Objective: This study sought to analyze scientific publications on the psychologists' role in providing assistance for terminal patients under PC. Methods: This integrative review was carried out from June to August 2019 by searching online databases. The following Descritores da Ciência da Saúde (DeCS) [Health Science Descriptors] were used: Psychology, terminal patient, palliative care, terminal care, and review. These descriptors were combined using the Boolean operator "AND" with the purpose of refining search results. Results: The analysis of 15 publications allowed the emergence of two categories: "Forms of psychological interventions targeting patients and their relatives from the perspective of terminality and "Benefits of the psychologist's action for the end-of-life patient under PC". Conclusion: The number of studies on the subject was scarce, which justifies the need for further research to extend the knowledge about psychological assistance for end-of-life patients under palliative care

Objetivo: Analisar artigos publicados acerca da atuação do psicólogo voltada ao paciente terminal em cuidados paliativos. Métodos: revisão integrativa com coleta de dados, feita entre junho e agosto de 2019, em bibliotecas digitais e bases de dados. Foram utilizados os descritores (DeCS): Psicologia, Doente Terminal, Cuidados Paliativos, Assistência Terminal e Revisão, associados pelo operador "AND" com a finalidade de refinar os artigos para responder ao objetivo do estudo. Resultados: mediante análise de 15 publicações criaram-se duas categorias: formas de intervenção psicológica, direcionada ao paciente e à família, frente à terminalidade, e benefícios da atuação do psicólogo para o paciente em fim de vida no contexto dos cuidados paliativos. Conclusão: foi verificada a escassez de estudos sobre a temática, o que justifica a necessidade de novas pesquisas, que ampliem os conhecimentos acerca do atendimento psicológico aos pacientes em cuidados paliativos na terminalidade

Objetivo: Analizar artículos publicados sobre el conocimiento producido sobre el papel del psicólogo del paciente terminal en cuidados paliativos. Métodos: revisión integral con recolección de datos, realizada entre junio y agosto de 2019, en bibliotecas digitales y bases de datos. Se utilizaron los descriptores (DeCS): Psicología, Enfermedad terminal, Cuidados paliativos, Cuidado Terminal y Revisión, asociados por el operador "Y" con el fin de refinar los artículos para cumplir con el objetivo del estudio. Resultados: mediante el análisis de 15 publicaciones se crearon dos categorías: formas de intervención psicológica, dirigidas al paciente y la familia, frente a la terminalidad, y los beneficios del desempeño del psicólogo para el paciente al final de la vida en el contexto de los cuidados paliativos. Conclusión: se verificó la escasez de estudios sobre el tema, lo que justifica la necesidad de realizar más investigaciones para ampliar el conocimiento sobre la atención psicológica a los pacientes con cuidados paliativos con enfermedades terminales

Evolución histórica de la psicología médica y su riqueza para la formación humanista y psicológica del médico general / Historical evolution of medical psychology and its wealth for the humanistic and psychological formation of the general practitioner

El objetivo de este artículo se basa en el principio de que el ser humano aprende de su pasado, de ahí que contar con la evolución histórica de la materia ‘Psicología médica’ enriquece la conciencia de quienes la imparten y fortalece sus raíces y las del Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México que la fundó, además de que establece las bases para proteger y fomentar su importancia dentro del currículo de la carrera de médico y da a conocer la materia a otras universidades que también consideran que es una asignatura indispensable en la formación de los médicos. Basándose en el análisis de diversas fuentes de información, se reconoce la importancia de sus profesores, de sus programas y del apoyo que brinda a la formación de los futuros médicos

This article is based on the principle that human beings learn from their past, hence having the historical evolution of ‘Medical Psychology’ course, enriches the conscience of those who teach it, strengthens their roots and those of the Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health of the Faculty of Medicine of the National Autonomous University of Mexico who founded it and, lays the basis for protecting and promoting its importance within the curriculum of medical career and makes it known to other universities that also consider that it’s indispensable in the formation of their doctors. Based on the analysis of different sources of information, it recognized the importance of their teachers, their programs and support provided for the training of future doctors

Experiencias del tratamiento metodológico interdisciplinar al tema Historia Psicosocial en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Guantánamo / Experiences of the interdisciplinary methodological treatment to the subject Psychosocial History in the Faculty of Medical Sciences Guantánamo

Se realizó una investigación de corte pedagógico, resultado del trabajo metodológico realizado por los docentes de la Disciplina Psicología Médica II para perfeccionar la preparación metodológica del claustro docente en el tratamiento al contenido Historia Psicosocial. Se aprovechó el sistema de contenidos básicos de Psicología Médica II vinculados con la asignatura Propedéutica médica y semiología clínica. Los principales resultados se encuentran en la falta de correspondencia entre el modelo de Historia Psicosocial que se imparte en la asignatura Psicología Médica II con el que reciben los estudiantes en la asignatura Propedéutica, la desactualización de la bibliografía. El sistema de clases metodológicas desarrolladas dio respuesta al problema conceptual metodológico, se actualizaron los contenidos del tema Historia Psicosocial, se reelaboró la guía de la Clase Práctica y modificó la dinámica de la clase, con lo que se logró el incremento de la satisfacción de los profesores y estudiantes(AU)

A pedagogical research, as result of the methodological work carried out by the educational staff of Discipline Medical Psychology II to perfect the methodological preparation of the educational staff in the treatment to the contained Psychosocial History was carried out. It took advantage of the system of basic contents of Medical Psychology II linked with the subject medical Propedeutics and clinical semiology. The main results find in the fault of correspondence between the model of Psychosocial History that gives in the subject Medical Psychology II with which receive the students in the subject Propedeutics, the out-of-date of the bibliography. The system of methodological classes developed gave answer to the methodological conceptual problem, updated the contents of the subject Psychosocial History, rebuilded the guide of the Practical Class and modified the dynamics of the class, with what attained the increase of the satisfaction of the professors and students(AU)

Experiencias del tratamiento metodológico interdisciplinar al tema Historia Psicosocial en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Guantánamo / Experiences of the interdisciplinary methodological treatment to the subject Psychosocial History in the Faculty of Medical Sciences Guantánamo

Se realizó una investigación de corte pedagógico, resultado del trabajo metodológico realizado por los docentes de la Disciplina Psicología Médica II para perfeccionar la preparación metodológica del claustro docente en el tratamiento al contenido Historia Psicosocial. Se aprovechó el sistema de contenidos básicos de Psicología Médica II vinculados con la asignatura Propedéutica médica y semiología clínica. Los principales resultados se encuentran en la falta de correspondencia entre el modelo de Historia Psicosocial que se imparte en la asignatura Psicología Médica II con el que reciben los estudiantes en la asignatura Propedéutica, la desactualización de la bibliografía. El sistema de clases metodológicas desarrolladas dio respuesta al problema conceptual metodológico, se actualizaron los contenidos del tema Historia Psicosocial, se reelaboró la guía de la Clase Práctica y modificó la dinámica de la clase, con lo que se logró el incremento de la satisfacción de los profesores y estudiantes(AU)

A pedagogical research, as result of the methodological work carried out by the educational staff of Discipline Medical Psychology II to perfect the methodological preparation of the educational staff in the treatment to the contained Psychosocial History was carried out. It took advantage of the system of basic contents of Medical Psychology II linked with the subject medical Propedeutics and clinical semiology. The main results find in the fault of correspondence between the model of Psychosocial History that gives in the subject Medical Psychology II with which receive the students in the subject Propedeutics, the out-of-date of the bibliography. The system of methodological classes developed gave answer to the methodological conceptual problem, updated the contents of the subject Psychosocial History, rebuilded the guide of the Practical Class and modified the dynamics of the class, with what attained the increase of the satisfaction of the professors and students(AU)

The Effort and Reward of Teaching Medical Psychology in Germany: an Online Survey.

Background: The increasing significance of university teaching also leads to higher demands for academic teachers. Against this background this study inquires how teachers in the field of medical pychology experience and evaluate their various activities and how their efforts on the one hand and gratifications on the other hand relate to each other (as conceptualized by the effort-reward-imbalance, ERI). Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted in 2012 among the academic staff of departments of medical psychology in Germany. The questionnaire was answered by 188 participants (return rate: 39.2%), of whom 62% were women. Work stress was measured according to Siegrist's effort-reward-imbalance (ERI) model. Further questions referred to the distribution of academic activities and meaningfulness. Results: Among all participants, 67.3% were satisfied with the portion of their workload devoted to teaching, while 63% wanted more time for research. The ERI-coefficient was on average M=0.76 (SD=0.45), thus indicating a shift towards reward. There were no associations with gender, age, or fixed-term work contracts. Meaningfulness was associated negatively with the ERI (r=-.21, p=.012), and positively with overcommitment (r=.52, p<.001) and the desire for less administrative tasks (r=.24, p=.017). Conclusions: Teaching medical psychology is evaluated as positive and meaningful by a majority of respondents. In general, the rewarding aspects seem to outweigh the stressful factors. Thus, teaching might be a protective factor with regard to coping with work related burden.

Fundamentos psicológicos inmanentes y particulares para la formación laboral universitaria del médico general en Cuba / The immanent and peculiar psychological fundamentals of the formation of general doctors at work in the Cuban university

El reciente perfeccionamiento curricular de la carrera de Medicina, en la educación superior cubana, demanda estrategias ajustadas a la política económica y social actual de la Revolución que fortalezcan el vínculo de la enseñanza con la vida. Por consiguiente, la salud pública ha replanteado la necesidad de ampliar el escenario de la asistencia sanitaria esencial, para formar médicos generales familiarizados con los problemas de salud, que requiere afrontar la atención básica en el país y los compromisos internacionales; replanteamiento que conlleva la necesidad de asegurar los modos de actuación haciendo énfasis en los fundamentos que históricamente han distinguido el cuidado integral a la familia en Cuba. Se hizo una revisión bibliográfica al respecto para argumentar, con sustento teórico-metodológico, en el modelo de formación universitaria desde el trabajo, los fundamentos psicológicos inmanentes y particulares para la formación laboral universitaria del médico general en Cuba(AU)

The recent curricular upgrading of medical studies in the Cuban higher education demands some strategies adapted to the current economic and social politics of the Revolution, which may strengthen the linking of teaching and the real life. As a matter of fact, the public health authorities have brought up again the need of extending the scenario of the essential health assistance in order to form general physicians acquainted with the health problems, who must deal with the basic medical care in the country and abroad. This reconsideration implies the need of assuring the performance modes, making emphasis on the principles that have traditionally supported the comprehensive care of the Cuban family. Consequently, a literature review was made to substantiate theoretically and methodologically the immanent and peculiar psychological fundamentals for the university formation of the general physician at work within the Cuban model of university education(AU)

Fundamentos psicológicos inmanentes y particulares para la formación laboral universitaria del médico general en Cuba / The immanent and peculiar psychological fundamentals of the formation of general doctors at work in the Cuban university

El reciente perfeccionamiento curricular de la carrera de Medicina, en la educación superior cubana, demanda estrategias ajustadas a la política económica y social actual de la Revolución que fortalezcan el vínculo de la enseñanza con la vida. Por consiguiente, la salud pública ha replanteado la necesidad de ampliar el escenario de la asistencia sanitaria esencial, para formar médicos generales familiarizados con los problemas de salud, que requiere afrontar la atención básica en el país y los compromisos internacionales; replanteamiento que conlleva la necesidad de asegurar los modos de actuación haciendo énfasis en los fundamentos que históricamente han distinguido el cuidado integral a la familia en Cuba. Se hizo una revisión bibliográfica al respecto para argumentar, con sustento teórico-metodológico, en el modelo de formación universitaria desde el trabajo, los fundamentos psicológicos inmanentes y particulares para la formación laboral universitaria del médico general en Cuba.

The recent curricular upgrading of medical studies in the Cuban higher education demands some strategies adapted to the current economic and social politics of the Revolution, which may strengthen the linking of teaching and the real life. As a matter of fact, the public health authorities have brought up again the need of extending the scenario of the essential health assistance in order to form general physicians acquainted with the health problems, who must deal with the basic medical care in the country and abroad. This reconsideration implies the need of assuring the performance modes, making emphasis on the principles that have traditionally supported the comprehensive care of the Cuban family. Consequently, a literature review was made to substantiate theoretically and methodologically the immanent and peculiar psychological fundamentals for the university formation of the general physician at work within the Cuban model of university education.

La enseñanza de la Psicología Médica. Retorno a las fuentes psicológicas de una medicina antropológica / No disponible

Cuando se discuten los planes de enseñanza de laPsicología Médica y la Psicopatología y se aproximannuevos planes de estudio a las facultades de Medicinade las universidades europeas, consideramos imprescindiblela defensa de esta disciplina para los futuros médicosen las necesidades de la práctica médica, en las relacionesmédico-paciente y en el contexto sociocultural.En este trabajo se abordan las diferentes unidades temáticas,después de un análisis exhaustivo de los textos dela asignatura y los planes de enseñanza en las universidadesespañolas(AU)

When higher education plans of Medical Psychologyand Psychopathology are discussed and they approachnew study plans in in the European University Schoolsof Medicine, we consider indispensable the defense ofthis discipline for the future physicians in the necessitiesof medical practice, in the relationships doctor –patient and in the sociocultural context. In this work thedifferent thematic units are approached, after an exhaustiveanalysis of the texts on this subject and on theteaching plans in the Spanish Universities(AU)

Medical psychology services in dutch general hospitals: state of the art developments and recommendations for the future.

In this article an overview is presented of the emergence of medical psychology in the care of somatically ill patients. The situation in the Netherlands can be considered as prototypical. For 60 years, clinical psychologists have been working in general, teaching and academic hospitals. Nowadays, they are an integrated non-medical specialism working in the medical setting of hospitals in the Netherlands, and are a full-member of the medical board. This paper discusses several topics: the position of the general hospital in the health care system in the Netherlands, the emergence of medical psychology in Dutch hospitals, the role of the professional association of medical psychologists, and the characteristics of patients seen by clinical psychologists. Following the discussion about the situation of medical psychology in other countries, recommendations are formulated for the further development of medical psychology in the Netherlands as well as in other countries.

Os lugares da psicologia na educação médica / The place of psychology in medical education / Los lugares de la psicología en la educación médica

Este artigo problematiza os lugares que a psicologia ocupa em três cursos de medicina da cidade de São Paulo-SP. Tem como base teórica a abordagem das práticas discursivas no referencial construcionista da psicologia social. Para alcance do objetivo fizemos entrevistas com docentes responsáveis pela disciplina psicologia médica dos referidas cursos. A análise do material nos permitiu constatar que não se dá prioridade na formação às teorias psicológicas, mas que elas são aprendidas durante as relações interpessoais ocorridas entre os/as alunos/as e destes/as com os/as professores/as. Concluímos que a disciplina psicologia médica é o espaço de aprendizado e reflexão a respeito da relação entre o/a (futuro/a) médico/a e seus/as pacientes, além de ser um lugar para se lidar e cuidar das diversas experiências suscitadas nos/as alunos/as durante o curso de graduação.

This paper discusses the place that psychology occupies within three medical courses in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. The theoretical basis was the discursive practices approach within the constructionist framework of social psychology. To reach the objective, we conducted interviews with teachers responsible for the discipline of medical psychology within these three courses. Analysis of the material allowed us to observe that psychological theories are not seen as a priority within the training, but that they are learned through interpersonal relationships among the students and between students and teachers. We conclude that the discipline of medical psychology is the space for learning and reflecting on the relationship between (future) doctors and their patients as well as being a place for dealing with and caring for students' various experiences during the undergraduate course.

Este artículo plantea los lugares que la psicología ocupa en tres cursos de medicina de la ciudad de São Paulo, Brasil. Tiene como base teórica la aproximación de las prácticas discursivas en el referencial de la construcción de la psicología social. Para alcanzar tal objetivo entrevistamos a docentes responsables por la disciplina de psicología médica en los cursos referidos. El análisis del material nos ha permitido constatar que no se da prioridad en la formación a las teorías psicológicas; se las aprende durante las relaciones interpersonales que ocurren entre los alumnos y entre alumnos y profesores. Concluimos que la disciplina de psicología médica es el espacio de aprendizaje y reflexión respecto a la relación entre el futuro médico y sus pacientes, además de ser un lugar para trabajar y cuidar de las diversas experiencias suscitadas a los alumnos durante el curso de graduación.

The rise and decline of character: humoral psychology in ancient and early modern medical theory.

Humoralism, the view that the human body is composed of a limited number of elementary fluids, is one of the most characteristic aspects of ancient medicine. The psychological dimension of humoral theory in the ancient world has thus far received a relatively small amount of scholarly attention. Medical psychology in the ancient world can only be correctly understood by relating it to psychological thought in other fields, such as ethics and rhetoric. The concept that ties these various domains together is character (êthos), which involves a view of human beings focused on clearly distinguishable psychological types that can be recognized on the basis of external signs. Psychological ideas based on humoral theory remained influential well into the early modern period. Yet, in 17th-century medicine and philosophy, humoral physiology and psychology started to lose ground to other theoretical perspectives on the mind and its relation to the body. This decline of humoralist medical psychology can be related to a broader reorientation of psychological thought in which the traditional concept of character lost its central position. Instead of the focus on types and stable character traits, a perspective emerged that was primarily concerned with individuality and transient passions.

La competencia comunicativa del estudiante de psicología de la salud: una propuesta de indicadores / Communicative competence in medical psycology students: a proposal of indicators

La competencia comunicativa, definida como: configuración psicológica que comprende las capacidades cognitivas y metacognitivas para comprender y producir significados, los conocimientos acerca de las estructuras lingüísticas discursivas y las habilidades y capacidades para interactuar en diversos contextos socioculturales, con diferentes fines y propósitos, es condición indispensable que debe lograr todo profesional en la actualidad, pero para el psicólogo de la salud resulta vital. En el presente trabajo se hace un propuesta de indicadores de la competencia comunicativa a formar en estudiantes de Psicología de la salud, definidos a partir de las dimensiones e indicadores que propone el enfoque cognitivo, comunicativo y sociocultural, el cual revela la importancia de la dimensión sintáctica del discurso en indisoluble relación con las dimensiones semántica y pragmática, en función de la comprensión y construcción de discursos y por ende en el desarrollo de la competencia comunicativa(AU)

Communicative competence, defined as: psychological configuration that comprises cognitive and meta-cognitive abilities to comprehend and produce meaning, knowledge on linguistic discourse structures and skills and abilities to interact in various socio-cultural contexts, with different aims and purposes, is an essential condition that any professional must achieve these days, but for medical psychologists it is vital. In this paper, there is a proposal of communicative competence indicators to be trained in Medical Psychology students, defined from dimensions and indicators proposed in the cognitive, communicative and socio-cultural approach, which reveals the importance of the syntactic dimension of discourse in an indissoluble relation to the semantic and pragmatic dimensions, according to the comprehension and construction of utterances and therefore in the development of communicative competence(AU)