The Neuroanatomical Basis of the 5-HT Syndrome and Harmalineinduced Tremor.

The 5-HT syndrome in rats is composed of head weaving, body shaking, forepaw treading, flat body posture, hindlimb abduction, and Straub tail. The importance of the brainstem and spinal cord for the syndrome is underlined by findings of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT)-induced denervation supersensitivity in response to 5-HT-stimulant drugs. For head weaving and Straub tail, supersensitivity occurred when the neurotoxin was injected into the cisterna magna or spinal cord, for forepaw treading in cisterna magna, and for hindlimb abduction in the spinal cord. Although 5,7- DHT-related body shaking increased in the spinal cord, the sign decreased when injected into the striatum, indicating the modulatory influence of the basal ganglia. Further details on body shaking are provided by its reduced response to harmaline after 5-HT depletion caused by intraventricular 5,7-DHT, electrolytic lesions of the medial or dorsal raphe, and lesions of the inferior olive caused by systemic injection of 3-acetylpyridine along with those found in Agtpbp1pcd or nr cerebellar mouse mutants. Yet the influence of the climbing fiber pathway on other signs of the 5-HT syndrome remains to be determined.

Brain D2-Like Dopamine Receptor Distribution in Rats with Different Types of Genetic Epilepsy.

The distribution of the D2-like dopamine receptor (D2DR) in the cortex and striatum was compared between rats with absence, audiogenic, or combined genetically determined epilepsy and normal Wistar rats by autoradiography. A significantly lower D2DR binding density was observed in the dorsal and ventrolateral aspects of the nucleus accumbens in epileptic vs. non-epileptic rats. Rats with audiogenic epilepsy additionally showed a higher D2DR density in the dorsal striatum and motor and somatosensory cortex and a lower D2DR density in the ventrolateral part of the nucleus accumbens. The findings indicated that a common neuronal circuit is involved in the pathogenesis of both convulsive and nonconvulsive forms of generalized epilepsy.

Repurposing of carvedilol to alleviate bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in rats: Repressing of TGF-ß1/α-SMA/Smad2/3 and STAT3 gene expressions.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most widely studied interstitial lung disease. IPF eventually leads to respiratory insufficiency, lung cancer, and death. Carvedilol (CAR) is a third-generation ß-adrenergic receptor antagonist with an α1-blocking effect. CAR demonstrates antifibrotic activities in various experimental models of organ fibrosis. AIMS: This work is designed to explore the possible alleviating effects of CAR on bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung fibrosis in rats. MAIN METHODS: The BLM rat model of lung fibrosis was achieved by intratracheal delivery of a single dose of 5 mg/kg of BLM. Seven days following BLM injection, either prednisolone or CAR was orally administered at doses of 10 mg/kg once daily for 21 days to the rats. The actions of CAR were evaluated by lung oxidant/antioxidant parameters, protein concentration and total leucocyte count (TLC) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), fibrosis regulator-related genes along with the coexistent lung histological changes. KEY FINDINGS: CAR effectively decreased lung malondialdehyde level, increased superoxide dismutase activity, declined both protein concentration and TLC in BALF, downregulated TGF-ß1/α-SMA/Smad2/3 and STAT3 gene expressions, and repaired the damaged lung tissues. SIGNIFICANCE: CAR conferred therapeutic potential against BLM-induced lung fibrosis in rats, at least in part, to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic activities. CAR could be utilized as a prospective therapeutic option in patients with lung fibrosis in clinical practice.

A Genetically Heterogeneous Rat Model with Divergent Mitochondrial Genomes.

We generated a genetically heterogenous rat model by a 4-way cross strategy using 4 inbred strains (Brown Norway [BN], Fischer 344 [F344], Lewis [LEW], and Wistar Kyoto [KY]) to provide investigators with a highly genetically diverse rat model from commercially available inbred rats. We made reciprocal crosses between males and females from the 2 F1 hybrids to generate genetically heterogeneous rats with mitochondrial genomes from either the BN (OKC-HETB, a.k.a "B" genotype) or WKY (OKC-HETW a.k.a "W" genotype) parental strains. These two mitochondrial genomes differ at 94 nucleotides, more akin to human mitochondrial genome diversity than that available in classical laboratory mouse strains. Body weights of the B and W genotypes were similar. However, mitochondrial genotype antagonistically affected grip strength and treadmill endurance in females only. In addition, mitochondrial genotype significantly affected multiple responses to a high-fat diet (HFD) and treatment with 17α-estradiol. Contrary to findings in mice in which males only are affected by 17α-estradiol supplementation, female rats fed a HFD beneficially responded to 17α-estradiol treatment as evidenced by declines in body mass, adiposity, and liver mass. Male rats, by contrast, differed in a mitochondrial genotype-specific manner, with only B males responding to 17α-estradiol treatment. Mitochondrial genotype and sex differences were also observed in features of brain-specific antioxidant response to a HFD and 17α-estradiol as shown by hippocampal levels of Sod2 acetylation, JNK, and FoxO3a. These results emphasize the importance of mitochondrial genotype in assessing responses to putative interventions in aging processes.

Decreased activation of parvalbumin interneurons in the medial prefrontal cortex in intact inbred Roman rats with schizophrenia-like reduced sensorimotor gating.

Prepulse inhibition (PPI) allows assessing schizophrenia-like sensorimotor gating deficits in rodents. Previous studies indicate that PPI is modulated by the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), which is in agreement with our findings showing that PPI differences in the Roman rats are associated with divergences in mPFC activity. Here, we explore whether differences in PPI and mPFC activity in male Roman rats can be explained by (i) differences in the activation (c-Fos) of inhibitory neurons (parvalbumin (PV) interneurons); and/or (ii) reduced excitatory drive (PSD-95) to PV interneurons. Our data show that low PPI in the Roman high-avoidance (RHA) rats is associated with reduced activation of PV interneurons. Moreover, the RHA rats exhibit decreased density of both PV interneurons and PSD-95 puncta on active PV interneurons. These findings point to reduced cortical inhibition as a candidate to explain the schizophrenia-like features observed in RHA rats and support the role of impaired cortical inhibition in schizophrenia.

Mitigation of cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity by casticin in male albino rats / Mitigação da nefrotoxicidade induzida pela cisplatina pela casticina em ratos albinos machos

Cisplatin (CP) is a commonly used, powerful antineoplastic drug, having numerous side effects. Casticin (CAS) is considered as a free radical scavenger and a potent antioxidant. The present research was planned to assess the curative potential of CAS on CP persuaded renal injury in male albino rats. Twenty four male albino rats were distributed into four equal groups. Group-1 was considered as a control group. Animals of Group-2 were injected with 5mg/kg of CP intraperitoneally. Group-3 was co-treated with CAS (50mg/kg) orally and injection of CP (5mg/kg). Group-4 was treated with CAS (50mg/kg) orally throughout the experiment. CP administration substantially reduced the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GSR), glutathione (GSH) content while increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels. Urea, urinary creatinine, urobilinogen, urinary proteins, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels were substantially increased. In contrast, albumin and creatinine clearance was significantly reduced in CP treated group. The results demonstrated that CP significantly increased the inflammation indicators including nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity and histopathological damages. However, the administration of CAS displayed a palliative effect against CP-generated renal toxicity and recovered all parameters by bringing them to a normal level. These results revealed that the CAS is an effective compound having the curative potential to counter the CP-induced renal damage.

A cisplatina (CP) é uma droga antineoplásica poderosa, comumente usada, com vários efeitos colaterais. Casticin (CAS) é considerado um eliminador de radicais livres e um potente antioxidante. A presente pesquisa foi planejada para avaliar o potencial curativo da CAS em lesão renal induzida por PC em ratos albinos machos. Vinte e quatro ratos albinos machos foram distribuídos em quatro grupos iguais. O Grupo 1 foi considerado grupo controle. Os animais do Grupo 2 foram injetados com 5 mg / kg de PB por via intraperitoneal. O Grupo 3 foi cotratado com CAS (50 mg / kg) por via oral e injeção de CP (5 mg / kg). O Grupo 4 foi tratado com CAS (50 mg / kg) por via oral durante todo o experimento. A administração de CP reduziu substancialmente as atividades de catalase (CAT), superóxido dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), glutationa S-transferase (GST), glutationa redutase (GSR), glutationa (GSH), enquanto aumentou as substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) e níveis de peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2). Os níveis de ureia, creatinina urinária, urobilinogênio, proteínas urinárias, molécula 1 de lesão renal (KIM-1) e lipocalina associada à gelatinase de neutrófilos (NGAL) aumentaram substancialmente. Em contraste, a albumina e a depuração da creatinina foram significativamente reduzidas no grupo tratado com PC. Os resultados demonstraram que a CP aumentou significativamente os indicadores de inflamação, incluindo fator nuclear kappa-B (NF-κB), fator de necrose tumoral-α (TNF-α), interleucina-1β (IL-1β), interleucina-6 (IL-6) níveis e atividade da ciclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) e danos histopatológicos. No entanto, a administração de CAS apresentou um efeito paliativo contra a toxicidade renal gerada por CP e recuperou todos os parâmetros, trazendo-os a um nível normal. Estes resultados revelaram que o CAS é um composto eficaz com potencial curativo para combater o dano renal induzido por CP.

Déterminants du carcinome photo-induit chez les sujets de phototype albinos aux Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa / Determinants of photo-induced carcinoma in albino phototype people at the Kinshasa University hospital

Contexte et objectif. Les rayonnements ultra-violets constituent un facteur connu de risque de carcinome photo-induit chez l'albinos en milieu à fort ensoleillement. La présente étude a évalué l'ampleur du carcinome photo induit et a recherché les principaux déterminants chez les sujets de phototype albinos à Kinshasa. Méthodes. Dans une étude transversale, des sujets de phototype albinos recrutés de manière consécutive, ont été examinés du 1er janvier 2020 au 30 septembre 2020 au Service de dermatologie des Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa. La fréquence du carcinome a été estimée et ses déterminants recherchés à l'aide d'une analyse de régression logistique. Résultats. Au total 100 albinos ont été inclus. Près d'un albinos sur deux (44 %) a développé un carcinome. En analyse multivariée, l'âge >30 ans (OR : 2,68 ; IC 95% :1,65-11,10 ; p=0,017), la présence des kératoses actiniques (OR: 3.80; IC 95%: 1.43-7.23; p=0.023), un antécédent familial de cancer non cutané (OR : 2,40 ; IC95% : 1,47-12,35 ; p=0,29), un antécédent familial de carcinome (OR : 4,99 ; IC95% :3,0-9,29 ;p=0,000) et un antécédent personnel de polytransfusion (OR :2,30 ; IC 95% :1,26-6,20 ;p=0,045) ont été identifiés comme les principaux déterminants du carcinome photo-induit. Conclusion. Près d'un albinos sur deux présente un carcinome photo-induit. Ceci justifie l'intensification des mesures comportementales et préventives contre le développement des cancers cutanés ciblant particulièrement les albinos âgés de moins de 30 ans, présentant des kératoses actiniques et ceux avec antécédents familiaux de cancer (carcinome et autres).

Maternal Methyl-Enriched Diet Increases Dopaminergic Tone of the Mesolimbic Brain System in Adult Offspring of WAG/Rij Rats.

The aim of this study is to find out whether maternal methyl-enriched diet affects the content of monoamines and their metabolites in brain structures of adult WAG/Rij offspring. It has been shown for the first time that maternal methyl-enriched diet (choline, betaine, folic acid, vitamin B12, L-methionine, zink) during the perinatal period increases dopaminergic tone of the mesolimbic brain system in adult offspring of WAG/Rij rats, which is accompanied by the suppression of the symptoms of genetic absence epilepsy and comorbid depression. Results suggest that maternal methyl-enriched diet during the perinatal period may be served as a new therapeutic strategy to prevent the development of a hypofunction of the mesolimbic dopaminergic brain system and associated genetic absence epilepsy and comorbid depression in offspring.

Elevated prolactin secretion during proestrus in mice: Absence of a defined surge.

Throughout the reproductive cycle in rodents, prolactin levels are generally low. In some species, including rats, a prolactin surge occurs on proestrus with peak concentrations coinciding with the preovulatory luteinizing hormone (LH) surge. In mice, however, there are conflicting reports relating to the occurrence and timing of a proestrous prolactin surge. To gain further insight into the incidence and characteristics of this surge in mice, we have used serial tail tip blood sampling and trunk blood collection from both C57BL/6J (inbred) and Swiss Webster (outbred) mouse strains to build a profile of prolactin secretion during proestrus in individual mice. A clearly defined LH surge was detected in most animals, suggesting the blood sampling approach was suitable for detecting patterns of hormone secretion on proestrus. Despite this, levels of prolactin were quite variable between individuals. Overall both mouse strains showed a generalized rise in prolactin levels on the day of proestrus compared with levels seen in diestrus. This pattern is quite distinct from the discreet, circadian-entrained surge observed in rats.

Radioprotective Effect of Nigella Sativa Oil on Heart Tissues of Rats Exposed to Irradition

Abstract Background Various studies are ongoing related to the radioprotective agents. Herbal preparations are currently becoming popular because of their beneficial effects with fewer side effects compared to the synthetic/semi-synthetic medicines, and Nigella sativa oil (NSO) is only one of them. Objective To investigate NSO for its antioxidant effects on the heart tissue of rats exposed to ionizing radiation (IR). Methods Thirty six male albino Wistar rats, divided into four groups, were designated to group I (IR plus NSO group) that received both 5 Gray of gamma IR to total cranium and NSO; group II (IR alone group) that received IR plus saline, group III (control group of NSO) that received saline and did not receive NSO or IR; group IV (control group) that received only sham IR. Alterations in Total antioxidant status (TAS) and Total oxidant status (TOS), Oxidative stres index (OSI), Sulhydryl group (SH), Lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH), Paraoxonase (PON) levels, Arylesterase (ARE) and Ceruloplasmin (CER) activities in homogenized heart tissue of rats were measured by biochemical methods. Results In heart tissue of the rats in the IR alone group (group II) LOOH, TOS and OSI levels were found to be higher, ARE activity and TAS level were found to be lower than all of the other groups (p < 0.01). These results also support that IR increases oxidative stress and NSO's protective effect. Conclusion NSO would reduce the oxidative damage in the irradiated heart tissue in the experimental rat model.

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Huanglian-Houpo Decoction Based on Berberine Hydrochloride and Magnolol Against H1N1 Influenza Virus.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Huanglian-Houpo decoction (HH), which is recorded in the famous traditional Chinese medicine monograph "Puji Fang," contains two individual herbs, Huanglian (Rhizoma coptidis) and Houpo (Magnoliae officinalis cortex). It was regularly used to treat seasonal epidemic colds and influenzas in ancient China. Our laboratory discovered that HH has a significant anti-H1N1 influenza virus effect. However, no pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data concerning the anti-H1N1 influenza virus activity of HH are available to date. In the current study, the concentration-time profiles of two major components of HH, berberine and magnolol, in rat plasma were investigated. METHODS: An integrate pharmacokinetic approach was developed for evaluating the holistic pharmacokinetic characteristics of berberine and magnolol from HH. Additionally, the inhibition rate and levels of IFN-ß in MDCK cells infected by influenza virus were analyzed. Data were calculated using 3p97 with pharmacokinetic analysis. RESULTS: The estimated pharmacokinetic parameters were maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) 0.9086 µg/ml, area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) 347.74 µg·min/ml, and time to reach Cmax (Tmax) 64.69 min for berberine and Cmax = 0.9843 µg/ml, AUC= 450.64 µg·min/ml, Tmax = 56.86 min for magnolol, respectively. Furthermore, integrated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis showed that the highest plasma concentration, inhibition rate and interferon-ß (IFN-ß) secretion of HH first increased and then weakened over time, reaching their peaks at 60 min. The plasma concentration of HH is directly related to the anti-influenza virus effect. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that berberine and magnolol are the main active ingredients of HH related to its anti-influenza virus effect, which is related to the improvement of IFN-ß secretion.

Sirtuins and neuropeptide y downregulation in Flinders Sensitive Line rat model of depression.

Since the NAD+-dependent histone deacetylases sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) and sirtuin-2 (SIRT2) are critically involved in epigenetics, endocrinology and immunology and affect the longevity in model organisms, we investigated their expression in brains of 3-month-old and 14-15 months old rat model of depression Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) and control Flinders Resistant Line (FRL) rats. In view of the dysregulated NPY system in depression, we also studied NPY in young and old FSL to explore the temporal trajectory of depressive-like-ageing interaction. Sirt1, Sirt2 and Npy mRNA were determined using qRT-PCR in prefrontal cortex (PFC) from young and old FSL and FRL, and in hippocampi from young FSL and FRL. PFC: Sirt1 expression was decreased in FSL (p = 0.001). An interaction between age and genotype was found (p = 0.032); young FSL had lower Sirt1 with respect to both age (p = 0.026) and genotype (p = 0.001). Sirt2 was lower in FSL (p = 0.003). Npy mRNA was downregulated in FSL (p = 0.001) but did not differ between the young and old rat groups. Hippocampus: Sirt1 was reduced in young FSL compared to young FRL (p = 0.005). There was no difference in Sirt2 between FSL and FRL. Npy levels were decreased in hippocampus of young FSL compared to young FRL (p = 0.003). Effects of ageing could not be investigated due to loss of samples. To conclude, i this is the first demonstration that SIRT1 and SIRT2 are changed in brain of FSL, a rat model of depression; ii the changes are age-dependent; iii sirtuins are potential targets for treatment of age-related neurodegenerative diseases.

Periapical lesions in two inbred strains of rats differing in immunological reactivity.

AIM: To investigate the influence of strain differences in immune responses on the pathogenesis of experimental periapical lesions in Dark Agouti (DA) and Albino Oxford (AO) inbred strains of rats. METHODOLOGY: Periapical lesions were induced in male DA and AO rats by pulp exposure of the first mandibular right molars to the oral environment. Animals were killed 21 days after pulp exposure. The mandibular jaws were retrieved and prepared for radiographic, pathohistological, immunohistochemical analysis, real-time PCR and flow cytometry. Blood samples and the supernatant of periapical lesions were collected for measurement of cytokines and oxidative stress marker levels. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis H and Mann-Whitney U non-parametric tests or parametric One-Way anova and Independent Samples T-test to determine the differences between groups depending on the normality of the data. A significant difference was considered when p values were <.05. RESULTS: DA rats developed significantly larger (p < .05) periapical lesions compared to AO rats as confirmed by radiographic and pathohistological analysis. The immunohistochemical staining intensity for CD3 was significantly greater in periapical lesions of DA rats compared to AO rats (p < .05). In DA rats, periapical lesions had a significantly higher (p < .05) percentage of CD3+ cells compared to AO rats. Also, the percentage of INF-γ, IL-17 and IL-10 CD3+CD4+ cells was significantly higher in DA rats (p < .05). DA rats had a significantly higher Th17/Th10 ratio. RT-PCR expression of IL-1ß, INF-γ and IL-17 genes was significantly higher in periapical lesions of DA compared to AO rats (p < .05). The receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand/osteoprotegerin ratio was higher in DA compared to AO rats with periapical lesions (p < .05). Systemic levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly higher in DA compared to AO rats (p < .05). Levels of lipid peroxidation measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and reduced glutathione were significantly higher (p < .05) in the supernatant in the periapical lesions of DA rats. CONCLUSION: After pulp exposure, DA rats developed much larger periapical lesions compared to AO rats. Genetically determined differences in immunopathology have been demonstrated to be a significant element defining the severity of periapical lesions.

Coding variants in mouse and rat model organisms: mousepost and ratpost.

Mice and rats are the most commonly used vertebrate model organisms in biomedical research. The availability of a reference genome in both animals combined with the deep sequencing of several doze of popular inbred lines also provides rich sequence variation data in these species. In some cases, such sequence variants can be linked directly to a distinctive phenotype. In previous work, we created the mouse and rat online searchable databases ("Mousepost" and "Ratpost") where small variant information for protein coding transcripts in mouse and rat inbred strains can be easily retrieved at the amino acid level. These tools are directly useful in forward genetics strategies or as a repository of existing sequence variations. Here, we perform a comparison between the "Mousepost" and "Ratpost" databases and we couple these two tools to a database of human sequence variants ClinVar. We investigated the level of redundancy and complementarity of known variants in protein coding transcripts and found that the large majority of variants is species-specific. However, a small set of positions is conserved in an inbred line between both species. We conclude that both databases are highly complementary, but this may change with further sequencing efforts in both species.

Endurance Exercise Training-Attenuated Diabetic Kidney Disease with Muscle Weakness in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii Fatty Rats.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate protective effects of endurance exercise training against diabetic kidney disease (DKD) with muscle weakness by using male spontaneously diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rats as type 2 diabetic animal models with obesity, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. METHODS: Eight-week-old SDT fatty rats (n = 12) and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (n = 10) were randomly divided into exercise (Ex; SDT-Ex: n = 6, SD-Ex: n = 5) and sedentary groups (SDT-Cont: n = 6, SD-Cont: n = 5), respectively. Each group underwent regular treadmill exercise 4 times a week from ages 8-16 weeks. RESULTS: The exercise attenuated hypertension and hyperlipidemia and prevented increases in renal parameter levels without affecting blood glucose levels. In the SDT fatty rats, it prevented induction of renal morphological abnormalities in the interstitium of the superficial and intermediate layers of the cortex. Downregulated expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the glomerulus of the SDT fatty rats was significantly upregulated by the exercise. The exercise upregulated the renal expressions of both medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α related to fatty acid metabolism. It increased muscle strength and both muscle weight and cross-sectional area of type IIb muscle fibers in the extensor digitorum longus muscle in the SDT fatty rats. CONCLUSION: Endurance exercise training in type 2 diabetes ameliorates DKD by improving endothelial abnormality and enhancing fatty acid metabolism in addition to attenuated hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and muscle weakness independently of blood glucose levels.

Effect of Different Preparations of Fluoride Gel on Salivary pH of Albino Rats

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the effect of different preparations of fluoride gels on the salivary pH of albino rats. Material and Methods: This experimental study consisted of 40 Albino rats randomly divided into four equal groups. Group A was the control group and received no intervention. Experimental group B received a topical application of 0.2% sodium fluoride gel. Experimental group C received topical application of stannous fluoride gel 0.4%. Experimental group D received topical application of APF gel (1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride gel). The different preparations of the gels were applied once daily for 4 minutes on the occlusal surface of the right maxillary molars for 14 days. Salivary pH values were recorded immediately after the application of gels with the help of pH paper on day 1 and day 14. Results: There was a significant difference in the pH level of groups B, C and D after 14 days of fluoride application (p < 0.05). The non-parametric Kruskal Wallis test was applied for the comparison between the groups. Conclusion: This study concluded that all the fluoride gels after administration caused the acidic pH of saliva with the most acidic effect produced by APF gel (AU).

Sterculia tragacantha Lindl Aqueous Leaf Extract Ameliorate Cardiomyopathy in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats via Urotensin II and FABP3 Expressions.

Sterculia tragacantha (ST) Lindl leaf is commonly used locally in the management of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications. This study was aimed at assessing the valuable effects of ST leaf on streptozotocin-diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Streptozotocin was administered intraperitoneally to the experimental animals to induce DM, and hence, placed on different doses of ST for 14 days. Thereafter, on the 15th day of the experiment, the animals were euthanized, and a number of cardiomyopathy indices were investigated. The diabetic rats exhibited a momentous increase in hyperlipidemia, lipid peroxidation as well as a significant (p < 0.05) decline in antioxidant enzyme activities. The serum creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), C-reactive protein (CRP), cardiac troponin I, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and urotensin II expression revealed a significant (p < 0.05) upsurge in diabetic rats. Also, the expression of GLUT4 and fatty acid-binding protein 3 (FABP3) were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in diabetic rats. However, at the conclusion of the experimental trial ST significantly (p < 0.05) attenuated hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress biomarkers by augmenting the antioxidant enzyme activities and decrease in lipid peroxidation, ameliorated CK-MB, CRP, cardiac troponin I, TNF-α, and urotensin-II levels, and improved GLUT4 and FABP3 expressions. Similarly, the administration of ST prevented histological alterations in the heart of diabetic animals. Therefore, the obtained results suggest that ST could mitigate DCM in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Kaliandra honey improves testosterone levels, diameter and epithelial thickness of seminiferous tubule of white rat (Rattus norvegicus) due to malnutrition through stimulation of HSP70.

Background: Malnutrition can cause an increase in oxidative stress as it triggers the expression of heat shock protein70 (HSP70), a chaperon molecule that is needed to repair damaged cells within optimal levels. Honey is a source of feed that can stimulate HSP70 expression, which can be given to the malnourished in the animal trial. Aim: The purpose of this study was to prove that Kaliandra honey can improve testosterone levels, diameter, and epithelial thickness of the seminiferous tubule of rat testes (Rattus norvegicus) due to malnutrition through stimulation of HSP70, which is expressed immunohistochemically. Methods: This study used 40 male rats, which were divided into four treatment groups: T0 (negative control): normal rats and not given honey; T1 (positive control): malnourished rats and not given honey; T2 (treatment 2): malnourished rats and given 30% Kaliandra honey (v/v) for 10 days; T3 (treatment 3), malnourished rats and given 50% Kaliandra honey (v/v) for 10 days. The condition of malnutrition is carried out by fasting the feed for five consecutive days resulting in damage to the male reproductive organs, especially the testes. Results: The results showed that Kaliandra honey at a dose of 50% (v/v) had a significant effect in improving testosterone levels, diameter, and epithelial thickness of seminiferous tubule of malnourished male rats through stimulation of HSP70 expression. The HSP70 expression scores by IHC at T0, T1, T2, and T3 were 0.15a ± 0.5, 3.15c ± 0.4, 2.95c ± 0.35, and 1.75b ± 0.15, sequentially. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay indirect testosterone levels at T0, T1, T2, and T3 (in µg/dl) were 36.39c ± 0.35, 6.12a ± 0.51, 7.45a ± 0.15, 25.27b ± 0.63, sequentially. The diameter and epithelial thickness of the seminiferous tubule of the testes (in µm) in the four treatments T0, T1, T2, and T3 were 362.40c ± 4.71, 248.46a ± 3.90, 255.22a ± 2.34, 318.37b ± 4.23 and 117.60d ± 11.30, 3.86a ± 1.57, 9.72b ± 3.96, 29.84c ± 4.02 sequentially. Conclusion: The conclusion of the study showed that Kaliandra honey at a dose of 50% (v/v) had a significant effect in improving testosterone levels, diameter, and epithelial thickness of the seminiferous tubule of malnourished rats through stimulation of HSP70, although not significantly the same as negative control (T0).

Activity of the Lateral Hypothalamus during Genetically Determined Absence Seizures.

(1) Background: Absence seizures (ASs) are sudden, transient lapses of consciousness associated with lack of voluntary movements and generalized 2.5-4 Hz spike-wave discharges (SWDs) in the EEG. In addition to the thalamocortical system, where these pathological oscillations are generated, multiple neuronal circuits have been involved in their modulation and associated comorbidities including the serotonergic system. Neuronal activity in one of the major synaptic input structures to the brainstem dorsal raphé nucleus (DRN), the lateral hypothalamus (LH), has not been characterized. (2) Methods: We used viral tract tracing and optogenetics combined with in vitro and in vivo electrophysiology to assess the involvement of the LH in absence epilepsy in a genetic rodent model. (3) Results: We found that a substantial fraction of LH neurons project to the DRN of which a minority is GABAergic. The LH to DRN projection can lead to monosynaptic iGluR mediated excitation in DRN 5-HT neurons. Neuronal activity in the LH is coupled to SWDs. (4) Conclusions: Our results indicate that a brain area involved in the regulation of autonomic functions and heavily innervating the RN is involved in ASs. The decreased activity of LH neurons during SWDs could lead to both a decreased excitation and disinhibition in the DRN. These results support a long-range subcortical regulation of serotonergic neuromodulation during ASs and further our understanding of the state-dependence of these seizures and some of their associated comorbidities.

Oxytocin attenuates schizophrenia-like reduced sensorimotor gating in outbred and inbred rats in line with strain differences in CD38 gene expression.

Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response is a measure of sensorimotor gating that is impaired in many clinical conditions, including schizophrenia. The inbred Roman high-avoidance (RHA) rats, compared to their low-avoidance (RLA) counterparts, show distinct schizophrenia-like phenotypes, such as spontaneous deficits in PPI accompanied by decreased medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) activity and volume. Schizophrenia-like deficits are usually attenuated by antipsychotic drugs, but these drugs often produce severe side effects. In order to reduce these side effects, the neuropeptide oxytocin has been proposed as an alternative natural antipsychotic for schizophrenia. Here, we examined the effects of peripheral oxytocin administration (saline, 0.04, and 0.2 mg/kg) on PPI in the RHA vs. RLA rats, as well as in the outbred heterogeneous stock (HS) rats. Our results showed that oxytocin increased PPI in the HS rats and attenuated PPI deficits in the RHA rats, but it did not significantly affect PPI in the RLAs. To explore whether these divergent effects were associated with differences in oxytocinergic mechanisms, we analyzed gene expression of the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) and the regulator of oxytocin release (CD38) in the mPFC of the Roman rats. Consistent with the differential oxytocin effects on PPI (RHA > RLA), constitutive CD38 expression was reduced in the RHA rats compared to the RLAs, while oxytocin administration increased OXTR expression in both strains. Overall, the present work reveals that oxytocin administration shows antipsychotic-like effects on PPI in outbred and inbred rats, and it suggests that these effects may be related to basal differences in oxytocin-mediated mechanisms in the mPFC.